Article(id=1228016572934062100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504140, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744041600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770711566432, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770711566432, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770711566432, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711566432, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228016566646801206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='18', pageStart='3265', pageEnd='3456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770711564932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711815039, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3417, endPage=3423, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228016573311549489, articleId=1228016572934062100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Health care providers’ willingness to recommend nasal spray influenza vaccine and influencing factors, columnId=1228016573156360233, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Disease Control and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the health care providers’ willingness to recommend nasal spray influenza vaccine and the influencing factors, and to provide suggestions for formulating an immunization service strategy for the nasal spray influenza vaccine.

Methods

From March to May 2023, a convenience sampling method was used to conduct an online questionnaire survey among 171 health care providers in vaccination clinics in Shanghai, Weifang and Wuhan. We analyzed their willingness to recommend nasal spray influenza, as well as the reasons and influencing factors.

Results

The willingness of Chinese health care providers to recommend the nasal spray influenza vaccine was 83.04%. The more the vaccine and the more they accepted the vaccine, the higher the willingness was (OR=2.71,95% CI:1.50-4.63,P<0.001). The reasons why they were willing to recommend the vaccine were that they believed in its safety, fewer side effects, effectiveness and convenience of vaccination. The main reasons for being unwilling to recommend it were that they lacked the knowledge about the supplier and pricing method of the vaccine, and trust in its safety and effectiveness.

Conclusion

Chinese health care providers have a high willingness to recommend nasal spray influenza vaccine, which is mainly affected by their perception of and acceptance about the vaccine. During the formulation of the vaccine’s immunization service strategy, providing health education and specific training to health care providers may help them understand the market information, safety and effectiveness of the vaccine.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-qi XIA, Ming WANG, Ming-zheng HU, Yan-shang WANG, Da-wei ZHU, Ping HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228016575056380077, articleId=1228016572934062100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿及影响因素研究, columnId=1228016573844226129, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=疾病预防控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿及影响因素,为制定鼻喷流感疫苗接种策略提供建议。

方法

2023年3-5月,采用方便抽样方法,对上海市、潍坊市和武汉市171名预防接种门诊医务人员展开问卷调查,分析医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿、原因和影响因素。

结果

中国医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗的推荐意愿为83.04%,对该疫苗接受度越高,推荐意愿越高(OR=2.71,95% CI: 1.50~4.63,P<0.001)。医务人员愿意推荐该疫苗的原因是认为该疫苗安全性高、副作用小、能有效预防流感和操作便捷等,不愿意推荐的原因主要是不了解该疫苗的供方和定价方式,以及不信任其安全和有效性。

结论

中国医务人员对鼻喷流感疫苗的推荐意愿较高,主要受疫苗预防效果认知和接受度影响。在该疫苗的免疫服务策略制定过程中,可以开展针对性的医务人员健康教育和培训,以帮助了解该疫苗的市场信息和安全有效性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
何平,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=J5BA8Yt1db0P6bT+Mz23MQ==, magXml=o8WR+a2HUIdT9ZJebCduOg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=MdS5wh4YMpdxV9YaOBVd3A==, pdfFileSize=935437, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=smayB2PJ9J/8fu+8MYfDpg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=0VY0PHWrBNuM/cwgMAxqag==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

夏祎祺(2000—),女,博士在读,研究方向:流行病学,卫生经济与政策

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夏祎祺(2000—),女,博士在读,研究方向:流行病学,卫生经济与政策

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夏祎祺(2000—),女,博士在读,研究方向:流行病学,卫生经济与政策

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Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2023, 50(1): 40-47.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis on the influencing factors of medical workers’ willingness to recommend HPV vaccine, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228016580534141517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, awardId=21&ZD187, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金重大项目(21&ZD187), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228016575471616207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016575488393424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, companyId=1228016575471616207, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016575509364945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, companyId=1228016575471616207, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京大学公共卫生学院,北京 100191)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228016575656165600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016575664554209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, companyId=1228016575656165600, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.北京大学中国卫生发展研究中心)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228016575828132081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016575844909299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, companyId=1228016575828132081, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.北京大学医药管理国际研究中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228016579338764816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Influencing factors of willingness to recommend nasal spray influenza vaccine (n=171), figureFileSmall=gxfCadndgUFQZGkp8PQe0A==, figureFileBig=smayB2PJ9J/8fu+8MYfDpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016579435233811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, language=CN, label=图1, caption=鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿的影响因素(n=171), figureFileSmall=gxfCadndgUFQZGkp8PQe0A==, figureFileBig=smayB2PJ9J/8fu+8MYfDpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016579728835110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Regional differences in factors affecting HCPs’ willingness to recommend nasal spray influenza vaccine, figureFileSmall=SnEo/GjHya1vwyAZnA59jg==, figureFileBig=1CGcBs8/FRH/OT2WYN4ONw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016579816915502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同地区医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿影响因素, figureFileSmall=SnEo/GjHya1vwyAZnA59jg==, figureFileBig=1CGcBs8/FRH/OT2WYN4ONw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016579938550324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Gender- and setting-specific factors influencing recommendation willingness of nasal spray vaccine, figureFileSmall=neR/VG8nJigr1hU5gUNeWg==, figureFileBig=fnzEe7Pt3GRJ0VH+LaJ0FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016580093739575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, language=CN, label=图3, caption=女性和社区医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿影响因素, figureFileSmall=neR/VG8nJigr1hU5gUNeWg==, figureFileBig=fnzEe7Pt3GRJ0VH+LaJ0FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016580236345918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics of study participants (N=171)

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变量调查人数愿意推荐人数推荐意愿率(%)
人口学特征
城市
上海市574273.68
潍坊市333090.91
武汉市817086.42
性别
16013181.88
1111100.00
受教育程度
高中或中专111090.91
大学专科554887.27
大学本科及以上1058480.00
所在机构类型
社区卫生服务中心或乡镇卫生院16013181.88
县级及以上医院1111100.00
职称
无职称77100.00
初级796582.28
中级796683.54
副高6466.67
年龄(岁)
≤34635079.37
34~42534483.02
>42554887.27
工作年限(年)
≤6867486.05
6~14523975.00
>14332987.88
鼻喷流感疫苗的认知情况
是否知晓鼻喷流感疫苗
知晓16313683.44
不知晓8675.00
是否正确了解鼻喷流感疫苗预防效果
了解15413386.36
不了解17952.94
是否正确了解鼻喷流感疫苗保护时长
了解12310686.18
不了解483675.00
鼻喷流感疫苗的认可情况
是否认同鼻喷流感疫苗接种更加方便
认同15012986.00
不认同11654.55
不知道10770.00
是否认同鼻喷流感疫苗具有全面保护效果
认同13511685.93
不认同151066.67
不知道211676.19
是否认同鼻喷流感疫苗具有广泛预防效果
认同14412385.42
不认同6350.00
不知道211676.19
是否认同鼻喷流感疫苗能够快读起效
认同14512384.83
不认同5480.00
不知道211571.43
鼻喷流感疫苗的接受度
是否接受鼻喷流感疫苗代替注射型流感疫苗
非常不接受4250.00
有点不接受231252.17
不好说231565.22
有点接受504692.00
非常接受716795.37
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580362175044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572934062100, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

调查对象基本特征(N=171)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量调查人数愿意推荐人数推荐意愿率(%)
人口学特征
城市
上海市574273.68
潍坊市333090.91
武汉市817086.42
性别
16013181.88
1111100.00
受教育程度
高中或中专111090.91
大学专科554887.27
大学本科及以上1058480.00
所在机构类型
社区卫生服务中心或乡镇卫生院16013181.88
县级及以上医院1111100.00
职称
无职称77100.00
初级796582.28
中级796683.54
副高6466.67
年龄(岁)
≤34635079.37
34~42534483.02
>42554887.27
工作年限(年)
≤6867486.05
6~14523975.00
>14332987.88
鼻喷流感疫苗的认知情况
是否知晓鼻喷流感疫苗
知晓16313683.44
不知晓8675.00
是否正确了解鼻喷流感疫苗预防效果
了解15413386.36
不了解17952.94
是否正确了解鼻喷流感疫苗保护时长
了解12310686.18
不了解483675.00
鼻喷流感疫苗的认可情况
是否认同鼻喷流感疫苗接种更加方便
认同15012986.00
不认同11654.55
不知道10770.00
是否认同鼻喷流感疫苗具有全面保护效果
认同13511685.93
不认同151066.67
不知道211676.19
是否认同鼻喷流感疫苗具有广泛预防效果
认同14412385.42
不认同6350.00
不知道211676.19
是否认同鼻喷流感疫苗能够快读起效
认同14512384.83
不认同5480.00
不知道211571.43
鼻喷流感疫苗的接受度
是否接受鼻喷流感疫苗代替注射型流感疫苗
非常不接受4250.00
有点不接受231252.17
不好说231565.22
有点接受504692.00
非常接受716795.37
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医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿及影响因素研究
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夏祎祺 1, 2 , 王明 1, 2 , 胡明政 1, 2 , 王延赏 1, 2 , 朱大伟 3 , 何平 2
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2025,52(18): 3417-3423
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现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2025, 52(18): 3417-3423
医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿及影响因素研究
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夏祎祺1, 2, 王明1, 2, 胡明政1, 2, 王延赏1, 2, 朱大伟3, 何平2
作者信息
  • 1.北京大学公共卫生学院,北京 100191
  • 2.北京大学中国卫生发展研究中心
  • 3.北京大学医药管理国际研究中心
  • 夏祎祺(2000—),女,博士在读,研究方向:流行病学,卫生经济与政策

通讯作者:

何平,E-mail:
Health care providers’ willingness to recommend nasal spray influenza vaccine and influencing factors
Yi-qi XIA1, 2, Ming WANG1, 2, Ming-zheng HU1, 2, Yan-shang WANG1, 2, Da-wei ZHU3, Ping HE2
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504140
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目的

了解医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿及影响因素,为制定鼻喷流感疫苗接种策略提供建议。

方法

2023年3-5月,采用方便抽样方法,对上海市、潍坊市和武汉市171名预防接种门诊医务人员展开问卷调查,分析医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿、原因和影响因素。

结果

中国医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗的推荐意愿为83.04%,对该疫苗接受度越高,推荐意愿越高(OR=2.71,95% CI: 1.50~4.63,P<0.001)。医务人员愿意推荐该疫苗的原因是认为该疫苗安全性高、副作用小、能有效预防流感和操作便捷等,不愿意推荐的原因主要是不了解该疫苗的供方和定价方式,以及不信任其安全和有效性。

结论

中国医务人员对鼻喷流感疫苗的推荐意愿较高,主要受疫苗预防效果认知和接受度影响。在该疫苗的免疫服务策略制定过程中,可以开展针对性的医务人员健康教育和培训,以帮助了解该疫苗的市场信息和安全有效性。

鼻喷流感疫苗  /  推荐意愿  /  影响因素  /  医务人员
Objective

To understand the health care providers’ willingness to recommend nasal spray influenza vaccine and the influencing factors, and to provide suggestions for formulating an immunization service strategy for the nasal spray influenza vaccine.

Methods

From March to May 2023, a convenience sampling method was used to conduct an online questionnaire survey among 171 health care providers in vaccination clinics in Shanghai, Weifang and Wuhan. We analyzed their willingness to recommend nasal spray influenza, as well as the reasons and influencing factors.

Results

The willingness of Chinese health care providers to recommend the nasal spray influenza vaccine was 83.04%. The more the vaccine and the more they accepted the vaccine, the higher the willingness was (OR=2.71,95% CI:1.50-4.63,P<0.001). The reasons why they were willing to recommend the vaccine were that they believed in its safety, fewer side effects, effectiveness and convenience of vaccination. The main reasons for being unwilling to recommend it were that they lacked the knowledge about the supplier and pricing method of the vaccine, and trust in its safety and effectiveness.

Conclusion

Chinese health care providers have a high willingness to recommend nasal spray influenza vaccine, which is mainly affected by their perception of and acceptance about the vaccine. During the formulation of the vaccine’s immunization service strategy, providing health education and specific training to health care providers may help them understand the market information, safety and effectiveness of the vaccine.

Nasal spray influenza vaccine  /  Willingness to recommend  /  Influencing factors  /  Health care providers
夏祎祺, 王明, 胡明政, 王延赏, 朱大伟, 何平. 医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿及影响因素研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3417 -3423 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504140
Yi-qi XIA, Ming WANG, Ming-zheng HU, Yan-shang WANG, Da-wei ZHU, Ping HE. Health care providers’ willingness to recommend nasal spray influenza vaccine and influencing factors[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3417 -3423 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504140
流行性感冒(流感)是一种由流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,可在人与人之间迅速传播,每年约造成全球10亿人感染,导致29万至65万人死亡[1]。流感疫苗是预防流感和减少其并发症的最有效措施之一[2],但目前中国全人群流感疫苗接种率仅为2%[3],远低于世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)建议的接种率(90%)[4]。鼻喷流感疫苗是一种新型、通过鼻腔喷雾方式接种的流感疫苗,具有无创、起效快、副作用少等特点,可以有效预防儿童发病,目前在国内可供3~17岁儿童接种[5]。医务人员推荐是提高疫苗接种率的重要手段[6]。既往研究调查了医务人员对传统注射型流感疫苗的推荐意愿[7-8],但没有研究关注鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿及影响因素。本研究探讨了预防接种门诊医务人员对鼻喷流感疫苗的推荐意愿及原因,并分析其影响因素,为制定鼻喷流感疫苗免疫服务策略提供科学依据。
本研究于2023年3—5月,根据目的抽样原则,在全国选择三个不同经济发展水平的典型城市(上海、武汉和潍坊市),在每个城市选取社区卫生服务中心、乡镇卫生院或县级及以上医院两家作为调研地点。在医疗机构负责人和医务人员的口头知情同意下,采用方便抽样方法,在当天到岗的预防接种门诊医务人员中进行抽取,每家医疗机构至少抽取15人。纳入经实名验证从事预防接种临床、护理和公共卫生相关工作、现住址在调研城市和问卷填写时间超过60秒的人员,排除行政、后勤和财务等非卫生技术人员。本研究(涉及人的研究)通过了北京大学生物医学伦理委员会的伦理审查(IRB00001052-20062)。
根据往文献与中国现状设计了调查问卷[8-10],经过预实验确认调查问卷的可接受性和可行性后,调查员走访抽样医疗卫生机构发放自填式电子问卷,由被调查者以微信答题的形式独立完成填写。问卷包括三个部分:(1)个人和机构基本特征:性别、年龄、职称、学历、机构类型;(2)疫苗认知和态度:对鼻喷流感疫苗的认知水平和接受度;(3)疫苗推荐意愿:对鼻喷流感疫苗的推荐意愿,以及推荐或不推荐的原因。
为保证调查质量,本研究采用严格的问卷质量控制方法。首先,在专家咨询的基础上完善调查问卷和研究方案,制定统一完整的现场调查方案;其次,在调查前与医疗卫生机构负责人深入沟通,说明注意事项;在调查时,研究人员在电子问卷后台及时整理、核查问卷数量和质量,并实时与医疗卫生机构负责人沟通;调查问卷收集完毕后,剔除IP地址重复,性别和年龄等重要信息缺失,所有问题均选择同一选项,或出现明显逻辑错误的问卷。
本研究使用STATA 15.0进行统计分析和绘制图形。对调查对象的人口学特征、认知水平、态度和推荐意愿进行描述性分析,推荐意愿率(愿意推荐人数/调查人数×100%),计数资料用构成比表示。为避免遗漏相关变量,采用逐步向前法(纳入标准P<0.05,剔除标准P>0.10)筛选变量,将医务人员基本特征、对疫苗认知和态度等变量纳入多因素logistic回归模型,分析影响医务人员推荐接种鼻喷流感疫苗意愿的因素。采用逐步向前的logistic回归对城市、性别和机构类型展开分层分析,探究不同特征医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿影响因素是否存在差异,检验水准α=0.05(双侧)。
本研究调查了上海、潍坊和武汉市医务人员共171人(表1),其中上海57人(33.33%)、潍坊33人(19.30%)、武汉81人(47.37%)。调查对象主要为女性,共160人(93.57%);年龄主要在34岁以下(36.84%),34~42岁之间和42岁以上的人分别占30.99%和32.16%;超过半数调查对象(61.40%)教育程度为大学本科及以上;绝大部分调查对象在社区卫生服务中心或乡镇卫生院工作(93.57%);职称以初级和中级为主,均占46.20%;调查对象工作年限6年以下占50.29%,14年以上仅占19.29%。
接近半数医务人员(46.78%)表示会推荐鼻喷流感疫苗(表1,附表1),36.26%表示可能会推荐,11.11%表示不一定,4.09%表示可能不会推荐,1.75%表示不会推荐。“愿意推荐鼻喷流感疫苗的原因”与“不愿意推荐鼻喷流感疫苗的原因”是选答题。在回答了“愿意推荐鼻喷流感疫苗的原因”的103名医务人员中,愿意推荐的原因包括:(1)鼻喷流感疫苗对接种者身体伤害小(79.16%);(2)鼻喷流感疫苗的安全性高、副作用小(77.67%) ;(3)鼻喷流感疫苗有效性高、能够预防流感(69.9%);(4)鼻喷流感疫苗操作便捷(59.22%)。9名医务人员回答了“不愿意推荐鼻喷流感疫苗的原因”,不愿意推荐的理由包括:(1)怕别人误会与疫苗供方有利益关联(55.56%);(2)鼻喷流感疫苗的价格太高(55.56%);(3)担心鼻喷流感疫苗有效性不足(33.33%);(4)担心鼻喷流感疫苗安全性不足(22.22%);(5)认为鼻喷流感疫苗接种的操作复杂(22.22%)。
表1显示,潍坊、对鼻喷流感疫苗认知和接受度更高的医务人员推荐意愿率较高。以是否推荐鼻喷流感疫苗为因变量(0=否,1=是),采用逐步回归法筛选自变量。回归分析结果显示(图1),参照上海,潍坊(OR=8.11,95% CI: 1.26~ 12.10,P<0.05)和武汉(OR=2.50,95% CI: 1.70~8.97,P<0.05)医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿更高;与年龄≤34岁相比,42岁以上医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿较高(OR=2.81,95% CI: 1.03~7.61,P<0.05);对鼻喷流感疫苗的接受度越高,医务人员的推荐意愿越高(OR=2.71,95% CI: 1.50~4.63,P<0.001)。
相比于对鼻喷流感疫苗接受度较低的医务人员,上海(β=1.17,95% CI: 0.24~2.11,P<0.05)和武汉(β=1.23,95% CI: 0.48~1.97,P<0.001)对鼻喷流感疫苗接受度较高的医务人员均有更高的推荐意愿(图2);年龄、学历和工作年限与不同城市医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿不存在关联。潍坊调查对象数量较少,没有得出有效回归结果。
由于男性和来自县级及以上医院的调查对象数量较少,因此,分别围绕女性和来自社区卫生服务中心或乡镇卫生院的医务人员,分析其鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿影响因素(图3)。相较于上海,潍坊(β=1.81,95% CI: 0.17~3.46,P<0.05)和武汉(β=1.16,95% CI: 0.56~2.26,P<0.05)女性医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿更高;鼻喷流感疫苗接受度与女性医务人员推荐意愿存在关联(β=0.82,95% CI: 0.39~1.25,P<0.001)。在社区卫生服务中心,潍坊医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿更高(β =2.04,95% CI: 0.44~3.65,P<0.05);对鼻喷流感疫苗接受度较高的医务人员比接受度较低的推荐意愿更高(β=0.90,95% CI: 0.45~1.35,P<0.001)。
中国流感疫苗接种率亟待提升[3,11]。医务人员推荐是提升疫苗接种率的有效方式[12]。虽然既往研究已经展示了医务人员注射型流感疫苗推荐意愿[13-14],但尚未研究对鼻喷流感疫苗的推荐意愿及影响因素。
本研究调查的医务人员中,83.04%表示会推荐或可能会推荐鼻喷流感疫苗,高于北京市丰台区[15]和青岛市[16]医务人员对注射型流感疫苗的推荐意愿。愿意推荐的主要原因是认为鼻喷流感疫苗安全性高、副作用小、能有效预防流感和操作便捷等。一部分预防接种门诊医务人员表示不确定或不会推荐鼻喷流感疫苗,主要是因为怕被误会与疫苗供方有利益关联、担心该疫苗价格过高以及对其安全性和有效性存在疑虑。这表明部分医务人员仍缺乏该疫苗相关知识和信息,对该疫苗的利益相关方、定价方式和安全有效性存在误解。同时,本研究得出的鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿,远高于对慢性基础性疾病患者和孕妇推荐流感疫苗的意愿[17]。鼻喷流感疫苗主要面向的接种人群是3~17岁儿童,虽然向儿童与慢性病患者和孕妇推荐接种流感疫苗均需谨慎[18],但儿童由于流感易感性高[19],成为了中国等多个国家优先推荐接种对象,因此本研究得出的对儿童推荐意愿高具有合理性[6, 20]
当前国际鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿研究存在空白,本研究结果难以与其他国家鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿进行直接比较,但是发达国家儿童疫苗推荐意愿可为本研究结果解释提供参考。横向对比发现,中国医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿,高于意大利报告的医务人员向儿童推荐HPV疫苗的水平[21],以及芬兰医务人员对儿童注射流感疫苗的信任度[22]。这反映出发达国家医务人员对儿童疫苗的信任度、安全性考虑与中国存在较大差异,需要深入分析不同国家儿童疫苗接种政策和医务人员培训机制,以解释医务人员推荐儿童疫苗的核心影响因素。
提升医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿的关键是了解其影响因素[14]。本研究发现,鼻喷流感疫苗接受度对推荐意愿有最大影响,非常接受鼻喷流感疫苗代替注射型流感疫苗的医务人员中有95.37%愿意推荐鼻喷流感疫苗,而在非常不接受的医务人员中该比例仅为50.00%。来自芬兰、意大利和法国等发达国家的研究也发现了医务人员疫苗推荐意愿与疫苗接受度之间的关系,印证了本研究的可靠性[21-23]。研究结果还表明,所在城市和年龄与推荐意愿存在关联,这也与既往中国和爱尔兰等国流感和HPV等疫苗推荐意愿研究得出的结论一致[14,16,22,24]。然而,本研究发现鼻喷流感疫苗的认知程度与推荐意愿不存在关联,这与对传统注射型流感疫苗研究结果相悖[13-14],为鼻喷型与传统型流感疫苗推荐意愿的影响因素之间存在差异的观点提供了证据,但需要考虑本研究样本较小可能带来的偏倚。
综上所述,中国医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿较高,并且可能被所在地区、年龄和疫苗接受度影响。医务人员不愿意推荐该疫苗的原因主要在于缺乏对疫苗供方和定价方式的了解,以及对其安全性的不信任。基于目前鼻喷流感疫苗安全有效性已被证实[5],在该疫苗免疫服务策略制定过程中,一方面,可以采取以下措施以提供加强推荐意愿的理论依据:首先,进一步开展质性访谈以探究哪些地区或其他特征医务人员对鼻喷流感疫苗的推荐意愿较低;其次,深入挖掘与推荐意愿相关的原因和医务人员对该疫苗的其他需求。另一方面,可以制定相关政策从实践层面干预医务人员:首先,建立标准化的鼻喷流感疫苗培训框架,包括疫苗安全有效性证据、定价机制和市场供应信息;其次,实施疫苗价格透明化政策,公开定价标准和医保报销比例;最后,开展针对年轻医务人员的专项教育项目,提高对鼻喷流感疫苗的认知和接受程度,增强推荐意愿从而提高流感疫苗接种率。
本研究仍存在几点不足。首先,本研究的样本量较小且性别和所在机构类型的调查对象数量不平衡,但本研究开展了分层分析发现性别与所在机构不同没有对研究结果造成影响,类似研究也往往存在女性受访者数量较多的情况[8,15-16,24-25],说明本研究样本在一定程度上能够代表中国医务人员;其次,本研究难以纳入所有可能对鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿造成影响的因素,例如既往文献显示医务人员所在科室和年收入情况等可能会影响疫苗推荐意愿[7-8];接着,本研究采用方便抽样方法,可能导致样本代表性受限。异质性分析发现,不同城市、性别和机构类型的医务人员推荐意愿存在差异,提示结果可能存在地域偏倚。然而,由于研究样本量较小,难以对不同城市、性别等因素造成的影响机制进行分析,不能确定这种差异是否部分源于抽样方法的局限性。未来我们将扩展研究范围,考虑采取敏感性分析方法,验证本研究和其他研究中疫苗推荐意愿影响因素是否稳健。另外,研究使用未经信效度检验的电子问卷展开调查,虽然问卷设计具备一定的文献支撑,但是难以定量计算调查问卷的可靠性,同时,难以面对面监督问卷填写过程。为了最大程度弥补这一研究不足,研究人员在调查前、中和后期均采取了严格质量控制手段;最后,本研究只调查了医务人员疫苗推荐意愿,而推荐意愿与推荐行为之间可能存在一定差异[8,14],未来研究可以尝试探讨医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗的推荐行为。
本研究在国内外首次关注了医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿及影响因素,在研究主题上具备创新性,为中国流感预防免疫研究提供了实证依据。总的来说,中国预防接种门诊医务人员鼻喷流感疫苗推荐意愿较高,可能被所在城市、年龄和疫苗接受度影响。在制定鼻喷流感疫苗的免疫服务策略时,可以侧重提升医务人员对该疫苗市场信息的了解和安全有效性的认知。
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(21&ZD187)
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2025年第52卷第18期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504140
  • 接收时间:2025-04-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-08
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国家社会科学基金重大项目(21&ZD187)
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    1.北京大学公共卫生学院,北京 100191
    2.北京大学中国卫生发展研究中心
    3.北京大学医药管理国际研究中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
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Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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