Article(id=1240375270935417188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311249, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699804800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773658109648, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773658109648, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773658109648, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658109648, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240375270163673092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773658109465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658579758, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1486, endPage=1492, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240375271178686821, articleId=1240375270935417188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Effects of proanthocyanidins down-regulating wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to antagonize arsenic-induced proliferation of human hepatocyte L-02, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the effect of arsenic on cell proliferation, the antagonism of PC against arsenic and the relationship associated to wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by using Proanthocyanidins (PC) and sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) to intervene human hepatocyte L-02.

Methods

We treated cells with different doses of PC alone or in combination with NaAsO2. The cell activities were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method. Cell scratch experiment and Transwell experiment were used to detect the ability of cell migration and invasion. Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (Real-time PCR) method and western blotting (WB) method were used to detect the expression levels of message RNA (mRNA) and protein.

Results

NaAsO2 increased the activity of cell proliferation (1.740±0.105), enhanced the ability of migration (556.000±3.606) and invasion (439.667±8.622). NaAsO2 up-regulated the protein expression of proto-oncogene c-myc (0.739±0.012), cyclinD1 (0.943±0.002), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) (1.020±0.019), apoptosis inhibitor gene survivin (0.571±0.033)and Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) (0.695±0.059). NaAsO2could also up-regulate the protein and mRNA levels of pathway core moleculars wnt3a (protein: 1.044±0.010, mRNA: 1.789±0.165) and β-catenin (protein: 0.958±0.037, mRNA: 1.596±0.217). Compared with NaAsO2 group, when PC intervention was introduced, the levels of proliferation related proteins such as c-myc (0.438±0.046) decreased. The levels of mRNA and protein of wnt3a (mRNA: 1.181±0.018, protein: 0.822±0.015) and β-catenin (mRNA: 0.965±0.078, protein: 0.832±0.064) decreased. The expression of pathway inhibitors Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) (0.885±0.058) and Axin (0.749±0.016) increased.

Conclusion

NaAsO2 induce L-02 cell proliferation, which may be due to its activation of wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. PC can down-regulate wnt/β-catenin pathway, thereby antagonizing the cell proliferation induced by NaAsO2.

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目的

本次研究使用原花青素(Proanthocyanidins, PC)和亚砷酸钠(Sodium arsenite, NaAsO2)对人肝细胞L-02进行干预,探究砷致细胞增殖的效应,PC对砷作用的拮抗以及与wnt/β-catenin信号通路的关系。

方法

以不同剂量的PC单独或与NaAsO2联合干预细胞,利用细胞计数试剂盒-8(Cell Counting Kit-8, CCK-8)法检测细胞增殖活力,使用细胞划痕实验、Transwell实验检测细胞的迁移和侵袭能力,使用实时聚合酶链反应(Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Real-time PCR)法和免疫印迹(Western Blotting, WB)法检测相关因子的信使RNA(message RNA, mRNA)和蛋白表达水平。

结果

NaAsO2致细胞增殖活性(1.740±0.105)升高,迁移(556.000±3.606)、侵袭(439.667±8.622)能力增强,上调原癌基因c-myc(0.739±0.012)、细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclinD1)(0.943 ± 0.002)、血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)(1.020±0.019)、凋亡抑制基因survivin(0.571±0.033)和基质金属蛋白酶-7(Matrix metalloproteinase-7, MMP-7)(0.695±0.059)的蛋白表达水平,上调wnt3a和β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)的蛋白(分别为1.044±0.010, 0.958±0.037)和mRNA(分别为1.789±0.165, 1.596±0.217)水平。当PC与NaAsO2联合处理后,相较于NaAsO2单独干预,c-myc(0.438±0.046)等增殖相关蛋白及信号通路核心分子wnt3a(0.822±0.015)、β-catenin(0.832±0.064)表达水平下降,通路抑制因子糖原合成酶激酶-3β(Glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK-3β)(0.885±0.058)和轴蛋白(Axin)(0.749±0.016)表达升高。

结论

NaAsO2诱导L-02细胞增殖,这可能是由其激活了wnt/β-catenin信号通路导致的;PC可以下调wnt/β-catenin通路,进而拮抗NaAsO2所致的细胞增殖。

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柴婧,E-mail:
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任庆新(1994—),男,硕士,医师,研究方向:天然产物与健康

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Clinical study on antioxidant properties of proanthocyanidins[J]. Chinese Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 2007, 27(12): 1717-1718., articleTitle=Clinical study on antioxidant properties of proanthocyanidins, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240748865100501175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, awardId=81760584, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(81760584), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240748859576603375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748859580797679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, companyId=1240748859576603375, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, Jiangsu 226007, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748859589186288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, companyId=1240748859576603375, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南通市疾病预防控制中心,江苏 南通 226007)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240748859702432504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748859710821114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, companyId=1240748859702432504, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.乌鲁木齐市疾病预防控制中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240748862990766102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different time and doses of NaAsO2 and PC intervention on proliferation activity of L-02 cells (n=3), figureFileSmall=pK0wXGPbcago9qDf5P+oeg==, figureFileBig=d0kQwxsL2Hd4/Vi51J0OiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863078846493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同时间、剂量NaAsO2和PC干预对L-02细胞增殖活力的影响(n=3)

注:图1A:a表示表示干预某时间后,细胞增殖活力与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义;#表示以某一剂量干预时,与12 h干预组差异具有统计学意义;*表示以某一剂量干预时,与24 h干预组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);图1B:a表示与对照组差异具有统计学意义;b表示与NaAsO2干预组差异具有统计学意义;c表示与25 mg/L PC组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=pK0wXGPbcago9qDf5P+oeg==, figureFileBig=d0kQwxsL2Hd4/Vi51J0OiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863213064230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of PC and NaAsO2 on migration and invasion ability of L-02 cells (Cell scratch experiment 40×, Transwell experiment 200×, n=3), figureFileSmall=vd5JNCeG0rIzyy7hhL7N5w==, figureFileBig=8ULOnXF6sOeyA+lj4XhByA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863326310445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PC与NaAsO2对L-02细胞迁移、侵袭能力的影响(划痕实验为40×,Transwell实验为200×,n=3)

注:a表示与对照组差异具有统计学意义;b表示与NaAsO2干预组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=vd5JNCeG0rIzyy7hhL7N5w==, figureFileBig=8ULOnXF6sOeyA+lj4XhByA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863435362362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of PC and NaAsO2 on the index protein expression of cell proliferation (n=3), figureFileSmall=sQbMsfLoShWR6r8ZAhSGVg==, figureFileBig=kWuIXtDsSWC5Dn05d9WOFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863523442756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PC和NaAsO2对细胞增殖指标蛋白表达的影响(n=3)

注:a表示与空白对照组差异具有统计学意义;b表示与NaAsO2组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=sQbMsfLoShWR6r8ZAhSGVg==, figureFileBig=kWuIXtDsSWC5Dn05d9WOFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863653466187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of PC and NaAsO2 on the protein expression of wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (n=3), figureFileSmall=HXIJnLlMLrU8M7fWIDIf7g==, figureFileBig=VWRXS1DnvsUZ9k1u+ynYMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863741546579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PC和NaAsO2对wnt/β-catenin信号通路指标蛋白表达的影响(n=3)

注:a表示与空白对照组差异具有统计学意义;b表示与NaAsO2组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=HXIJnLlMLrU8M7fWIDIf7g==, figureFileBig=VWRXS1DnvsUZ9k1u+ynYMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863850598494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Inhibitory effects of DKK-1 on wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (n=3), figureFileSmall=3mPQinueq7b04ZurVk4XXg==, figureFileBig=d7PfxooeJKnDuTcdNAZtgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863972233321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=CN, label=图5, caption=抑制剂DKK-1对于wnt/β-catenin信号通路的抑制作用(n=3)

注:a表示与NaAsO2组差异具有统计学意义。

, figureFileSmall=3mPQinueq7b04ZurVk4XXg==, figureFileBig=d7PfxooeJKnDuTcdNAZtgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748864072896625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Antagonistic effect of PC on proliferation induced by NaAsO2 through wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (n=3), figureFileSmall=PVgnwF9CMaWLZ5ZF8xePkQ==, figureFileBig=rU5JiajP6zNGZ0TabtH93g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748864232280186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=CN, label=图6, caption=PC通过wnt/β-catenin信号通路对NaAsO2致增殖效应的拮抗作用(n=3)

注:a表示与DKK-1组差异具有统计学意义;b表示与DKK1 + NaAsO2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=PVgnwF9CMaWLZ5ZF8xePkQ==, figureFileBig=rU5JiajP6zNGZ0TabtH93g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748864337137793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison of the effect of PC and inhibitor (n=3), figureFileSmall=02kOtnd74vWd4/Og4OoQYg==, figureFileBig=iyyFa6YZV047nCUVXSG/Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748864513298575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=CN, label=图7, caption=PC作用与抑制剂作用的比较(n=3)

注:a表示与NaAsO2组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=02kOtnd74vWd4/Og4OoQYg==, figureFileBig=iyyFa6YZV047nCUVXSG/Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748864588796051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of PC and NaAsO2 on mRNA expression of wnt3a and β-catenin (n=3), figureFileSmall=Z084GxFLZn3TMOFZcqlqEA==, figureFileBig=6QKQlcGMafw3GbBI42C/2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748864756568222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=CN, label=图8, caption=PC和NaAsO2对wnt3a、β-catenin的mRNA表达的影响(n=3)

注:a表示与空白对照组差异具有统计学意义;b表示与NaAsO2组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Z084GxFLZn3TMOFZcqlqEA==, figureFileBig=6QKQlcGMafw3GbBI42C/2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748864844648613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers for PCR experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称引物序列
wnt3a
正向引物序列5’-TGACACGCTCATGTGCAGAA-3’
反向引物序列5’-ACACCATCCCACCAAACTCG-3’
β-catenin
正向引物序列5’-CATCTACACAGTTTGATGCTGCT-3’
反向引物序列5’-GCAGTTTGTCAGTTCAGGGA-3’
GAPDH
正向引物序列5’-GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC-3’
反向引物序列5’-GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC-3’
), ArticleFig(id=1240748864957894825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375270935417188, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PCR实验所需引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称引物序列
wnt3a
正向引物序列5’-TGACACGCTCATGTGCAGAA-3’
反向引物序列5’-ACACCATCCCACCAAACTCG-3’
β-catenin
正向引物序列5’-CATCTACACAGTTTGATGCTGCT-3’
反向引物序列5’-GCAGTTTGTCAGTTCAGGGA-3’
GAPDH
正向引物序列5’-GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC-3’
反向引物序列5’-GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC-3’
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原花青素下调wnt/β-catenin通路拮抗砷诱导的人肝细胞L-02增殖
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任庆新 1 , 张卫兵 1 , 黄建萍 1 , 安娜 1 , 柴婧 2
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2024,51(8): 1486-1492
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现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2024, 51(8): 1486-1492
原花青素下调wnt/β-catenin通路拮抗砷诱导的人肝细胞L-02增殖
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任庆新1, 张卫兵1, 黄建萍1, 安娜1, 柴婧2
作者信息
  • 1.南通市疾病预防控制中心,江苏 南通 226007
  • 2.乌鲁木齐市疾病预防控制中心
  • 任庆新(1994—),男,硕士,医师,研究方向:天然产物与健康

通讯作者:

柴婧,E-mail:
Effects of proanthocyanidins down-regulating wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to antagonize arsenic-induced proliferation of human hepatocyte L-02
Qing-xin REN1, Wei-bing ZHANG1, Jian-ping HUANG1, Na AN1, Jing CHAI2
Affiliations
  • Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, Jiangsu 226007, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311249
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目的

本次研究使用原花青素(Proanthocyanidins, PC)和亚砷酸钠(Sodium arsenite, NaAsO2)对人肝细胞L-02进行干预,探究砷致细胞增殖的效应,PC对砷作用的拮抗以及与wnt/β-catenin信号通路的关系。

方法

以不同剂量的PC单独或与NaAsO2联合干预细胞,利用细胞计数试剂盒-8(Cell Counting Kit-8, CCK-8)法检测细胞增殖活力,使用细胞划痕实验、Transwell实验检测细胞的迁移和侵袭能力,使用实时聚合酶链反应(Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Real-time PCR)法和免疫印迹(Western Blotting, WB)法检测相关因子的信使RNA(message RNA, mRNA)和蛋白表达水平。

结果

NaAsO2致细胞增殖活性(1.740±0.105)升高,迁移(556.000±3.606)、侵袭(439.667±8.622)能力增强,上调原癌基因c-myc(0.739±0.012)、细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclinD1)(0.943 ± 0.002)、血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)(1.020±0.019)、凋亡抑制基因survivin(0.571±0.033)和基质金属蛋白酶-7(Matrix metalloproteinase-7, MMP-7)(0.695±0.059)的蛋白表达水平,上调wnt3a和β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)的蛋白(分别为1.044±0.010, 0.958±0.037)和mRNA(分别为1.789±0.165, 1.596±0.217)水平。当PC与NaAsO2联合处理后,相较于NaAsO2单独干预,c-myc(0.438±0.046)等增殖相关蛋白及信号通路核心分子wnt3a(0.822±0.015)、β-catenin(0.832±0.064)表达水平下降,通路抑制因子糖原合成酶激酶-3β(Glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK-3β)(0.885±0.058)和轴蛋白(Axin)(0.749±0.016)表达升高。

结论

NaAsO2诱导L-02细胞增殖,这可能是由其激活了wnt/β-catenin信号通路导致的;PC可以下调wnt/β-catenin通路,进而拮抗NaAsO2所致的细胞增殖。

砷  /  原花青素  /  增殖  /  wnt/β-catenin信号通路
Objective

To explore the effect of arsenic on cell proliferation, the antagonism of PC against arsenic and the relationship associated to wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by using Proanthocyanidins (PC) and sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) to intervene human hepatocyte L-02.

Methods

We treated cells with different doses of PC alone or in combination with NaAsO2. The cell activities were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method. Cell scratch experiment and Transwell experiment were used to detect the ability of cell migration and invasion. Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (Real-time PCR) method and western blotting (WB) method were used to detect the expression levels of message RNA (mRNA) and protein.

Results

NaAsO2 increased the activity of cell proliferation (1.740±0.105), enhanced the ability of migration (556.000±3.606) and invasion (439.667±8.622). NaAsO2 up-regulated the protein expression of proto-oncogene c-myc (0.739±0.012), cyclinD1 (0.943±0.002), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) (1.020±0.019), apoptosis inhibitor gene survivin (0.571±0.033)and Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) (0.695±0.059). NaAsO2could also up-regulate the protein and mRNA levels of pathway core moleculars wnt3a (protein: 1.044±0.010, mRNA: 1.789±0.165) and β-catenin (protein: 0.958±0.037, mRNA: 1.596±0.217). Compared with NaAsO2 group, when PC intervention was introduced, the levels of proliferation related proteins such as c-myc (0.438±0.046) decreased. The levels of mRNA and protein of wnt3a (mRNA: 1.181±0.018, protein: 0.822±0.015) and β-catenin (mRNA: 0.965±0.078, protein: 0.832±0.064) decreased. The expression of pathway inhibitors Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) (0.885±0.058) and Axin (0.749±0.016) increased.

Conclusion

NaAsO2 induce L-02 cell proliferation, which may be due to its activation of wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. PC can down-regulate wnt/β-catenin pathway, thereby antagonizing the cell proliferation induced by NaAsO2.

Arsenic  /  Proanthocyanidins  /  Proliferation  /  Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
任庆新, 张卫兵, 黄建萍, 安娜, 柴婧. 原花青素下调wnt/β-catenin通路拮抗砷诱导的人肝细胞L-02增殖. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1486 -1492 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311249
Qing-xin REN, Wei-bing ZHANG, Jian-ping HUANG, Na AN, Jing CHAI. Effects of proanthocyanidins down-regulating wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to antagonize arsenic-induced proliferation of human hepatocyte L-02[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1486 -1492 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311249
砷(Arsenic, As)具有毒性和致癌等作用[1-4]。肝脏是机体中毒、致癌的重要靶器官。砷可致肝细胞增殖[5-6],c-myc是一种原癌基因[7],细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclinD1)是细胞周期的正向调控蛋白[8-9],研究发现亚砷酸钠(Sodium arsenite, NaAsO2)上调c-myc和cyclinD1,致大鼠肝上皮细胞TRL1215增殖[10]
wnt/β-catenin信号通路与细胞增殖联系紧密[11-12],β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)的水平受其与轴蛋白(Axin)/糖原合成酶激酶-3β(Glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK-3β)/结肠癌抑制因子(Adenomatous polyposis coli, APC)/酪蛋白激酶1α(Casein kinase 1α, CK1α)组成的复合体控制。细胞在正常状态下,复合体磷酸化降解β-catenin。当wnt信号存在时,细胞会分泌wnt蛋白(包括wnt1, wnt3a, wnt7a等),wnt蛋白与细胞膜上卷曲蛋白(Frizzled)家族的七次跨膜受体结合,将wnt信号传入细胞,致复合体解体。因此,β-catenin不能被降解,进而进入细胞核,结合胸腺粗提因子/白细胞移动增强因子(Thymus crude factor/Leukokinsis-enhancing factor, TCF/LEF),上调c-myc、cyclinD1[12-13],肿瘤生物标记物基质金属蛋白酶-7(Matrix metalloproteinase-7, MMP-7)[14]、血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)[15]及凋亡抑制基因survivin[16]等,导致细胞增殖。
原花青素(Proanthocyanidins, PC)是一种天然多酚化合物[17],可抑制人食管癌ECA109细胞增殖[18]。Vaid[19]报道,PC可以促使β-catenin降解,抑制黑色素瘤细胞生长。而PC能否通过调控wnt/β-catenin通路,拮抗砷致肝细胞增殖未见报道。本研究以NaAsO2和PC干预人肝细胞L-02,观察wnt/β-catenin通路及增殖相关指标的变化,为PC的开发利用提供理论依据。
人肝细胞(L-02细胞)购自和元生物技术(上海)有限公司,由人正常肝组织原代提取。
NaAsO2(上海化学试剂公司, 分析纯),PC(标准品,购自天津尖峰天然产物研究开发有限公司)性状:红棕色粉末,气微、味涩,溶于水和大多有机溶剂;纯度:本研究所使用的PC为纯化的小分子二聚体,纯度大于98%;成分:PC是以黄烷-3-醇为结构单元通过C—C键聚合而形成的化合物。Dickkopf相关蛋白1重组蛋白(武汉优尔生科技股份有限公司),CCK-8试剂(上海尚宝生物科技有限公司),wnt3a、VEGF、c-myc、cyclinD1抗体(英国Abcam公司),Axin、APC、survivin、MMP-7抗体(武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司),β-catenin、GSK-3β抗体(美国CST公司),wnt3a、β-catenin、GAPDH引物(生物工程(上海)有限公司),Transwell小室(美国Corning生物科技有限公司)。
酶标仪(680,美国Bio-Rad公司),倒置相差显微镜(AE31,麦克奥迪集团),超微量核酸分析仪(A280,上海金鹏分析仪器有限公司),实时荧光定量PCR仪(QuantStudio 6,美国应用生物系统公司),逆转录仪(ABI 9700,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司)。
以不同剂量NaAsO2干预细胞12 h, 24 h, 48 h,筛选出最易促进细胞增殖的NaAsO2剂量和时间。施加0 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 75 mg/L的PC干预,以确定PC发挥作用的最适剂量。将细胞随机分为4组:空白对照组、NaAsO2组、PC组、PC+NaAsO2组,测定细胞的迁移、侵袭能力,各相关指标水平。引入通路抑制剂Dickkopfs家族成员-1(Dickkopf-1, DKK-1)干预,将细胞分为DKK-1组、PC+DKK-1组、NaAsO2+DKK-1组、NaAsO2+DKK-1+PC组,验证PC作用。
取对数生长期的细胞接种于96孔培养板内,加入100 μl干预试剂,培养至规定时间后,用200 μl移液管吸去各孔培养液,各孔加入10 μlCCK-8试剂和90 μl完全培养基,置于37℃,5%CO2培养箱中约2 h。之后用酶标仪测定490 nm波长处的OD值。计算公式为“细胞增殖活力%=(加药细胞OD-空白OD)÷(对照细胞OD-空白OD)×100%”。每组试验重复3次。
准备6孔板,使用马克笔在每孔底部画3条平行横线,距离均等。取细胞接种于板内,每孔掌握为1 ml,含1~4×105个细胞,待细胞铺满培养板孔底部后,使用200 μl移液器吸头,在长满细胞的孔内垂直于板孔底平面和马克笔所画线划3条线,线间距离相等,以划痕与马克笔线交叉处为观察点。吸去原培养基,用无菌磷酸盐缓冲液(Phosphate Buffer Saline, PBS)清洗各孔,再干预细胞。培养到规定时间后,通过显微镜观察细胞迁移的状况及形态,拍照并测量痕宽。每组试验重复3次。
上室加入200 μl含NaAsO2或PC的培养基与细胞的混悬液,下室加入600 μl无血清培养基,培养至规定时间。将上下室培养液吸出,再用PBS各冲洗2遍。在下室加入4%多聚甲醛600 μl,将上室放入下室中20 min。接着将上室底膜晾干,在下室加入0.1%结晶紫染液,染液的体积与多聚甲醛相同,将上室再次放入下室中20 min,将细胞染成紫色,用PBS将上室的底膜洗2遍,用棉球将小室底部固定不紧密的细胞轻轻擦掉。在显微镜下拍照、计数。侵袭实验中,在上室底部聚碳酸酯膜上铺一层基质胶,以模仿细胞外基质,其余操作同迁移实验。每组试验重复3次。
DKK-1是wnt/β-catenin信号通路的抑制剂,其可以与wnt蛋白竞争性结合细胞膜上的低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白5/6(Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Related Protein 5/6, LRP5/6),阻止wnt-Frizzled复合体形成,进而阻止wnt信号传入细胞,最终抑制wnt/β-catenin信号通路[20]。先将DKK-1用缓冲液和完全培养基配制成20 ng/ml的浓度[21]。在6孔板培养细胞,待密度>90%后,用PBS清洗,每孔加入2.5 ml的含DKK-1培养基,培养4~6 h后,将含有DKK-1的培养液吸除,再用PBS清洗,加入新的完全培养基。
在提取出来的蛋白上清液中加入上样缓冲液,贴封口膜沸水浴10 min,将其冷却至室温,置于-20 ℃冰箱保存。制备分离胶和浓缩胶,将制好的胶固定在电泳盒里,在上样孔依次加入10 μl各剂量组融化后的蛋白样品,开始电泳。在电泳结束后取出凝胶,按照湿转法进行电转,根据所测蛋白分子量选择电转条件。电转结束后,使用脱脂奶粉配置封闭液,封闭2 h。再孵育一抗16~18 h,二抗2 h,回收二抗,进行曝光。每组试验重复3次。
以mRNA为模板,应用逆转录酶、T重复寡核苷酸(Oligo(dT)),逆转录成互补DNA(complementary DNA, cDNA),再以cDNA为模板进行扩增,最后计算得出mRNA水平。取细胞提取mRNA,将其逆转录得到cDNA。取cDNA加入引物、绿色荧光染料混合液(Green Master Mix)、荧光定量PCR参比染料(ROX Reference Dye)、焦碳酸二乙酯(Diethyl Pyrocarbonate, DEPC)水,轻轻混匀,上PCR机进行检测,得到循环阈值(Cycle threshold, Ct)。使用2-ΔΔCt法进行计算,得出mRNA的相对表达量。每组试验重复3次。
以Excel 2010软件录入实验数据,应用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计分析。各指标首先以进行描述,再采用方差分析法进行多组比较,组间的多重比较使用Bonferroni法,所有检验均采用双侧检验,检验水准α=0.05。
图1A所示,在12 h干预下,各剂量组与空白对照组之间差异无统计学意义(F=0.968, P=0.497);在24 h干预下,以2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 μM的NaAsO2处理后,细胞活性相较于空白对照组增高(P均<0.05);在48 h干预下,以2.5 μM的NaAsO2处理后,细胞活性相较于空白对照组升高(t=7.466, P=0.002)。此外,1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 μM的NaAsO2干预24 h后的细胞增殖活力高于在这些剂量下干预12 h后的细胞(P均<0.05);2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 μM的NaAsO2干预24 h后的细胞增殖活力高于在这些剂量下干预48 h后的细胞(P均<0.05)。因此,本研究选择2.5 μM和24 h为NaAsO2干预的剂量和时间。
图1B所示,与对照组相比,2.5 μM NaAsO2干预24 h后,细胞活力提升(1.470 ± 0.105)(t=7.768, P=0.001)。与NaAsO2组相比,当其与50 mg/L(0.983 ± 0.101)和75 mg/L(0.808 ± 0.062)的PC联合干预24 h时,细胞活力下降(t=5.795, P=0.004; t=9.396, P=0.001)。与空白对照组和25 mg/L的PC单独处理组(1.039 ± 0.052)相比,75 mg/L的PC干预24 h后,细胞活力下降(0.603 ± 0.089)(t=7.738, P=0.002; t=7.344, P=0.002)。故选择50 mg/L作为PC的剂量。
图2A图2B所示,与划痕0时刻的痕道宽度相比,24 h后四个干预组的痕道宽度均缩窄,相较于空白对照组(259.997 ± 7.644),NaAsO2组(123.890 ± 5.565)的痕道宽度减小(t=29.931, P<0.001),而NaAsO2 + PC组(316.313 ± 5.945)的痕道宽于NaAsO2组(t=40.926, P<0.001)。从镜下看出NaAsO2组细胞有排列紊乱、成层生长的趋势,PC抑制此趋势。
图2C图2D所示,相较于空白对照组,NaAsO2组的迁移(556.000 ± 3.606)、侵袭(439.667 ± 8.622)能力提高(t迁移=-74.300, P<0.001; t侵袭=-25.146, P<0.001);与NaAsO2组相比,PC+NaAsO2组的迁移(322.000 ± 6.245)、侵袭(315.333 ± 9.074)、能力下降(t迁移=56.205, P<0.001; t侵袭=17.205, P<0.001)。
图3所示,相较于空白对照组,NaAsO2组c-myc(0.739 ± 0.012)、cyclinD1(0.943 ± 0.002)、VEGF(1.020 ± 0.019)、MMP-7(0.695 ± 0.059)、survivin(0.571 ± 0.033)升高(P均<0.05)。PC组c-myc(0.257 ± 0.007)、cyclinD1(0.291 ± 0.013)、MMP-7(0.240 ± 0.001)降低(P均<0.05)。相较于NaAsO2组,PC + NaAsO2组c-myc(0.438 ± 0.046)、cyclinD1(0.530 ± 0.009)、VEGF(0.683 ± 0.022)、MMP-7(0.548 ± 0.015)、survivin(0.484 ± 0.009)水平下降(P均<0.05)。以上结果阐明PC具有拮抗NaAsO2促增殖的作用。
图4所示,与空白对照组相比,NaAsO2组的wnt3a(1.044±0.010)、β-catenin(0.958±0.037)水平升高,GSK-3β(0.630±0.004)、Axin(0.430±0.037)、APC(0.801±0.030)下降(P均<0.05);PC组wnt3a(0.666±0.031)、β-catenin(0.682±0.009)、APC(0.801±0.018)下降,GSK-3β(1.114±0.039)、Axin(0.845±0.012)上升(P均<0.05)。与NaAsO2组相比,PC+NaAsO2组wnt3a(0.822±0.015)、β-catenin(0.832±0.064)降低,GSK-3β(0.885±0.058)、Axin(0.749±0.016)水平升高(P均<0.05)。以上结果表明NaAsO2上调wnt/β-catenin通路,PC对NaAsO2具有抑制作用。
首先需要确定抑制剂的有效性。如图5所示,与NaAsO2组相比,NaAsO2 + DKK-1组的wnt3a(0.825 ± 0.024)、β-catenin(0.633 ± 0.002)下降(twnt3a=5.430, P=0.006; tβ-catenin=7.730, P=0.002),故抑制方式有效。
图6所示,在不施加NaAsO2时,相较于DKK-1组,PC + DKK-1干预后c-myc(0.310±0.003)、cyclinD1(0.297±0.006)、VEGF(0.260±0.011)、MMP-7(0.406±0.022)、survivin(0.239±0.024)水平下降(P均<0.05)。当施加NaAsO2时,相较于DKK1 + NaAsO2组,DKK1 + NaAsO2 + PC联合干预组的c-myc(0.358±0.000)、cyclinD1(0.370±0.002)、VEGF(0.432±0.006)、MMP-7(0.487±0.008)、survivin(0.212±0.002)下降(P均<0.05)。本结果表明PC与DKK-1具有协同作用。
将PC的作用与抑制剂进行比较,如图7所示,与NaAsO2组相比,NaAsO2 + DKK-1组的wnt3a(0.766±0.021)、β-catenin(0.593±0.012)表达减少(twnt3a=12.062, P<0.001; tβ-catenin=14.910, P<0.001),NaAsO2 + PC组的wnt3a(0.759±0.022)、β-catenin(0.561±0.012)水平降低(twnt3a=12.188, P<0.001; tβ-catenin=16.456, P<0.001)。这验证了PC下调wnt/β-catenin信号通路,拮抗细胞增殖。
图8所示,与空白对照组相比,NaAsO2组wnt3a(1.789±0.165)、β-catenin(1.596±0.217)的mRNA水平升高(twnt3a=-8.290, P=0.001, tβ-catenin=-4.752, P=0.009),PC组wnt3a(0.741±0.046)、β-catenin(0.657±0.052)的mRNA降低(twnt3a=9.801, P=0.001; tβ-catenin=11.542, P<0.001)。相较于NaAsO2组,NaAsO2 + PC组wnt3a(1.181±0.018)、β-catenin(0.965±0.078)的mRNA表达降低(twnt3a=6.352, P=0.003; tβ-catenin=4.738, P=0.009)。
砷具有致增殖效应[22],wnt/β-catenin信号通路与增殖联系紧密[23]。PC是一种天然多酚化合物,可拮抗氧化损伤[24],也有抑制细胞增殖的作用[25]。本研究发现,NaAsO2使细胞增殖活性升高,上调wnt/β-catenin通路;当PC与NaAsO2联合处理后,相较于NaAsO2组,增殖蛋白水平下降,通路负性因子GSK-3β和Axin表达升高。这说明上调wnt/β-catenin通路是砷促使细胞增殖的途径之一,而PC可以抑制该通路,拮抗砷的促增殖作用。
Patterson[26]的研究发现,以2.0 μM的NaAsO2处理自然永生化人表皮细胞11 d后,细胞的集落形成能力增强;当wnt/β-catenin信号通路激活后,即可上调致增殖的分子[27]。在Zeng等人[28]的研究中,以0.1 μM的NaAsO2干预人成骨hFOB 1.19细胞24 h后,发现β-catenin表达升高,与本研究结果一致。PC具有一定的抗增殖功效[182529-31],Prasad[32]的研究表明,PC可以抑制细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶(Cyclin-dependent kinases, Cdk)活性,进而抑制cyclinD1表达,诱导细胞周期变慢,增殖活力降低。Vaid等人[33]指出,β-catenin是PC的特异性分子靶点之一,可直接受PC调控,进一步抑制增殖蛋白表达,这与本研究发现的PC下调β-catenin蛋白和mRNA水平的现象相一致。本研究也发现,对于β-catenin上游的wnt3a分子,PC起到下调作用,这就使通路的起始信号减少,阻碍wnt蛋白激活散乱蛋白(Dishevelled, Dsh),进而更少地触发细胞内信号转导。由此可见,PC能够在wnt/β-catenin通路中的不同环节产生抑制效应。当PC与通路抑制剂联合使用时,比单纯使用抑制剂更抑制增殖蛋白表达,这验证了PC下调wnt/β-catenin通路产生抑增殖的效应。
PC是一种强效抗氧化剂,清除细胞内活性氧(Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS)[34],ROS水平增高是砷的致癌效应中重要的途径[35-36]。Haack等人[37]指出,内源性ROS提高Dsh蛋白表达,激活wnt/β-catenin通路,故降低ROS水平不仅是PC缓解氧化损伤的机制,也可能是PC抑制wnt/β-catenin通路的途径。对于PC样品,在动物实验或实际临床方面已有应用,目前关于其应用更多围绕抗氧化特性展开:PC通过核因子E2相关因子2(Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2)通路拮抗砷致小鼠肝脏氧化损伤[38],也使受试者的超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)水平升高,达到抗氧化的作用[39],然而,PC在抑制增殖、抗癌方面的临床应用暂未见报道。本研究发现NaAsO2诱导L-02细胞增殖,这可能是由其激活wnt/β-catenin通路导致的;PC下调通路,进而拮抗NaAsO2所致的细胞增殖。因此,本研究提供了PC应用的新思路,在后续研究中,我们将继续深入探索PC抗增殖的机制,为PC的功效提供理论依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(81760584)
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2024年第51卷第8期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311249
  • 接收时间:2023-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-13
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(81760584)
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    1.南通市疾病预防控制中心,江苏 南通 226007
    2.乌鲁木齐市疾病预防控制中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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