Article(id=1228016572732731680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504128, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743955200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770711566384, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770711566384, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770711566384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711566384, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228016566646801206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='18', pageStart='3265', pageEnd='3456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770711564932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711815039, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3403, endPage=3409, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228016574293012896, articleId=1228016572732731680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Determination of three datura alkaloids in poisoned samples by ultra performance liquid chromatography-hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap-mass spectrometry, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To establish a method for the determination of three datura alkaloids including atropine, hyoscine and racanisodamine in poisoned samples by ultra performance liquid chromatography-hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap-mass spectrometry(UPLC-QqLIT-MS), and provide scientific basis for the quick handling of food poisoning event and the clinical treatment of patients.

Methods

Blood, urine and residual food samples from patients were added with borax-NaOH buffer solution, and the analytes were extracted using ethyl acetate, dried with nitrogen, and dissolved in the initial mobile phase. Separation was achieved on a DikmaLeapsil C18 chromatographic column (2.1 mm×150 mm, 2.7 μm) with gradient elution using a mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile (containing 0.1% formic acid and 2 mmol/L ammonium formate). The quantitative determination was carried out by using the multi reaction monitoring mode, and the qualitative analysis of the suspected positive results was carried out by using the enhanced product ion (EPI) scanning mode.

Results

The three alkaloids exhibited good linearity (r ≥ 0.997 1) within the concentration range of 0.5-100 μg/L across different matrices. The detection limits ranged from 0.05 to 0.12μg/L.The average recoveries were 91.9%-110.0%, with relative standard deviations of 1.16%-9.03%. The EPI scanning function can effectively eliminated false positive results by confirming suspicious positives.

Conclusion

This method is simple, rapid, and accurate for qualitative and quantitative determination of atropine, hyoscine, and racanisodamine in poisoned samples. It effectively reduces false positives and is suitable for screening and confirmation of datura alkaloid poisoning.

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目的

建立中毒样品中阿托品、东莨菪碱和山莨菪碱的超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联线性离子阱质谱测定方法,为食物中毒事件的快速处置和患者精准救治提供科学依据。

方法

中毒患者血液、尿液和剩余食品样品,加入硼砂-NaOH缓冲液,用乙酸乙酯提取样品中的生物碱,提取液经氮气吹干后用初始流动相复溶,经Dikma Leapsil C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×150 mm,2.7μm)分离,用含0.1 %甲酸和2 mmol/L甲酸铵的水和乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,采用MRM定量,对疑似阳性结果采用EPI模式定性。

结果

在不同基质中,3种生物碱在0.5~100 μg/L浓度范围内有良好的线性关系(r≥0.997 1),方法检出限为0.05~0.12 μg/L;不同加标水平的平均回收率为91.9%~110.0%,相对标准偏差为1.16%~9.03%。利用EPI扫描功能对可疑阳性结果进行确证判断,可有效排除假阳性结果。

结论

该方法简便、快速,定性和定量结果准确,有效降低了结果的假阳性,可满足中毒样品中3种曼陀罗生物碱的筛查和确证。

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刘红河,E-mail:
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邹晓春(1970—),男,硕士,主任技师,研究方向:食品和空气中有毒有害物监测技术

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注:A:东莨菪碱标准溶液;B:疑似阳性血清样品;C:东莨菪碱标准溶液的EPI质谱图;D:疑似阳性血清样品的EPI质谱图。

, figureFileSmall=CfzR4nPLDpXCUjjt7ppIyQ==, figureFileBig=74s1D8sQKZ9BCwhzsR3Jjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016579607196476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572732731680, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gradient elution program

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)流动相A(%)流动相B(%)
0.009010
2.008020
6.001090
10.001090
10.109010
15.009010
), ArticleFig(id=1228016579720442692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572732731680, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)流动相A(%)流动相B(%)
0.009010
2.008020
6.001090
10.001090
10.109010
15.009010
), ArticleFig(id=1228016579812717392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572732731680, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The mass spectrum parameters for multiple reaction monitoring mode

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物保留时间(min)母离子Q1
(amu)
子离子Q3
(amu)
碰撞能
(eV)
去簇电压
(eV)
碰撞池电压
(eV)
阿托品4.79290.1124.1a31878
290.193.038878
290.191.149878
东莨菪碱4.30304.1138.2a24808
304.1156.123808
304.1102.947808
山莨菪碱4.13306.1140.1a34949
306.1122.144949
306.1165.035949
), ArticleFig(id=1228016579934352215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572732731680, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

MRM质谱参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物保留时间(min)母离子Q1
(amu)
子离子Q3
(amu)
碰撞能
(eV)
去簇电压
(eV)
碰撞池电压
(eV)
阿托品4.79290.1124.1a31878
290.193.038878
290.191.149878
东莨菪碱4.30304.1138.2a24808
304.1156.123808
304.1102.947808
山莨菪碱4.13306.1140.1a34949
306.1122.144949
306.1165.035949
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580114707301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572732731680, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Recoveries and presions of the method(n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物样品基质加标水平
(μg/L)
测定值范围
(μg/L)
平均回收率(%)相对标准偏差(%)
阿托品血清1.001.03±0.06103.05.83
10.09.56±0.5295.65.44
50.049.2±1.798.43.46
尿液1.000.92±0.0292.02.17
10.09.77±0.1697.71.64
50.049.3±1.798.63.45
食物1.000.96±0.0596.05.21
10.09.61±0.3596.13.64
50.050.1±1.5102.02.99
东莨菪碱血清1.001.08±0.05108.04.63
10.010.04±0.25100.42.49
50.048.6±1.097.22.06
尿液1.001.07±0.02107.01.87
10.09.54±0.1895.41.89
50.050.2±1.4104.02.79
食物1.000.92±0.0292.02.17
10.09.48±0.1194.81.16
50.050.3±1.4106.02.78
山莨菪碱血清1.000.95±0.0395.03.16
10.09.57±0.4295.74.39
50.049.1±0.1598.23.05
尿液1.001.02±0.05102.04.90
10.09.19±0.8391.99.03
50.050.5±1.9110.03.76
食物1.000.93±0.0493.04.30
10.010.18±0.32101.83.14
50.047.0±1.694.03.40
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方法的准确度和精密度(n=6)

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化合物样品基质加标水平
(μg/L)
测定值范围
(μg/L)
平均回收率(%)相对标准偏差(%)
阿托品血清1.001.03±0.06103.05.83
10.09.56±0.5295.65.44
50.049.2±1.798.43.46
尿液1.000.92±0.0292.02.17
10.09.77±0.1697.71.64
50.049.3±1.798.63.45
食物1.000.96±0.0596.05.21
10.09.61±0.3596.13.64
50.050.1±1.5102.02.99
东莨菪碱血清1.001.08±0.05108.04.63
10.010.04±0.25100.42.49
50.048.6±1.097.22.06
尿液1.001.07±0.02107.01.87
10.09.54±0.1895.41.89
50.050.2±1.4104.02.79
食物1.000.92±0.0292.02.17
10.09.48±0.1194.81.16
50.050.3±1.4106.02.78
山莨菪碱血清1.000.95±0.0395.03.16
10.09.57±0.4295.74.39
50.049.1±0.1598.23.05
尿液1.001.02±0.05102.04.90
10.09.19±0.8391.99.03
50.050.5±1.9110.03.76
食物1.000.93±0.0493.04.30
10.010.18±0.32101.83.14
50.047.0±1.694.03.40
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580366365554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572732731680, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Methodological parameters for three alkaloids in different matrix

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化合物样品基质回归方程线性范围
(μg/L)
相关系数检出限
(μg/L)
定量下限
(μg/L)
阿托品血清y=1.19×105x+2.37×1050.5-1000.999 70.0150.05
尿液y=1.37×105x+8.01×1040.5-1000.997 10.0150.05
食物y=1.27×105x+1.55×1050.5-1000.997 80.0170.06
东莨菪碱血清y=4.61×104x+1.11×1040.5-1000.998 30.0170.06
尿液y=5.49×104x+2.76×1040.5-1000.999 30.0180.06
食物y=5.73×104x+8.07×1030.5-1000.999 40.0180.06
山莨菪碱血清y=9.27×104x+8.05×1040.5-1000.997 30.0300.10
尿液y=9.99×104x+1.21×1040.5-1000.999 80.0300.10
食物y=1.02×105x+3.61×1040.5-1000.999 80.0360.12
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580488000378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572732731680, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

方法学参数a

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化合物样品基质回归方程线性范围
(μg/L)
相关系数检出限
(μg/L)
定量下限
(μg/L)
阿托品血清y=1.19×105x+2.37×1050.5-1000.999 70.0150.05
尿液y=1.37×105x+8.01×1040.5-1000.997 10.0150.05
食物y=1.27×105x+1.55×1050.5-1000.997 80.0170.06
东莨菪碱血清y=4.61×104x+1.11×1040.5-1000.998 30.0170.06
尿液y=5.49×104x+2.76×1040.5-1000.999 30.0180.06
食物y=5.73×104x+8.07×1030.5-1000.999 40.0180.06
山莨菪碱血清y=9.27×104x+8.05×1040.5-1000.997 30.0300.10
尿液y=9.99×104x+1.21×1040.5-1000.999 80.0300.10
食物y=1.02×105x+3.61×1040.5-1000.999 80.0360.12
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580626412418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572732731680, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The determination results of the real samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号样品单位生物碱含量
阿托品东莨菪碱山莨菪碱
1患者A血液μg/L未检出1.7未检出
2患者A尿液μg/L356.8127.917.7
3患者B血液μg/L未检出1.2未检出
4患者B尿液μg/L283.161.714.6
5患者C血液μg/L未检出3.1未检出
6患者C尿液μg/L96.617.32.4
7患者C洗胃液μg/L401.870.611.9
8汤渣μg/kg1044.1192.631.5
9食物混合物μg/kg610.2110.418.9
10曼陀罗枝叶mg/kg121.022.53.9
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580748047242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572732731680, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

实际样本测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号样品单位生物碱含量
阿托品东莨菪碱山莨菪碱
1患者A血液μg/L未检出1.7未检出
2患者A尿液μg/L356.8127.917.7
3患者B血液μg/L未检出1.2未检出
4患者B尿液μg/L283.161.714.6
5患者C血液μg/L未检出3.1未检出
6患者C尿液μg/L96.617.32.4
7患者C洗胃液μg/L401.870.611.9
8汤渣μg/kg1044.1192.631.5
9食物混合物μg/kg610.2110.418.9
10曼陀罗枝叶mg/kg121.022.53.9
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超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联线性离子阱质谱法测定中毒样品中三种曼陀罗生物碱
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邹晓春 1 , 陈映新 1 , 刘红河 2
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025,52(18): 3403-3409
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现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025, 52(18): 3403-3409
超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联线性离子阱质谱法测定中毒样品中三种曼陀罗生物碱
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邹晓春1, 陈映新1, 刘红河2
作者信息
  • 1.深圳市光明区疾病预防控制中心,广东 深圳 518106
  • 2.深圳市疾病预防控制中心
  • 邹晓春(1970—),男,硕士,主任技师,研究方向:食品和空气中有毒有害物监测技术

通讯作者:

刘红河,E-mail:
Determination of three datura alkaloids in poisoned samples by ultra performance liquid chromatography-hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap-mass spectrometry
Xiao-chun ZOU1, Ying-xin CHEN1, Hong-he LIU2
Affiliations
  • Guangming District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518106, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504128
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目的

建立中毒样品中阿托品、东莨菪碱和山莨菪碱的超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联线性离子阱质谱测定方法,为食物中毒事件的快速处置和患者精准救治提供科学依据。

方法

中毒患者血液、尿液和剩余食品样品,加入硼砂-NaOH缓冲液,用乙酸乙酯提取样品中的生物碱,提取液经氮气吹干后用初始流动相复溶,经Dikma Leapsil C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×150 mm,2.7μm)分离,用含0.1 %甲酸和2 mmol/L甲酸铵的水和乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,采用MRM定量,对疑似阳性结果采用EPI模式定性。

结果

在不同基质中,3种生物碱在0.5~100 μg/L浓度范围内有良好的线性关系(r≥0.997 1),方法检出限为0.05~0.12 μg/L;不同加标水平的平均回收率为91.9%~110.0%,相对标准偏差为1.16%~9.03%。利用EPI扫描功能对可疑阳性结果进行确证判断,可有效排除假阳性结果。

结论

该方法简便、快速,定性和定量结果准确,有效降低了结果的假阳性,可满足中毒样品中3种曼陀罗生物碱的筛查和确证。

食物中毒  /  超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联线性离子阱质谱法  /  曼陀罗  /  莨菪碱
Objective

To establish a method for the determination of three datura alkaloids including atropine, hyoscine and racanisodamine in poisoned samples by ultra performance liquid chromatography-hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap-mass spectrometry(UPLC-QqLIT-MS), and provide scientific basis for the quick handling of food poisoning event and the clinical treatment of patients.

Methods

Blood, urine and residual food samples from patients were added with borax-NaOH buffer solution, and the analytes were extracted using ethyl acetate, dried with nitrogen, and dissolved in the initial mobile phase. Separation was achieved on a DikmaLeapsil C18 chromatographic column (2.1 mm×150 mm, 2.7 μm) with gradient elution using a mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile (containing 0.1% formic acid and 2 mmol/L ammonium formate). The quantitative determination was carried out by using the multi reaction monitoring mode, and the qualitative analysis of the suspected positive results was carried out by using the enhanced product ion (EPI) scanning mode.

Results

The three alkaloids exhibited good linearity (r ≥ 0.997 1) within the concentration range of 0.5-100 μg/L across different matrices. The detection limits ranged from 0.05 to 0.12μg/L.The average recoveries were 91.9%-110.0%, with relative standard deviations of 1.16%-9.03%. The EPI scanning function can effectively eliminated false positive results by confirming suspicious positives.

Conclusion

This method is simple, rapid, and accurate for qualitative and quantitative determination of atropine, hyoscine, and racanisodamine in poisoned samples. It effectively reduces false positives and is suitable for screening and confirmation of datura alkaloid poisoning.

Food poisoning  /  Ultra performance liquid chromatography-hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap-mass spectrometry(UPLC-QqLIT-MS)  /  Datura stramonium L  /  Datura alkaloids
邹晓春, 陈映新, 刘红河. 超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联线性离子阱质谱法测定中毒样品中三种曼陀罗生物碱. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3403 -3409 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504128
Xiao-chun ZOU, Ying-xin CHEN, Hong-he LIU. Determination of three datura alkaloids in poisoned samples by ultra performance liquid chromatography-hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap-mass spectrometry[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3403 -3409 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504128
曼陀罗是我国境内分布广泛的一种药用植物,其主要活性成分为阿托品、东莨菪碱和山莨菪碱等生物碱,可用于治疗关节痛、神经性头痛、痛风、哮喘、风湿等病[1]。但其毒性较大,用药过量、误食极易引起中毒,引起人或动物急性中毒或死亡[2-3]。华南地区有采食植物煲汤、泡药酒等食疗养生习惯,因误食导致曼陀罗中毒事件时有发生,给人们身体健康和财产造成严重影响[4-6]
目前检测粮食中曼陀罗生物碱的国标方法为比色和薄层层析法[7],均为定性方法,灵敏度低,只适用于曼陀罗根茎和种子的鉴别,不适用于血尿等生物材料样品的检测;对于生物碱中毒检测,目前较多采用液相色谱-串联质谱联用法[8-9],该方法有较好准确性和灵敏度,由于其定性主要依靠待测化合物二级子离子的离子丰度比,当样品基质复杂或存在内源性干扰成分时,可导致二级子离子丰度比发生变化,而影响定性的准确度。由于曼陀罗生物碱为植物中天然成分,样品中多存在大量与曼陀罗生物碱结构相近或相似的物质,采用液相色谱-串联质谱联用法对曼陀罗生物碱定性可能造成较大干扰,特别当样品中待测生物碱含量较低时干扰会更加明显。高分辨质谱有着较好的定性能力,但存在灵敏度偏低、定量不准确等缺点[10],当样品中待测成分含量较低时难于准确定性。线性离子阱质谱兼有串联四极杆质谱的定量和高分辨质谱的定性功能,可在对样品进行定量分析的同时触发增强离子(enhanced product ion,EPI )扫描,得到定量分析结果的同时,通过收集不同碰撞能下待测成分的“平均”质谱图,可在样品中待测含量较低的情况下有效地提高定性准确性,可有效消除假阳性结果,实现对样品中较低含量的待测化合物实现准确定性和定量检测[11-12]。目前对于超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联线性离子阱质谱法(UPLC-QqLIT-MS)测定曼陀罗生物碱尚未见文献报道。本文建立了超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联线性离子阱质谱法同时测定中毒样品中3种曼陀罗中主要莨菪类生物碱的方法。
LC-20ADXR超快速液相色谱仪(日本岛津公司)、API QTRAP 4 500液质联用仪(美国AB Sciex公司);乙腈、甲醇均为色谱纯(德国Merck公司);氨水、硼砂、氢氧化钠均为分析纯(国药集团化学试剂有限公司);水为多级过滤一级超纯水;阿托品、东莨菪碱、山莨菪碱标准溶液(100 μg/ml),购于天津阿尔塔科技有限公司;硼砂-NaOH缓冲液(pH9.6)参照文献[13]配制。
血液样品:取1.0 ml血清于15 ml离心管,加入2 ml硼砂-NaOH缓冲液,旋涡30 s ,加入5 ml乙酸乙酯,旋涡混匀后超声提取20 min,以4 000 r/min离心5 min,用吸管小心吸取上层有机相于另一15 ml离心管中;下层水相再用5 ml乙酸乙酯提取一次,离心后收集上层有机相,与第一次收集的有机相合并,在40 ℃水浴氮吹至干,用1 ml初始流动相旋涡1 min复溶, 以12 000 r/min 高速离心15 min,取上清液待上机分析; 尿液和洗胃液:取1.0 ml样品,在pH计(微型电极)实时监测下,用0.2 mol /L NaOH 溶液调节样品至pH 7,按照血清样品处理方法处理;汤渣、食物样品:粉碎后称取5.0 g,加入10.0 ml硼砂-NaOH缓冲液,37 ℃水浴超声提取10 min后,以4 000 r/min离心5 min,吸取2.0 ml(避免吸到上层的油层),参照血清样品进行前处理后上机测定。
根据不同样品类型选取相应的空白样品按照1.2制备空白基质处理液。血清样品采用空白血清作为基质匹配样品,尿液和洗胃液样品采用空白尿液作为基质匹配样品,汤渣和食物样品采用空白食品作为基质匹配样品。取浓度为1.0 mg/ml的混合标准使用液用上面处理好的空白样品处理液逐级稀释制作混合基质工作曲线。
色谱柱采用 Leapsil C18柱(2.1 mm×150 mm,2.7μm;北京迪马科技公司),柱温40 ℃,流速 0.3 ml/min,流动相为水(A)和乙腈(B),两相中均含有0.1 %甲酸和2 mmol /L甲酸铵。进样量5 μL。采用梯度洗脱,梯度洗脱程序见表1
采用电喷雾电离源正离子扫描模式(ESI+),离子源电压4 500 V,温度550℃,气帘气、源内气和辅助气压力分别为20.0 psi、55.0 psi和55.0 psi,驻留时间为50 ms,采用多反应监测模式(MRM),其它质谱条件见表2
线性离子阱增强离子扫描条件:设定离子信号达到5 000 cps触发增强离子扫描,去簇电压100 eV,扫描质量在m/z=50~310,扫描速率10 000 Da/s,碰撞能35±10 eV。
三种莨菪类生物碱均为含氮有机化合物,碱性条件下呈游离态难溶于水,易溶于三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯等有机溶剂,在酸性条件下以盐类形式存在而易溶于水。利用这一特性,通过改变样品的pH值对样品中生物碱进行提取和净化。本文采用基质加标样品,比较了乙酸铵、硼砂、磷酸盐等不同pH缓冲体系,结果显示:在乙酸铵缓冲体系中生物碱的平均提取效率不到50%,磷酸盐缓冲体系中生物碱的平均提取效率仅在40%~70%之间,采用硼砂-NaOH缓冲体系,三种生物碱的平均提取效率在80%以上,其中使用pH 9.6的硼砂-NaOH缓冲液三种生物碱的提取效率均超过90%;比较了乙酸乙酯、三氯甲烷和乙腈等三种溶剂的提取效率,结果表明,乙腈提取后,样品基质抑制明显、回收率偏低,平均回收率只有50%~70%;采用乙酸乙酯或三氯甲烷等有机溶剂提取,基质效应小,后续的吹干等操作也更容易,三种生物碱的平均回收率均在90%以上,因三氯甲烷毒性较大,实际样品测定采用乙酸乙酯作为提取溶剂。综上,最终确定采用pH 9.6的硼砂-NaOH缓冲液和乙酸乙酯作为提取溶剂。
试验中发现由于尿液和洗胃液样品偏酸性,导致提取时样品中生物碱不能完成转化为游离生物碱,导致回收率偏低,因此通过将样品预先用0.2 mol/L NaOH溶液调节至pH 7.0左右后,再进行处理,样品提取效率明显增高,各生物碱回收率均在90%以上,可满足三种生物碱的定量检测要求。
考虑到生物碱为含氮碱性化合物[14],本次试验采用血清基质加入一定量的生物碱混合标准溶液来比较Amide柱、氨基柱和多款C18柱的分离效果,均以含0.1 %甲酸和2 mmol /L 甲酸铵的乙腈-水溶液作为流动相。结果表明,C18柱分离效果和峰型普遍优于Amide柱和氨基柱,故最终选定Dikma Leapsil C18柱(2.7 μm,2.1 mm×150 mm)作为分析色谱柱。
通过测试不同流动相体系下各生物碱的分离效果和色谱峰型,最终确定采用乙腈-水作为流动相,并在两相中均添加2 mmol /L 甲酸铵,同时为了提高生物碱在质谱中的电离效率,在流动相中添加最终浓度为0.1 %的甲酸。采用梯度洗脱,结果显示质谱峰信号强、峰型对称、分离效果好。优化色谱条件下的3种生物碱提取离子色谱图见图1
采用蠕动泵连续进样方式,对质谱的电压和气体流量等各种参数进行优化,综合信号强度和离子通道是否有干扰等因素,每种生物碱选择三对子离子进行定性和定量分析。以保留时间及碎片离子的丰度定性,被测试样品中目标化合物的相应监测离子丰度比在标准溶液相应离子强度比均值的±20%内。优化后的各生物碱质谱参数见表2,优化条件下各定量离子的MRM色谱图见图1
采用空白基质样品处理液配制标准系列的方式评价基质效应。基质效应计算公式为:基质效应(%) =样品基质溶液配制生物碱标准的离子峰面积/同浓度生物碱标准溶液的离子峰面积 × 100%。结果显示三种生物碱均有不同程度的基质抑制效应,基质效应在55%~80%之间;由于缺乏同位素内标,本文按样品基质不同分类制备基质匹配标准曲线,各种生物碱加标回收率在90%以上(见表3),基本可消除基质效应的影响。
按照1.2对样品进行处理和测定,以各生物碱的定量离子峰面积与对应生物碱的质量浓度绘制工作曲线。不同样品基质的线性回归方程、检出限(以3倍信噪比计)、定量限(以10倍信噪比计)如表4所示。
选取尿液、血清和食品三种类型空白样品为样本基质,参照标准曲线范围选择三个浓度水平进行加标测试。3种生物碱的平均回收率为91.9 %~110.0 %,相对标准偏差为1.16 %~9.03 %(表3)。本方法具有良好的可靠性与稳定性,能够满足相关分析检测的要求。
在EPI模式下对测定条件进行优化,最终确定碰撞能(CE)为35 eV,碰撞能散射值为10eV,可得到较好的碎片离子信息。本文采用10.0μg/L三种生物碱混合标准溶液按照上述优化方法建立3种生物碱的EPI谱库。当样品检测出现与标准生物碱相同的MRM峰且保留时间基本一致,EPI扫描图与相应标准谱库匹配度超过70%,就可以判断检出该目标物。图2为血清样品在保留时间4.29 min出现提取离子峰(图2-B),与东莨菪碱标准MRM提取离子质谱图保留时间4.30 min(图2-A)接近,触发EPI扫描,系统计算出其EPI质谱图(图2-D)与标准的EPI的质谱谱库(图2-C)匹配度为92%,由此可以判断样品中检出东莨菪碱。
用建立的方法对2023 年深圳市某区疑似曼陀罗中毒采集的9 份样本进行了分析,结果见表5。为了验证患者中毒食材是否为曼陀罗,我们特地采集新鲜曼陀罗树枝和叶子样品进行分析,结果显示曼陀罗枝叶中阿托品含量最高,其次为东莨菪碱(表5),与文献报道基本一致[15]。从检测结果来看,汤渣和剩余食品样品中三种生物碱的比例与曼陀罗枝叶结果基本一致,可基本判断患者为误采食曼陀罗枝叶导致的中毒。
曼陀罗植物中含有的阿托品、东莨菪碱、莨菪碱等多种莨菪类生物碱,能与M胆碱受体结合,阻断M-胆碱反应系统。误食后可引起严重症状,严重者可导致血压下降、呼吸衰竭、心律失常甚至死亡[15]。人体误食曼陀罗后,三种生物碱可迅速被吸收并随血液分布于全身,在血液中浓度迅速下降,尿液中浓度快速上升,并维持较长一段时间。这些规律提示对于曼陀罗类生物碱类中毒患者应根据其中毒时间长短更合理地采集不同样品进行检测,在患者中毒时间不明确的情况下,同时采集患者血液和尿液进行检测可有效防止误诊和漏诊。
本文建立了中毒样品中阿托品、东莨菪碱和山莨菪碱的超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联线性离子阱质谱快速测定方法,四极杆串联质谱具有良好定量能力,结合线性离子阱信息依赖采集模式,通过增强离子扫描方式实现辅助定性。该法定量准确、可靠,可有效降低假阳性结果,满足突发中毒各种样品基质中三种曼陀罗生物碱的确证检测。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1605103)
  • 深圳市医学重点学科(2020-2024; SZXK066)
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Poison Control Branch of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Expert Consensus Group on Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Mandala Poisoning. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of acute mandala poisoning[J]. Chinese Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2023, 32(12): 1610-1616.(In Chinese)
2025年第52卷第18期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504128
  • 接收时间:2025-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-07
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国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1605103)
深圳市医学重点学科(2020-2024; SZXK066)
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    1.深圳市光明区疾病预防控制中心,广东 深圳 518106
    2.深圳市疾病预防控制中心

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刘红河,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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