Article(id=1240375119038698007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375105386238038, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306079, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1685894400000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773658073433, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773658073433, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773658073433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658073433, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240375105386238038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='6', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773658070179, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658539618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240377074414833974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375105386238038, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240377074414833975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375105386238038, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1050, endPage=1056, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240375120410235515, articleId=1240375119038698007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Loneliness and its influencing factors of female migrant elderly following children, Jinan City, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate loneliness and its influencing factors among female migrant elderly following children (MEFC) in Jinan City, based on which to recommend suggestions to alleviate the loneliness of female MEFC.

Methods

The data came from a survey conducted in 2020 in Jinan City, on the MEFC, and 418 valid samples were obtained by using multistage cluster sampling. The ULS-8 scale was used to measure the loneliness of female MEFC, and the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) was used to measure the social support status. t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to test the differences in loneliness of female MEFC with different characteristics, and multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the influencing factors of the loneliness of female MEFC.

Results

371 (88.8%) female MEFC came from rural areas, 369 (88.3%) of them moved to take care of their grandchildren, the social support score of female MEFC was (39.5±6.0), the loneliness score was (12.9±4.0), and the factors influencing loneliness included: personal monthly income(β=-0.17, P<0.001,95% CI:-3.337--1.007), type of household registration (β=-0.12, P=0.008, 95% CI:-2.523--0.385), year of migration (β=-0.09, P=0.042, 95% CI: -2.155--0.038), perception of being a local (β=-0.17, P=0.018, 95% CI: 0.267-2.840), the frequency of participation in community square dance (β=-0.18, P<0.001, 95% CI: -3.614--1.092) and community-organized activities (β=-0.13, P=0.013, 95% CI: -2.636--0.306), and social support (β=-0.19, P<0.001, 95% CI: -0.186- -0.064).

Conclusion

The level of loneliness among female MEFC was lower than that of female empty nesters but higher than that of male elderly. To alleviate the loneliness of female MEFC, joint efforts are needed from the communities where female MEFC live, family members of female MEFC, and female MEFC themselves.

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目的

本研究旨在探究济南市女性随迁老人的孤独感现状及其影响因素,在此基础上提出缓解女性随迁老人孤独感的对策和建议。

方法

本研究数据来源于2020年在山东省济南市开展的随迁老人调查,采用多阶段整群随机抽样法获得有效女性随迁老人样本共418个;ULS-8量表用于测量女性随迁老人的孤独感,社会支持评定量表(SSRS)用于测量女性随迁老人的社会支持状况;t检验和单因素方差分析用于检验不同特征女性随迁老人的孤独感得分差异,多元线性回归模型用于探究女性随迁老人孤独感的影响因素。

结果

有371(88.8%)名女性随迁老人来自农村,有369(88.3%)名女性随迁老人为了照顾孙辈随迁,女性随迁老人的社会支持得分为(39.5±6.0)分,孤独感得分为(12.9±4.0)分,孤独感的影响因素包括:个人月收入(β=-0.17,P<0.001,95% CI:-3.337~-1.007)、随迁户口类型(β=-0.12,P=0.008,95% CI:-2.523~-0.385)、随迁年份(β=-0.09,P=0.042,95% CI:-2.155~-0.038)、对自己成为本地人的看法(β=-0.17,P=0.018,95% CI:0.267~2.840),社区广场舞(β=-0.18,P<0.001,95% CI:-3.614~-1.092)和社区组织的活动的参与频率(β=-0.13,P=0.013,95% CI:-2.636~-0.306)以及社会支持(β=-0.19,P<0.001,95% CI:-0.186~-0.064)。

结论

女性随迁老人的孤独感水平低于女性空巢老人,但高于普通男性老人,为缓解女性随迁老人的孤独感,需要女性随迁老人所在社区、女性随迁老人的家庭成员以及女性随迁老人自身共同做出努力。

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孔凡磊,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=DJjyv05bf5HLdBLk5nkThg==, magXml=76vtH+/G2kcoCswpO/kJ+A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=mU6pvsT7RTJJ541JGguE6g==, pdfFileSize=645346, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=z5lRWVa1kOUj55f5Y3fsFw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

许静(1998—),女,硕士,科员,研究方向:健康老龄化和卫生政策

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许静(1998—),女,硕士,科员,研究方向:健康老龄化和卫生政策

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General characteristics of female MEFC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组变量总数[n]占比[%]
总数418100.0
社会人口学特征
年龄(岁)60~6520148.1
>65~7017842.6
>70399.3
婚姻状况有配偶36888.0
无配偶5012.0
受教育程度没上过学15837.8
小学10324.6
初中10224.4
高中及以上5513.2
个人月收入(元)无任何收入14434.4
>0~1 00017742.3
>1 000~2 0004811.5
>2 0004911.7
随迁特征
随迁原因就医或就业206.2
照顾孙辈36988.3
其他235.5
随迁空间类型跨区9623
跨地级市及以上32277
随迁户口类型农村到城市37188.8
城市到城市4711.2
随迁年份(年)0~521451.2
>5~1014735.2
>105713.6
健康状况
慢病(种)23756.7
112529.9
≥25613.4
听力状况正常37489.5
听力损失4410.5
社会融入和社会支持
觉得已经是本地人完全不同意419.8
不同意11226.8
一般同意17241.1
同意9322.2
是否会说当地话听不懂也不会说245.7
能听懂不会说18744.7
基本或完全会说20749.5
社区广场舞从不参与28768.7
偶尔参与5713.6
有时参与296.9
经常参与4510.8
社区组织的活动从不参与21852.2
偶尔参与8720.8
有时参与5513.2
经常参与5813.9
社会支持得分-39.5a6.0b
), ArticleFig(id=1240746306130473703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375119038698007, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

女性随迁老人一般资料及分布情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组变量总数[n]占比[%]
总数418100.0
社会人口学特征
年龄(岁)60~6520148.1
>65~7017842.6
>70399.3
婚姻状况有配偶36888.0
无配偶5012.0
受教育程度没上过学15837.8
小学10324.6
初中10224.4
高中及以上5513.2
个人月收入(元)无任何收入14434.4
>0~1 00017742.3
>1 000~2 0004811.5
>2 0004911.7
随迁特征
随迁原因就医或就业206.2
照顾孙辈36988.3
其他235.5
随迁空间类型跨区9623
跨地级市及以上32277
随迁户口类型农村到城市37188.8
城市到城市4711.2
随迁年份(年)0~521451.2
>5~1014735.2
>105713.6
健康状况
慢病(种)23756.7
112529.9
≥25613.4
听力状况正常37489.5
听力损失4410.5
社会融入和社会支持
觉得已经是本地人完全不同意419.8
不同意11226.8
一般同意17241.1
同意9322.2
是否会说当地话听不懂也不会说245.7
能听懂不会说18744.7
基本或完全会说20749.5
社区广场舞从不参与28768.7
偶尔参与5713.6
有时参与296.9
经常参与4510.8
社区组织的活动从不参与21852.2
偶尔参与8720.8
有时参与5513.2
经常参与5813.9
社会支持得分-39.5a6.0b
), ArticleFig(id=1240746306256302836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375119038698007, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Loneliness in female MEFC with different characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组变量ULS-8得分(t/FP
总体12.9±4.0
社会人口学特征
年龄(岁)60~6513.2±3.90.7130.491
>65~7012.7±4.0
>7012.7±4.3
婚姻状况有配偶12.9±4.0-0.8350.404
无配偶13.4±4.0
受教育程度没上过学13.4±4.21.4320.233
小学12.8±3.9
初中12.5±4.0
高中及以上12.4±3.5
个人月收入(元)无任何收入来源13.3±4.24.3050.005
>0~1 00013.3±4.0
>1 000~2 00011.3±3.1
>2 00012.0±3.7
随迁特征
随迁原因就医或就业13.6±4.01.7640.173
照顾孙辈12.8±4.0
其他14.2±4.1
随迁空间类型跨区12.7±3.5-0.6090.543
跨地级市及以上13.0±4.1
随迁户口类型农村到城市13.3±4.04.803<0.001
城市到城市10.6±3.1
随迁年份(年)0~513.7±4.08.071<0.001
>5~1012.2±3.9
>1011.9±3.7
健康状况
慢病(种)12.7±3.84.2620.015
112.7±3.9
≥214.4±4.8
听力情况正常12.7±3.92.5010.016
听力损失14.6±4.6
社会融入和社会支持
觉得自己是本地人完全不同意12.8±4.812.130<0.001
不同意14.1±4.3
一般同意13.3±3.7
同意10.9±2.9
是否会说当地话听不懂也不会说13.7±5.22.3360.031
能听懂不会说13.4±4.2
基本或完全会说12.4±3.8
社区广场舞从不参与13.1±4.19.440<0.001
偶尔参与14.2±3.8
有时参与12.9±3.5
经常参与10.2±2.2
社区组织的活动从不参与13.8±4.216.586<0.001
偶尔参与13.4±4.1
有时参与11.5±2.5
经常参与10.2±2.4
社会支持总分---0.286a<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240746306373743359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375119038698007, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同特征的女性随迁老人孤独感得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组变量ULS-8得分(t/FP
总体12.9±4.0
社会人口学特征
年龄(岁)60~6513.2±3.90.7130.491
>65~7012.7±4.0
>7012.7±4.3
婚姻状况有配偶12.9±4.0-0.8350.404
无配偶13.4±4.0
受教育程度没上过学13.4±4.21.4320.233
小学12.8±3.9
初中12.5±4.0
高中及以上12.4±3.5
个人月收入(元)无任何收入来源13.3±4.24.3050.005
>0~1 00013.3±4.0
>1 000~2 00011.3±3.1
>2 00012.0±3.7
随迁特征
随迁原因就医或就业13.6±4.01.7640.173
照顾孙辈12.8±4.0
其他14.2±4.1
随迁空间类型跨区12.7±3.5-0.6090.543
跨地级市及以上13.0±4.1
随迁户口类型农村到城市13.3±4.04.803<0.001
城市到城市10.6±3.1
随迁年份(年)0~513.7±4.08.071<0.001
>5~1012.2±3.9
>1011.9±3.7
健康状况
慢病(种)12.7±3.84.2620.015
112.7±3.9
≥214.4±4.8
听力情况正常12.7±3.92.5010.016
听力损失14.6±4.6
社会融入和社会支持
觉得自己是本地人完全不同意12.8±4.812.130<0.001
不同意14.1±4.3
一般同意13.3±3.7
同意10.9±2.9
是否会说当地话听不懂也不会说13.7±5.22.3360.031
能听懂不会说13.4±4.2
基本或完全会说12.4±3.8
社区广场舞从不参与13.1±4.19.440<0.001
偶尔参与14.2±3.8
有时参与12.9±3.5
经常参与10.2±2.2
社区组织的活动从不参与13.8±4.216.586<0.001
偶尔参与13.4±4.1
有时参与11.5±2.5
经常参与10.2±2.4
社会支持总分---0.286a<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240746306478600969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375119038698007, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multi-model multiple linear regression analysis of loneliness of female MEFC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组及变量Model 1Model 2
β95% CIPβ95% CIP
个人月收入(元)(参照组=无任何收入来源)
>0~1 000-0.01-0.919~0.8260.916-0.03-1.092~0.6040.572
>1 000~2 000-0.16-3.275~-0.6830.003-0.16-3.206~ -0.6900.002
>2 000-0.10-2.557~0.0140.053-0.03-1.667~0.8860.548
随迁户口类型(参照组=农村迁往城市)
城市迁往城市-0.22-3.669~-1.411<0.001
随迁年份(年)(参照组=5年及以下)
>5~10-0.15-2.079~-0.4590.002
>10-0.12-2.499~-0.2200.019
慢病(种)(参照组=无)
1
≥2
听力状况(参照组=正常)
听力受损
自己已成为本地人(参照组=完全不同意)
不同意
一般同意
同意
是否会说当地话(参照组=听不懂也不能说)
能听懂不能说
基本或完全能说
广场舞(参照组=从不参与)
偶尔参与
有时参与
经常参与
社区组织的活动(参照组=从不参与)
偶尔参与
有时参与
经常参与
社会支持
分组及变量Model 3Model 4
β95% CIPβ95% CIP
个人月收入(元)(参照组=无任何收入来源)
>0~1 000-0.02-1.037~0.6370.639-0.05-1.217~0.3710.296
>1 000~2 000-0.14-3.007~-0.5240.005-0.17-3.337~-1.007<0.001
>2 000-0.03-1.631~0.8840.5600.06-0.416~ 2.0240.196
随迁户口类型(参照组=农村迁往城市)
城市迁往城市-0.22-3.643~-1.394<0.001-0.12-2.523~-0.3850.008
随迁年份(年)(参照组=5年及以下)
>5~10-0.15-2.025~-0.4310.003-0.08-1.412~0.0850.082
>10-0.14-2.747~-0.4900.005-0.09-2.155~-0.0380.042
慢病(种)(参照组=无)
10.00-0.842~0.8260.985-0.03-1.078~-0.4880.459
≥20.110.138~2.3660.0280.08-0.097~ 1.9760.075
听力状况(参照组=正常)
听力受损0.150.703~3.1300.0020.08-0.037~ 2.2320.058
自己已成为本地人(参照组=完全不同意)
不同意-0.170.267~ 2.8400.018
一般同意-0.160.046~ 2.5030.042
同意-0.02-1.594~ 1.1380.743
是否会说当地话(参照组=听不懂也不能说)
能听懂不能说0.01-1.396~ 1.6190.884
基本或完全能说-0.01-1.601~1.4710.934
广场舞(参照组=从不参与)
偶尔参与-0.03-1.362~0.7130.539
有时参与-0.07-2.463~0.2890.121
经常参与-0.18-3.614~-1.092<0.001
社区组织的活动(参照组=从不参与)
偶尔参与0.00-0.889~0.8720.984
有时参与-0.11-2.456~-0.2630.015
经常参与-0.13-2.636~-0.3060.013
社会支持-0.19-0.186~-0.064<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240746306596041491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375119038698007, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

女性随迁老人孤独感分层多元线性回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组及变量Model 1Model 2
β95% CIPβ95% CIP
个人月收入(元)(参照组=无任何收入来源)
>0~1 000-0.01-0.919~0.8260.916-0.03-1.092~0.6040.572
>1 000~2 000-0.16-3.275~-0.6830.003-0.16-3.206~ -0.6900.002
>2 000-0.10-2.557~0.0140.053-0.03-1.667~0.8860.548
随迁户口类型(参照组=农村迁往城市)
城市迁往城市-0.22-3.669~-1.411<0.001
随迁年份(年)(参照组=5年及以下)
>5~10-0.15-2.079~-0.4590.002
>10-0.12-2.499~-0.2200.019
慢病(种)(参照组=无)
1
≥2
听力状况(参照组=正常)
听力受损
自己已成为本地人(参照组=完全不同意)
不同意
一般同意
同意
是否会说当地话(参照组=听不懂也不能说)
能听懂不能说
基本或完全能说
广场舞(参照组=从不参与)
偶尔参与
有时参与
经常参与
社区组织的活动(参照组=从不参与)
偶尔参与
有时参与
经常参与
社会支持
分组及变量Model 3Model 4
β95% CIPβ95% CIP
个人月收入(元)(参照组=无任何收入来源)
>0~1 000-0.02-1.037~0.6370.639-0.05-1.217~0.3710.296
>1 000~2 000-0.14-3.007~-0.5240.005-0.17-3.337~-1.007<0.001
>2 000-0.03-1.631~0.8840.5600.06-0.416~ 2.0240.196
随迁户口类型(参照组=农村迁往城市)
城市迁往城市-0.22-3.643~-1.394<0.001-0.12-2.523~-0.3850.008
随迁年份(年)(参照组=5年及以下)
>5~10-0.15-2.025~-0.4310.003-0.08-1.412~0.0850.082
>10-0.14-2.747~-0.4900.005-0.09-2.155~-0.0380.042
慢病(种)(参照组=无)
10.00-0.842~0.8260.985-0.03-1.078~-0.4880.459
≥20.110.138~2.3660.0280.08-0.097~ 1.9760.075
听力状况(参照组=正常)
听力受损0.150.703~3.1300.0020.08-0.037~ 2.2320.058
自己已成为本地人(参照组=完全不同意)
不同意-0.170.267~ 2.8400.018
一般同意-0.160.046~ 2.5030.042
同意-0.02-1.594~ 1.1380.743
是否会说当地话(参照组=听不懂也不能说)
能听懂不能说0.01-1.396~ 1.6190.884
基本或完全能说-0.01-1.601~1.4710.934
广场舞(参照组=从不参与)
偶尔参与-0.03-1.362~0.7130.539
有时参与-0.07-2.463~0.2890.121
经常参与-0.18-3.614~-1.092<0.001
社区组织的活动(参照组=从不参与)
偶尔参与0.00-0.889~0.8720.984
有时参与-0.11-2.456~-0.2630.015
经常参与-0.13-2.636~-0.3060.013
社会支持-0.19-0.186~-0.064<0.001
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济南市女性随迁老人孤独感现状及其影响因素研究
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许静 1, 2, 3 , 姜晓栩 1, 2 , 李荷宪 1, 2 , 周晟宇 1, 2 , 庞明丽 1, 2 , 王洁茹 1, 2 , 孔凡磊 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024,51(6): 1050-1056
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024, 51(6): 1050-1056
济南市女性随迁老人孤独感现状及其影响因素研究
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许静1, 2, 3, 姜晓栩1, 2, 李荷宪1, 2, 周晟宇1, 2, 庞明丽1, 2, 王洁茹1, 2, 孔凡磊1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.山东大学公共卫生学院卫生管理与政策研究中心,山东 济南 250000
  • 2.国家卫生健康委员会卫生经济与政策研究重点实验室(山东大学)
  • 3.安徽医科大学第一附属医院医务处
  • 许静(1998—),女,硕士,科员,研究方向:健康老龄化和卫生政策

通讯作者:

孔凡磊,E-mail:
Loneliness and its influencing factors of female migrant elderly following children, Jinan City
Jing XU1, 2, 3, Xiao-xu JIANG1, 2, He-xian LI1, 2, Sheng-yu ZHOU1, 2, Ming-li PANG1, 2, Jie-ru WANG1, 2, Fan-lei KONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306079
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目的

本研究旨在探究济南市女性随迁老人的孤独感现状及其影响因素,在此基础上提出缓解女性随迁老人孤独感的对策和建议。

方法

本研究数据来源于2020年在山东省济南市开展的随迁老人调查,采用多阶段整群随机抽样法获得有效女性随迁老人样本共418个;ULS-8量表用于测量女性随迁老人的孤独感,社会支持评定量表(SSRS)用于测量女性随迁老人的社会支持状况;t检验和单因素方差分析用于检验不同特征女性随迁老人的孤独感得分差异,多元线性回归模型用于探究女性随迁老人孤独感的影响因素。

结果

有371(88.8%)名女性随迁老人来自农村,有369(88.3%)名女性随迁老人为了照顾孙辈随迁,女性随迁老人的社会支持得分为(39.5±6.0)分,孤独感得分为(12.9±4.0)分,孤独感的影响因素包括:个人月收入(β=-0.17,P<0.001,95% CI:-3.337~-1.007)、随迁户口类型(β=-0.12,P=0.008,95% CI:-2.523~-0.385)、随迁年份(β=-0.09,P=0.042,95% CI:-2.155~-0.038)、对自己成为本地人的看法(β=-0.17,P=0.018,95% CI:0.267~2.840),社区广场舞(β=-0.18,P<0.001,95% CI:-3.614~-1.092)和社区组织的活动的参与频率(β=-0.13,P=0.013,95% CI:-2.636~-0.306)以及社会支持(β=-0.19,P<0.001,95% CI:-0.186~-0.064)。

结论

女性随迁老人的孤独感水平低于女性空巢老人,但高于普通男性老人,为缓解女性随迁老人的孤独感,需要女性随迁老人所在社区、女性随迁老人的家庭成员以及女性随迁老人自身共同做出努力。

流动人口  /  女性随迁老人  /  孤独感  /  影响因素
Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate loneliness and its influencing factors among female migrant elderly following children (MEFC) in Jinan City, based on which to recommend suggestions to alleviate the loneliness of female MEFC.

Methods

The data came from a survey conducted in 2020 in Jinan City, on the MEFC, and 418 valid samples were obtained by using multistage cluster sampling. The ULS-8 scale was used to measure the loneliness of female MEFC, and the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) was used to measure the social support status. t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to test the differences in loneliness of female MEFC with different characteristics, and multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the influencing factors of the loneliness of female MEFC.

Results

371 (88.8%) female MEFC came from rural areas, 369 (88.3%) of them moved to take care of their grandchildren, the social support score of female MEFC was (39.5±6.0), the loneliness score was (12.9±4.0), and the factors influencing loneliness included: personal monthly income(β=-0.17, P<0.001,95% CI:-3.337--1.007), type of household registration (β=-0.12, P=0.008, 95% CI:-2.523--0.385), year of migration (β=-0.09, P=0.042, 95% CI: -2.155--0.038), perception of being a local (β=-0.17, P=0.018, 95% CI: 0.267-2.840), the frequency of participation in community square dance (β=-0.18, P<0.001, 95% CI: -3.614--1.092) and community-organized activities (β=-0.13, P=0.013, 95% CI: -2.636--0.306), and social support (β=-0.19, P<0.001, 95% CI: -0.186- -0.064).

Conclusion

The level of loneliness among female MEFC was lower than that of female empty nesters but higher than that of male elderly. To alleviate the loneliness of female MEFC, joint efforts are needed from the communities where female MEFC live, family members of female MEFC, and female MEFC themselves.

Migrant population  /  Female migrant elderly following children  /  Loneliness  /  Influencing factors
许静, 姜晓栩, 李荷宪, 周晟宇, 庞明丽, 王洁茹, 孔凡磊. 济南市女性随迁老人孤独感现状及其影响因素研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (6) : 1050 -1056 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306079
Jing XU, Xiao-xu JIANG, He-xian LI, Sheng-yu ZHOU, Ming-li PANG, Jie-ru WANG, Fan-lei KONG. Loneliness and its influencing factors of female migrant elderly following children, Jinan City[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (6) : 1050 -1056 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306079
随着我国老龄化和城市化进程的不断加快,老年流动人口数也不断增多,大部分流动老人是因为帮助子女以及照顾孙辈跟随子女迁往他乡,成为随迁型流动老人(Migrant Elderly Following Children, MEFC)[1]。在传统的社会范式和文化背景下,女性往往承担更多的家庭照料责任,在抚育孩童方面具有先天的优势,且女性的退休时间普遍早于男性,相较于男性老人,她们更有可能跟随子女迁居,因此在随迁老人当中女性数量远多于男性[2]。女性随迁老人属于健康弱势群体,她们的身心健康面临着诸多挑战,孤独感就是其中常见的一种,研究表明孤独感对老年人的健康有不利影响,它已被确定为老年人自杀、中风、疾病全因发病和死亡的风险因素[3-5],还会导致老年人产生精神问题例如痴呆和抑郁等等[6-7]。但目前对于女性随迁老人孤独感现状尚不明确,有关其孤独感影响因素的探讨仍有所欠缺,因此本研究选取济南市女性随迁老人作为研究对象,调查其孤独感现状及影响因素,在此基础上为缓解女性随迁老人孤独感提供参考性建议。
本研究的研究对象是年满60周岁,因为帮扶子女以及照顾孙辈等原因跟随子女迁往济南市居住满6个月以上的女性老人。本研究采取多阶段整群随机抽样的方法选取样本,第一阶段通过结合济南市的地理位置和经济发展情况,从济南市的10个区中选取3个区作为初级抽样单位,第二阶段从初级抽样单位中选择3个街道作为二级抽样单位,第三阶段从每个二级抽样单位中分别选出1个社区作为开展调研的地点,最后在3个社区居委会的帮助下获取所管理的街道和小区的所有女性随迁老人名单,于2020年8月—9月开展入户问卷调查,此次调查最终获得有效女性随迁老人样本共418名。本研究通过了山东大学预防医学伦理委员会的批准(审批号为20180225),所有调查对象均知情且同意参与调查。
孤独感作为本研究的因变量,采用8条目版本的UCLA孤独感量表(The eight-item version of the University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale,以下简称“ULS-8”)进行测量[8],该量表包含6个正序的“孤独”条目以及2个反序的“非孤独”条目,采用Likert四级评分法,总分在8~32分之间,分值越高表明孤独程度越高。该量表已经在我国老年人群中广泛使用,并且信效度良好[9],在本研究中该量表的克朗巴哈系数为0.817,KMO指数为0.842。
社会支持评定量表(The Social Support Rating Scale,以下简称“SSRS”) [10]用于测量女性随迁老人的社会支持水平,该量表共包含十个条目,总分在12~66分之间,得分越高表明社会支持水平越高,该量表在老年人中的信效度良好[11],本研究中社会支持评定量表的克朗巴哈系数为0.723。
本研究的其他变量采用自编问卷进行测量,包括社会人口学特征、健康状况、随迁状况以及社会融入情况。随迁状况主要包括随迁原因、随迁年份等,其中随迁原因的具体条目有:就医或就业、照顾孙辈及其他原因;社会融入情况主要包括对自己是否已经是本地人的看法、对当地话的掌握程度以及社区广场舞的参与频率等,其中对当地话的掌握程度的具体条目为:听不懂也不会说、能听懂不会说、基本或完全会说。
采用Stata PM 17.0统计软件进行数据分析。描述性统计分析中,分类变量采用频数(n)和百分比(%)形式进行表示,连续变量采用的形式表示;单因素分析中,二分类变量采用t检验,多分类变量采用单因素方差分析,社会支持为连续变量,采用Pearson相关分析,多因素分析采用多元线性回归模型,校验水准为α=0.05[12]
本研究共包含418名女性随迁老人,有201(48.1%)名老人的年龄不超过65岁,144(34.4%)名女性随迁老人没有任何收入来源,371(88.8%)名女性随迁老人来自农村,有369(88.3%)名女性随迁老人为了照顾孙辈随迁,有125人(29.9%)的患有1种慢性病,同意自己已经成为本地人的有93人,占总人数的22.2%,187(44.7%)名女性老人能听懂当地话但不会说,有287位(68.7%)女性随迁老人从来不参与社区的广场舞,女性随迁老人的社会支持得分为(39.5±6.0)分,详见表1
女性随迁老人的孤独感得分为(12.9±4.0)分;与孤独感水平有关的变量包括:个人月收入(P=0.005)、随迁户口类型(P<0.001)、随迁年份(P<0.001)、慢病(P=0.015)、听力情况(P=0.016)、对自己成为本地人的看法(P<0.001)、当地话的掌握程度(P=0.031)、社区广场舞的参与频率(P<0.001)、社区组织活动的参与频率(P<0.001)以及社会支持(r=-0.286, P<0.001),见表2
表3展示的是女性随迁老人孤独感多因素分析的结果,将单因素分析中有意义的变量分步纳入多元线性回归模型,模型4为最终模型,可以看出,女性随迁老人孤独感的影响因素包括:月收入在>1 000~2 000元(β=-0.17,P<0.001)、随迁户口来源为城市(β=-0.12,P=0.008)、随迁年份在10年以上(β=-0.09,P=0.042)、不同意(β=-0.17,P=0.018)或一般同意(β=-0.16,P=0.042)自己成为本地人、经常参加社区广场舞(β=-0.18,P<0.001)、有时(β=-0.11,P=0.015)或经常参加(β=-0.13,P=0.013)社区组织的活动以及社会支持水平(β=-0.19,P<0.001)。
女性随迁老人的ULS-8孤独感量表得分为(12.9±4.0)分,这一得分低于陶巍巍等[13]的关于空巢女性老人孤独感的研究结果(15.5±4.4分)。可能原因是,与女性空巢老人不同,女性随迁老人大多数与子女和孙子女生活在一起,她们能得到更多来自家人的陪伴,获得更多的亲子支持,从而降低了她们的孤独感水平[14]。另外本研究中女性随迁老人的孤独感水平高于山东省男性老人(11.15±4.59 分),可能与生理因素有关,有研究指出,雌性激素会影响女性的孤独感水平,而与男性无关[15]
本研究发现,女性随迁老人的月收入与孤独感水平负相关,月收入越高,孤独感越低,这一结果与以往国内外的研究结果一致[16-17]。女性随迁老人大多是为了照顾孙辈随迁,并无多少可以自由支配的时间,也没有机会获得更多的收入,这种经济剥夺感亦会导致孤独情绪。随迁年份在10年以上是女性随迁老人孤独感的保护因素,可能是因为在随迁地居住和生活的时间越久,女性随迁老人的社会融入状况越好,并且建立了新的、稳固的社交圈和人际网络关系,因此削弱了孤独感[18]。来自城市是女性随迁老人孤独感的保护因素,究其原因,相较于来自农村的女性随迁老人,城市老人可能更熟悉城市中的生活,社会适应良好,因此孤独感水平更低[19]
在本研究当中,社会融入水平会对女性随迁老人的孤独感造成影响,首先是对自己是否成为本地人的看法,越认同的老人孤独感水平越低,这一指标主要反应了女性随迁老人身份认同感,身份认同感越高,则越能以积极的心态进行日常交往活动,从而减轻孤独感;社区广场舞和社区活动的参与频率则体现了女性随迁老人的社区融入水平,在本研究当中,社区融入水平越高,女性随迁老人的孤独感水平越低。研究表明适当的活动参与对老年人的心理健康有着促进作用[20],经常跳广场舞不仅可以增强老年人的身体素质,还可以缓解他们的孤独感[21]。社会支持与女性随迁老人的孤独感呈负相关关系,与以往的研究结果一致[22-23],高水平的社会支持都能够给女性随迁老人情感和物质上的帮助,从而缓解她们的孤独感。
本研究发现,女性随迁老人呈现受教育程度和月收入较低的特点,且主要是从农村迁往城市,社会融入和社会支持水平高是孤独感的保护因素;除此之外,女性随迁老人的孤独感还受到月收入水平、随迁年份以及随迁户口类型的影响。
综上,为缓解女性随迁老人的孤独感,需要社区、家庭以及女性随迁老人自身的共同努力。首先,社区应当加强基础设施和公共场所的建设,为女性随迁老人的交往、锻炼、学习和休闲提供便利的环境,还可以成立随迁老人语言帮扶小组,帮助女性随迁老人克服语言方面的障碍;其次,女性随迁老人子女除了要给女性随迁老人提供充足的物质条件,更要关注她们的心理健康,多多交流,发现异常要及时开导,要鼓励老人主动参加社区活动,协助女性随迁老人建立新的社交圈;最后女性随迁老人自己要积极调整心态,敞开心扉,主动适应新的社区生活,有困难要及时寻求帮助,避免负面情绪的堆积,积极面对新生活。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(71804094)
  • 山东大学基本科研业务费资助项目(2018JC055)
  • 中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2016M592161)
  • 山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2016GB02)
  • 山东省博士后创新项目专项资金资助(201603021)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2022KJGL01)
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2024年第51卷第6期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306079
  • 接收时间:2023-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-05
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(71804094)
山东大学基本科研业务费资助项目(2018JC055)
中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2016M592161)
山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2016GB02)
山东省博士后创新项目专项资金资助(201603021)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2022KJGL01)
作者信息
    1.山东大学公共卫生学院卫生管理与政策研究中心,山东 济南 250000
    2.国家卫生健康委员会卫生经济与政策研究重点实验室(山东大学)
    3.安徽医科大学第一附属医院医务处

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
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种数
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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