Article(id=1228016572518827000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503453, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742745600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770711566333, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770711566333, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770711566333, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711566333, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228016566646801206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='18', pageStart='3265', pageEnd='3456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770711564932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711815039, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3330, endPage=3336, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228016574062329956, articleId=1228016572518827000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of Listeria monocytogenes contamination in the production and sales process of enoki mushrooms, 2024, columnId=1228016572783063333, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Food Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the contamination status of Listeria monocytogenes in the production and distribution stages of enoki mushrooms in Chengdu.

Methods

A total of 180 samples were collected from two major enoki mushroom manufacturers in Chengdu, including enoki mushrooms (30 samples), culture media (14 samples), environmental samples (25 samples), tools and equipment (64 samples), operators (30 samples), and other samples (17 samples). L.monocytogenes was isolated and identified according to the 2024 National Manual for Monitoring Food Contaminants and Harmful Factors. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was conducted on the isolates to predict serotypes and analyze lineages, sequence types (ST), clonal complexes (CC), antimicrobial resistance genes, and virulence genes. Homology among strains was determined based on core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) genetic characteristics.

Results

A total of 69 L.monocytogenes strains were detected from 180 samples, with an overall detection rate of 38.33%. The strains belonged to two lineages (I and II), with lineage II being predominant (97.10%, 67/69). Three serotypes were identified, among which serotype 1/2a,3a was dominant (94.20%, 65/69). Seven CC types were detected, with CC8 (52.17%, 36/69) and CC155 (30.43%, 21/69) being dominant. Eight ST types were identified, among which ST8 (52.17%, 36/69) and ST155 (30.43%, 21/69) were the predominant types. All strains carried only the antimicrobial resistance gene fosX. All 69 strains carried virulence island 1 (LIPI-1), and six virulence genes (prfA, plcA, hly, mpl, actA, and plcB) were all positive. All 69 strains also carried virulence island 2 (LIPI-2); among the nine virulence genes, inlA, inlB, inlC, and inlJ were positive in all strains; inlE, inlG, and inlH were all negative; and the carriage rates of inlF and inlK were both 97.10% (67/69). CgMLST clustering analysis revealed the presence of homologous strains.

Conclusion

L.monocytogenes contamination is present in both the production and distribution stages of enoki mushrooms in Chengdu, with a potential for cross-contamination. Although current antimicrobial resistance is not severe, the strains harbor numerous virulence genes, suggesting potential for acquiring resistance genes and posing a threat to human health.

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目的

分析成都市金针菇产销环节中单增李斯特菌的污染状况。

方法

采集成都市两家金针菇厂的金针菇(30份)、培养基(14份)、环境(25份)、工具设备(64份)、操作人员(30份)和其他样本(17份),共计180份,依据《2024年国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》分离鉴定单增李斯特菌,并对菌株进行全基因组测序(WGS),预测血清型,分析其谱系、序列型(ST)、克隆群(CC)、耐药基因与毒力基因,根据核心基因组多位点序列分型(cgMLST)遗传特性确定菌株同源性。

结果

180份样本中检出单增李斯特菌69株,总检出率为38.33%;菌株分属2个谱系(Ⅰ和Ⅱ),以谱系Ⅱ为主(97.10%,67/69);分属3种血清型,其中1/2a,3a为优势血清型(94.20%,65/69);分属7个CC型,其中CC8(52.17%,36/69)和CC155(30.43%,21/69)为优势CC型。分属8个ST型,其中ST8(52.17%,36/69)和ST155(30.43%,21/69)为优势ST型。菌株均仅携带耐药基因fosX。69株菌均携带毒力岛1(LIPI-1),6个毒力基因(prfAplcAhlymplactAplcB)均为阳性;69株菌均携带毒力岛2(LIPI-2),9个毒力基因中inlAinlBinlCinlJ均为阳性,inlEinlGinlH均为阴性,inlFinlK的携带率均为97.10%(67/69)。cgMLST聚类结果显示存在同源的菌株。

结论

成都市金针菇生产过程与销售环节中单增李斯特菌均存在污染状况,且存在交叉污染的可能。菌株耐药情况暂不严重,但所携带的毒力基因较多,有可能获得耐药基因并对人致病。

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黎明,E-mail:
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杨洋(1984—),女,硕士,副主任技师,研究方向:食源性致病菌检验

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杨洋(1984—),女,硕士,副主任技师,研究方向:食源性致病菌检验

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Virulence, 2021, 12(1): 2509-2545., articleTitle=Pathogenicity and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes:A trip from environmental to medical microbiology, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228016583986053844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, awardId=2019YJ0018, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科技厅应用基础项目(2019YJ0018), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228016576197230872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016576214008088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, companyId=1228016576197230872, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chengdu Institute of Health Supervision), Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016576222396697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, companyId=1228016576197230872, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.成都市疾病预防控制中心(成都市卫生监督所),四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228016576344031528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016576352420138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, companyId=1228016576344031528, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.四川省疾病预防控制中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228016582740345519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Virulence gene profiles of 69 Listeria monocytogenes isolates, figureFileSmall=/x2WiexHzEkzfe9OMmZsUw==, figureFileBig=IUaypwsEF+mgHdrFBNuf0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016582882951860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, language=CN, label=图1, caption=69株单增李斯特菌毒力基因携带情况, figureFileSmall=/x2WiexHzEkzfe9OMmZsUw==, figureFileBig=IUaypwsEF+mgHdrFBNuf0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016583113638589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=cgMLST-based clustering analysis of 69 Listeria monocytogenes strains, figureFileSmall=6zW+p+h9L2yNG5BPGeVTgw==, figureFileBig=DwoAIVQ/bm/20HaQOXd6hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016583214301888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, language=CN, label=图2, caption=69株单增李斯特菌cgMLST分型聚类结果, figureFileSmall=6zW+p+h9L2yNG5BPGeVTgw==, figureFileBig=DwoAIVQ/bm/20HaQOXd6hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016583327548098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Contamination analysis of Listeria monocytogenes, figureFileSmall=Uv0AP96OYIWfQeZEXv+gYQ==, figureFileBig=0ZKduP0luI23eXzuuiyk8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016583419822788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, language=CN, label=图3, caption=单增李斯特菌污染情况分析, figureFileSmall=Uv0AP96OYIWfQeZEXv+gYQ==, figureFileBig=0ZKduP0luI23eXzuuiyk8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016583512097479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Types and quantities of samples collected from factories A and C

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样品类别样品名称样品数量(份)
A厂(采样时间:2024.4)C厂(采样时间:2024.8)合计
金针菇菌丝培养物1130
幼菇11
成熟菇11
采收后的金针菇11
切割后的金针菇11
切割金针菇的剩余物11
带包装的产品(在厂内采集)12
市售产品(在菜市/超市采集)105
小计1713
培养基培养基原料3314
灭菌前培养基11
灭菌后培养基11
接种后培养基11
采收后培养基11
小计77
环境地面101025
11
地漏11
墙壁01
小计1213
操作人员5530
衣服55
鞋底55
小计1515
工具设备操作台3664
传送带21
运输车轮子44
控制按钮32
切割称量工具33
清洁工具22
套筒11
维修工具11
仪器80
栽培筐56
栽培架22
栽培瓶11
小计3529
其他包装袋1117
生产用水44
清洁用水43
小计98
总计9585180
), ArticleFig(id=1228016583621149385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

A、C两厂采集的样品种类及数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品类别样品名称样品数量(份)
A厂(采样时间:2024.4)C厂(采样时间:2024.8)合计
金针菇菌丝培养物1130
幼菇11
成熟菇11
采收后的金针菇11
切割后的金针菇11
切割金针菇的剩余物11
带包装的产品(在厂内采集)12
市售产品(在菜市/超市采集)105
小计1713
培养基培养基原料3314
灭菌前培养基11
灭菌后培养基11
接种后培养基11
采收后培养基11
小计77
环境地面101025
11
地漏11
墙壁01
小计1213
操作人员5530
衣服55
鞋底55
小计1515
工具设备操作台3664
传送带21
运输车轮子44
控制按钮32
切割称量工具33
清洁工具22
套筒11
维修工具11
仪器80
栽培筐56
栽培架22
栽培瓶11
小计3529
其他包装袋1117
生产用水44
清洁用水43
小计98
总计9585180
), ArticleFig(id=1228016583746978509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detection rates of Listeria monocytogenes in factories A and C

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本类别A厂C厂组间比较
样本数
(份)
阳性样本数
(份)
检出率
(%)
样本数
(份)
阳性样本数
(份)
检出率
(%)
χ2P
金针菇171359.113646.2-a0.132
培养基7114.37228.6-a1.000
环境12650.013538.50.0310.859
操作人员15960.015533.31.2050.272
工具设备351440.029620.71.9270.165
其他9111.18112.5-a1.000
小计954446.3852529.44.7310.030
), ArticleFig(id=1228016583835058897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016572518827000, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

A、C两厂单增李斯特菌的检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本类别A厂C厂组间比较
样本数
(份)
阳性样本数
(份)
检出率
(%)
样本数
(份)
阳性样本数
(份)
检出率
(%)
χ2P
金针菇171359.113646.2-a0.132
培养基7114.37228.6-a1.000
环境12650.013538.50.0310.859
操作人员15960.015533.31.2050.272
工具设备351440.029620.71.9270.165
其他9111.18112.5-a1.000
小计954446.3852529.44.7310.030
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2024年金针菇产销环节中单增李斯特菌污染状况分析
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杨洋 1 , 孔喜梅 1 , 袁齐武 1 , 黄伟峰 2 , 何志群 1 , 钟宇婧 1 , 苗艳芳 1 , 伏星 1 , 冯敏 1 , 李永盛 1 , 车鑫垚 1 , 何大学 1 , 李静 1 , 黎明 1
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2025,52(18): 3330-3336
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现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2025, 52(18): 3330-3336
2024年金针菇产销环节中单增李斯特菌污染状况分析
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杨洋1, 孔喜梅1, 袁齐武1, 黄伟峰2, 何志群1, 钟宇婧1, 苗艳芳1, 伏星1, 冯敏1, 李永盛1, 车鑫垚1, 何大学1, 李静1, 黎明1
作者信息
  • 1.成都市疾病预防控制中心(成都市卫生监督所),四川 成都 610041
  • 2.四川省疾病预防控制中心
  • 杨洋(1984—),女,硕士,副主任技师,研究方向:食源性致病菌检验

通讯作者:

黎明,E-mail:
Analysis of Listeria monocytogenes contamination in the production and sales process of enoki mushrooms, 2024
Yang YANG1, Xi-mei KONG1, Qi-wu YUAN1, Wei-feng HUANG2, Zhi-qun HE1, Yu-jing ZHONG1, Yan-fang MIAO1, Xing FU1, Min FENG1, Yong-sheng LI1, Xin-yao CHE1, Da-xue HE1, Jing LI1, Ming LI1
Affiliations
  • Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chengdu Institute of Health Supervision), Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503453
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目的

分析成都市金针菇产销环节中单增李斯特菌的污染状况。

方法

采集成都市两家金针菇厂的金针菇(30份)、培养基(14份)、环境(25份)、工具设备(64份)、操作人员(30份)和其他样本(17份),共计180份,依据《2024年国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》分离鉴定单增李斯特菌,并对菌株进行全基因组测序(WGS),预测血清型,分析其谱系、序列型(ST)、克隆群(CC)、耐药基因与毒力基因,根据核心基因组多位点序列分型(cgMLST)遗传特性确定菌株同源性。

结果

180份样本中检出单增李斯特菌69株,总检出率为38.33%;菌株分属2个谱系(Ⅰ和Ⅱ),以谱系Ⅱ为主(97.10%,67/69);分属3种血清型,其中1/2a,3a为优势血清型(94.20%,65/69);分属7个CC型,其中CC8(52.17%,36/69)和CC155(30.43%,21/69)为优势CC型。分属8个ST型,其中ST8(52.17%,36/69)和ST155(30.43%,21/69)为优势ST型。菌株均仅携带耐药基因fosX。69株菌均携带毒力岛1(LIPI-1),6个毒力基因(prfAplcAhlymplactAplcB)均为阳性;69株菌均携带毒力岛2(LIPI-2),9个毒力基因中inlAinlBinlCinlJ均为阳性,inlEinlGinlH均为阴性,inlFinlK的携带率均为97.10%(67/69)。cgMLST聚类结果显示存在同源的菌株。

结论

成都市金针菇生产过程与销售环节中单增李斯特菌均存在污染状况,且存在交叉污染的可能。菌株耐药情况暂不严重,但所携带的毒力基因较多,有可能获得耐药基因并对人致病。

单增李斯特菌  /  污染状况  /  全基因组测序  /  核心基因组多位点序列分型
Objective

To analyze the contamination status of Listeria monocytogenes in the production and distribution stages of enoki mushrooms in Chengdu.

Methods

A total of 180 samples were collected from two major enoki mushroom manufacturers in Chengdu, including enoki mushrooms (30 samples), culture media (14 samples), environmental samples (25 samples), tools and equipment (64 samples), operators (30 samples), and other samples (17 samples). L.monocytogenes was isolated and identified according to the 2024 National Manual for Monitoring Food Contaminants and Harmful Factors. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was conducted on the isolates to predict serotypes and analyze lineages, sequence types (ST), clonal complexes (CC), antimicrobial resistance genes, and virulence genes. Homology among strains was determined based on core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) genetic characteristics.

Results

A total of 69 L.monocytogenes strains were detected from 180 samples, with an overall detection rate of 38.33%. The strains belonged to two lineages (I and II), with lineage II being predominant (97.10%, 67/69). Three serotypes were identified, among which serotype 1/2a,3a was dominant (94.20%, 65/69). Seven CC types were detected, with CC8 (52.17%, 36/69) and CC155 (30.43%, 21/69) being dominant. Eight ST types were identified, among which ST8 (52.17%, 36/69) and ST155 (30.43%, 21/69) were the predominant types. All strains carried only the antimicrobial resistance gene fosX. All 69 strains carried virulence island 1 (LIPI-1), and six virulence genes (prfA, plcA, hly, mpl, actA, and plcB) were all positive. All 69 strains also carried virulence island 2 (LIPI-2); among the nine virulence genes, inlA, inlB, inlC, and inlJ were positive in all strains; inlE, inlG, and inlH were all negative; and the carriage rates of inlF and inlK were both 97.10% (67/69). CgMLST clustering analysis revealed the presence of homologous strains.

Conclusion

L.monocytogenes contamination is present in both the production and distribution stages of enoki mushrooms in Chengdu, with a potential for cross-contamination. Although current antimicrobial resistance is not severe, the strains harbor numerous virulence genes, suggesting potential for acquiring resistance genes and posing a threat to human health.

Listeria monocytogenes  /  Contamination status  /  Whole genome sequencing  /  Core genome multi-locus sequence typing
杨洋, 孔喜梅, 袁齐武, 黄伟峰, 何志群, 钟宇婧, 苗艳芳, 伏星, 冯敏, 李永盛, 车鑫垚, 何大学, 李静, 黎明. 2024年金针菇产销环节中单增李斯特菌污染状况分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3330 -3336 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503453
Yang YANG, Xi-mei KONG, Qi-wu YUAN, Wei-feng HUANG, Zhi-qun HE, Yu-jing ZHONG, Yan-fang MIAO, Xing FU, Min FENG, Yong-sheng LI, Xin-yao CHE, Da-xue HE, Jing LI, Ming LI. Analysis of Listeria monocytogenes contamination in the production and sales process of enoki mushrooms, 2024[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3330 -3336 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503453
单核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes,LM),简称单增李斯特菌,是一种兼性厌氧的革兰氏阳性短杆菌,可引发李斯特菌病。相比其他食源性致病菌,该菌主要对免疫低下人群、孕妇、新生儿及老年群体具有较高致病风险,临床表现包括脑膜炎、败血症、流产及单核细胞增多等,致死率可达20%~30%[1]。且单增李斯特菌在冷藏食品中的生存能力远强于多数致病菌,具备较强的隐匿传播性[2]
金针菇富含蛋白质和膳食纤维,味道鲜美、营养丰富,是全球消费市场中最受欢迎的食用菌之一。为追求金针菇鲜嫩清脆的口感,烹饪时往往仅简单焯水加热,导致金针菇中致病菌未被完全杀灭,存在健康隐患。已有报道发现,金针菇中存在多种致病菌污染风险,包括沙门氏菌和单增李斯特菌等[3]
近年来,我国出口金针菇被美国和日本国家通报17起,其中单增李斯特菌污染12起[4]。韩国也有从金针菇中分离出单增李斯特菌的报道[5-6]。美国等9个国家预警通报韩国输入的金针菇20起,均为单增李斯特菌污染[4]。美国和加拿大均发生过由单增李斯特菌污染金针菇导致的食源性疾病暴发事件[7-9]。上述报道提示,金针菇单增李斯特菌污染具有一定普遍性并受到国际关注。
我国既往金针菇中致病菌污染状况研究较少,少数资料显示金针菇中单增李斯特菌检出率较高[10-11]。现有数据未见成都产金针菇污染致病菌,特别是单增李斯特菌的报道。根据国家食品安全风险评估中心的部署,2024年首次对金针菇开展生产过程中致病菌污染监测,通过收集生产过程各环节金针菇、培养基、环境、人员等样品中单增李斯特菌的污染信息,掌握单增李斯特菌污染分布特征,探究污染来源,确定污染关键防控点,为预警提供依据。
我国是金针菇生产大国,工厂化栽培已经成为我国金针菇最主要的栽培模式,而成都是西南地区的主要生产基地。本研究通过对成都市2家金针菇生产厂产销环节中分离得到的单增李斯特菌进行分离鉴定、全基因组测序(WGS)、核心基因组多位点序列分型(cgMLST)及耐药基因和毒力基因筛查,以了解成都市金针菇生产及销售全链条中单增李斯特菌的污染情况,初步建立成都市单增李斯特菌耐药基因与毒力基因库,为成都市金针菇食品产业制定相应监测与防控措施提供依据。
选取成都市两家金针菇厂(A和C),于2024年4月对A厂进行样品采集一次,同年8月采集C厂一次。样品类别包括:金针菇、培养基、工具设备、环境、操作人员、其他,共计180份(A厂95份,C厂85份),样品种类及数量见表1
LB1及LB2增菌液(青岛海博生物技术有限公司),李斯特菌显色培养基(上海欣中生物公司),GP生化鉴定卡(法国bioMérieux公司),血琼脂平板(郑州安图生物工程股份有限公司),细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒(离心柱型)(天根生化科技(北京)有限公司)。
VITEK 2 Compact全自动微生物鉴定系统(法国bioMérieux公司),台式离心机(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司)。
依据《2024年国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》进行。
菌株划线接种血平板,36 ℃培养24 h后,使用天根细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取DNA,委托北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司,采用Illumina TruSeqTM Nano DNA Sample Prep Kit文库试剂盒构建文库,Illumina novaseq 6000测序平台进行双端150bp测序[12-14],测序原始数据导入BioNumerics 7.6cn进行组装分析[15-16]
将组装后的序列上传至BIGSdb数据库(https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/listeria)MLST模块进行在线比对,获得每株菌的谱系、ST型及克隆群[17-18]
利用BioNumerics 7.6cn对测序数据进行血清型、耐药基因和毒力基因分析。
根据核心基因组多位点序列分型(cgMLST)结果对69株菌的同源性进行聚类分析。等位基因差异数≤10视为同源,10~24视为可能相关,>25视为非同源[19]
分类变量以数字和百分比(%)表示,组间比较采用卡方检验(χ2检验)或Fisher确切概率法(Fisher’s exact test)。检验水准α=0.05。统计分析使用R studio (版本2024.12.0+467,R 4.4.2)完成。
180份样品共检出单增李斯特菌69株,A厂单增李斯特菌检出率高于C厂[46.3%(44/95) vs. 29.4%(25/85)]差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两厂单增李斯特菌的检出率见表2
菌株分属2个谱系(Ⅰ和Ⅱ),以谱系Ⅱ为主(97.10%,67/69),仅DZ2024CD133和DZ2024CD337属于谱系Ⅰ,未发现谱系Ⅲ和谱系Ⅳ。分属3种血清型,包括1/2a,3a(优势血清型,94.20%,65/69)、1/2c,3c(DZ2024SCA037与SCC025LM)和1/2b,3b,7(DZ2024CD133与DZ2024CD337)。分属8个ST型,包括ST7、ST8、ST9、ST87、ST91、ST101、ST155和ST1166,其中ST8(52.17%,36/69)和ST155(30.43%,21/69)为优势ST型。分属7个CC型,包括CC7、CC8、CC9、CC14、CC87、CC101和CC155,其中CC8(52.17%,36/69)和CC155(30.43%,21/69)为优势CC型。CC87包括ST87和ST1166。
所有菌株均携带磷霉素耐药基因fosX,均不携带其他耐药基因。均不携带生物杀灭剂抗性基因和重金属抗性基因。不携带应激生存岛(SSI)1和2。
69株菌共检出35种毒力基因,均携带毒力岛1(LIPI-1),6个毒力基因(prfAplcAplcBmplactAhly)均为阳性;均携带毒力岛2(LIPI-2),9个毒力基因中,inlAinlBinlCinlJ均为阳性,inlEinlGinlH均为阴性,仅2株菌不携带inlFinlK(DZ2024CD133与DZ2024CD337);所有菌株均不携带毒力岛3和4。仅2株菌不携带lntA(DZ2024CD133与DZ2024CD337);仅DZ2024CD346不携带iap/cwhAvip基因的分布差异较大,检出率为42.03%(29/69)。菌株毒力基因携带情况见图1
基于核心基因组多位点序列分型(cgMLST)对69株单增李斯特菌的同源性进行聚类分析的结果见图2。21株ST155/CC155的菌,均从C厂检出,核心等位基因最大差异数为3,显示其高度同源。2株ST9/CC9的菌,核心等位基因差异数为57,显示其非同源。5株ST101/CC101的菌,均从A厂检出,核心等位基因最大差异数为10,显示其同源。2株ST7/CC7的菌,均从A厂检出,核心等位基因差异数为22,显示其可能相关。2株CC87的菌,1株为ST1166,1株为ST87,核心等位基因差异数为20,显示其可能相关。36株ST8/CC8的菌(34株来源于A厂,2株来源于C厂),核心等位基因最大差异数为24。其中31株(C厂仅1株)的核心等位基因最大差异数为10,显示其同源。6株来源于A厂的菌(DZ2024SCA029、DZ2024SCA030、DZ2024SCA067、DZ2024SCA071、DZ2024CD130、DZ2024CD139)和1株来源于C厂的DZ2024CD345,核心等位基因差异数为0,显示其完全同源。情况相同的还有DZ2024SCA027和DZ2024SCA031、DZ2024SCA023和DZ2024SCA040、DZ2024SCA006和DZ2024SCA073,以及5株A厂的菌(DZ2024SCA018、DZ2024SCA019、DZ2024SCA028、DZ2024SCA043和DZ2024SCA064)。
单增李斯特菌的污染贯穿培养基制作、接种、搔菌、培育、采收包装和销售全链条,见图3。21株ST155/CC155的菌,均来自C厂,且从培养基制作区、接种室、搔菌室、菌丝培养室和采收包装区均有检出。菇房与销售环节中未见此型单增李斯特菌,显示C厂还有其他污染因素。5株ST101/CC101的菌,均从A厂检出,1株来自菇房,剩余4株来自采收包装区,销售环节中亦未见此型单增李斯特菌。36株ST8/CC8的菌(34株来源于A厂,2株来源于C厂),其中31株(C厂仅1株)同源,A厂的培养基制作区、接种室、搔菌室、菇房、采收包装区和销售环节均有检出。在销售环节中,A厂的DZ2024CD130和C厂的DZ2024CD345两份产品无核心等位基因的差异,表示产品在销售过程中存在二次污染。A、C两厂的采收包装区皆为污染重灾区。
研究证实单增李斯特菌对磷霉素存在固有耐药性,本研究的菌株均携带特征性fosX(磷霉素耐药基因),未检出tetM(四环素耐药基因)、dfrG(甲氧苄啶耐药基因)等获得性耐药基因,提示当前耐药谱较窄,但需关注耐药基因通过食物链/环境介导的传播风险。根据《新污染物治理行动方案》(国办发〔2022〕15号),环境四大新污染物(有机污染物POPs、内分泌干扰物EDCs、抗生素及微塑料)已被列为国家管控重点,其中微塑料可能作为基因转移载体促进耐药基因扩散。随着抗生素选择压力增强,单增李斯特菌可能通过接合性质粒获得耐药基因,或通过mdrL等外排泵基因过表达形成多药耐药表型。此外,虽未检出生物杀灭剂(biocides)和重金属抗性基因,但环境胁迫可能诱导相关基因突变。因此,建立单增李斯特菌的耐药性和基因组特征的监测体系,对防控其公共卫生风险具有战略意义。
本研究发现,菌株分属两种谱系(Ⅰ和Ⅱ),谱系Ⅱ的菌株占主导地位,优势血清型为1/2a,3a,与潍坊市[20]、广西省[21] 食品中单增李斯特菌的优势血清型一致。谱系Ⅱ的菌株多源于食品及环境样本,致病力低于谱系Ⅰ[22]。1/2a,3a血清型常见于食源性李斯特菌的暴发[23],此次在本市金针菇产销环节中皆高频检出此型菌株,提示金针菇生产销售全链条存在食源性李斯特菌暴发的风险。ST8和ST155为优势序列型;ST87与ST8在临床病人中更常见,致病力也较强[24]。需特别关注的是,ST87菌株直接溯源至市售产品,具有显著人畜共患传播风险;ST8菌株在生产及流通环节广泛分布,存在职业暴露与食源性传播双重风险。
本研究中的单增李斯特菌均携带毒力岛1(LIPI-1),LIPI-1与粘附、侵入宿主细胞并进行增值的能力直接相关,6个毒力基因(prfA、plcA、plcB、mpl、actAhly)均为阳性,表明这些菌株具有较强的粘附和侵袭能力。其中prfAhly已被广泛用作单增李斯特菌检测的靶基因,应用于各种食品安全检测和评估分离株毒力[25]actA基因编码的ActA介导了肌动蛋白聚合驱动的细菌运动,促进了单增李斯特菌在细胞间的扩散和宿主组织内传播[26]。毒力岛2(LIPI-2)中毒力基因的携带率也较高,如inlAinlBinlCinlJ等。由inlA基因编码的InlA蛋白通过与宿主上皮细胞的E-钙黏素结合, 使单增李斯特菌可穿过肠道屏障引起侵袭性感染[27]。在细胞间扩散中起重要作用的inlC基因和直接参与通过肠屏障和随后的感染阶段的inlJ基因是单增李斯特菌的关键毒力因子[28]。虽然菌株不携带IPI-3和LIPI-4,但这些毒力岛的缺失不会影响菌株的致病能力。
本次研究采集的180份样本,单增李斯特菌的检出率高达38.33%,表明成都市金针菇产业链中单增李斯特菌污染呈全链条传播态势。污染源主要包括设备工具、操作人员及环境等,尤以人员密集、卫生条件较差的采收包装区为污染核心区,交叉污染与二次污染风险突出。市售产品亦存在检出单增李斯特菌的情况,表明销售环节的包装储运流程仍需强化监管。建议采取以下综合防控策略:1、全链条卫生管控:严格规范生产原料、设备工具消毒规程,建立从业人员定期健康监测与卫生培训制度;2、销售环节风险阻断:优化冷链运输体系,实施销售终端的密封包装标准化管理;3、耐药性与毒力基因监控:关注菌株耐药性变迁,构建耐药基因与毒力基因监测网络,提升食源性疾病预警能力,为食品安全风险评估和公共卫生防控提供依据,为保护公众健康和疾病防控提供有力支持。
  • 四川省科技厅应用基础项目(2019YJ0018)
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2025年第52卷第18期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503453
  • 接收时间:2025-03-24
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-24
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四川省科技厅应用基础项目(2019YJ0018)
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    1.成都市疾病预防控制中心(成都市卫生监督所),四川 成都 610041
    2.四川省疾病预防控制中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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