Article(id=1228016571474440413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504392, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745164800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770711566084, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770711566084, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770711566084, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711566084, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228016566646801206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='18', pageStart='3265', pageEnd='3456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770711564932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711815039, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3396, endPage=3402, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228016572636262682, articleId=1228016571474440413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between social capital and patient activation of rural empty-nest elderly patients with chronic diseases, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the impact of social capital on the patient activation of rural empty-nest elderly patients with chronic diseases and the mediating role of self-efficacy.

Methods

A questionnaire survey was conducted among 425 rural empty-nest older adults with chronic diseases using multistage stratified random sampling combined with convenience sampling. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationships between variables. Independent t-tests and ANOVA were used for group comparisons. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the effects of social capital and self-efficacy on patient activation. The mediating role of self-efficacy between social capital and patient activation was analyzed using the PROCESS macro.

Results

Correlation analysis showed that social capital, self-efficacy, and patient activation were positively correlated with each other (r=0.300, 0.224, and 0.312, P<0.001). The mediation effect analysis indicated that social capital (β=0.224, 95% CI:0.116-0.283), social participation (β=0.141, 95% CI:0.035-0.166), social support (β=0.189, 95% CI: 0.075-0.215), and social connections (β=0.180, 95% CI:0.049-0.152) had significant direct predictive effects on patient activation. Additionally, self-efficacy played a partial mediating role, accounting for 12.50% of the total effect.

Conclusion

Primary healthcare teams and government authorities should focus on and strengthen the dual-pathway intervention of social capital development and self-efficacy enhancement for rural empty-nest elderly patients with chronic diseases. This approach can more effectively activate their engagement in autonomous health management.

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目的

探讨社会资本对农村空巢老年慢性病人积极度的影响及自我效能的中介作用。

方法

运用多阶段随机分层抽样与便利抽样的方法对425名农村空巢老年慢性病人进行问卷调查。运用Pearson相关分析变量间的相关性,t检验和方差分析比较组间差异,多元线性回归方程探讨社会资本、自我效能对积极度的影响,Process分析自我效能在社会资本与积极度间的中介作用。

结果

相关分析显示,农村空巢老年慢性病人社会资本、自我效能和积极度间呈两两正相关(r=0.300、0.224、0.312,P<0.001)。中介效应检验结果表明,社会资本(β=0.224,95% CI:0.116~0.283)、社会参与(β=0.141,95% CI:0.035~0.166)、社会支持(β=0.189,95% CI:0.075~0.215)和社会联系(β=0.180,95% CI:0.049~0.152)对积极度的直接预测作用显著,且自我效能起部分中介作用,中介效应占比为12.50%。

结论

基层医务工作者及政府重点关注并加强农村空巢老年慢性病患者的社会资本建设与自我效能双路径干预,可更有效激活农村空巢老年慢性病患者的自主健康管理积极度。

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徐萌泽,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9jJr7GdHP3Q5EhSYL4NNIw==, magXml=eTqmP0VC0514q+FLBmC6HQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=fbjGraIitZTEYdvaVm8o9w==, pdfFileSize=805749, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=C5zAaf35sMQVkxlOsT4N5w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王亚娟(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年慢性病管理

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Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2024, 24(7): 767-775.(In Chinese), articleTitle=The influence of multilevel health insurance system, neighborhood social capital and self-rated health among Chinese residents, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228016587656065223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=39, authorNames=宁夏新闻网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宁夏新闻网.旧校舍焕新颜田坪乡庙山村老年人活动中心正式启用[EB/OL].[2025-07-25]. https://www.nxnews.net/ds/hssddcxj/ywtj/index2.html., articleTitle=旧校舍焕新颜田坪乡庙山村老年人活动中心正式启用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228016587727368393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Ningxia News Network, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ningxia News Network. 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[2025-07-25]. https://wsisw.engy.gov.cn/New/show/20230727183800008.html., articleTitle=昭化:多措并举 靶向发力 做深做细家庭医生签约服务, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228016587899334863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Zhaohua District Health Bureau, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhaohua District Health Bureau. Zhaohua implements targeted measures to enhance family doctor contract service[EB/OL]. [2025-07-25]. https://wsisw.engy.gov.cn/New/show/20230727183800008.html.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Zhaohua implements targeted measures to enhance family doctor contract service, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228016583520481326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, awardId=72404042, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(72404042), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228016583616950323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, awardId=202403243, language=CN, fundingSource=2024年度河北省社会科学发展研究课题(202403243), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228016583738585145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, awardId=KY202115, language=CN, fundingSource=承德医学院基本科研业务费课题(KY202115), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228016578520871649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016578529260258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, companyId=1228016578520871649, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Nursing, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016578537648867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, companyId=1228016578520871649, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.承德医学院护理学院,河北 承德 067000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228016578676060907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016578684449517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, companyId=1228016578676060907, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.承德医学院附属医院乳腺外科)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228016582090224611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Scores of social capital, patient activation, and self-efficacy of rural empty-nest older adults with chronic diseases (n=425)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目条目数得分范围得分(条目均分(
社会资本总分2225~10268.13±11.983.10±0.54
社会参与44~178.27±2.712.07±0.68
社会支持44~2010.39±2.532.60±0.63
社会联系33~1510.81±2.603.60±0.87
信任33~1510.61±2.513.54±0.84
归属感55~2517.61±3.963.52±0.79
互惠33~1510.44±2.473.48±0.82
积极度原始总分1315~5038.18±6.302.94±0.48
积极度标准化总分1314.5~90.755.90±12.732.54±0.58
自我效能1010~4024.59±6.302.46±0.63
), ArticleFig(id=1228016582404797420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

农村空巢老年慢性病人社会资本、患者积极度、自我效能得分(n=425)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目条目数得分范围得分(条目均分(
社会资本总分2225~10268.13±11.983.10±0.54
社会参与44~178.27±2.712.07±0.68
社会支持44~2010.39±2.532.60±0.63
社会联系33~1510.81±2.603.60±0.87
信任33~1510.61±2.513.54±0.84
归属感55~2517.61±3.963.52±0.79
互惠33~1510.44±2.473.48±0.82
积极度原始总分1315~5038.18±6.302.94±0.48
积极度标准化总分1314.5~90.755.90±12.732.54±0.58
自我效能1010~4024.59±6.302.46±0.63
), ArticleFig(id=1228016582501266418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of patient activation scores by characteristics among rural empty-nest older adults with chronic diseases (n=425)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目n积极度得分(统计量t/FP
性别-2.3560.019
17654.18±13.86
24957.12±11.75
年龄(岁)0.6080.545
60~6918555.17±12.23
70~7916956.67±13.38
≥807155.99±12.50
民族2.7520.006
汉族21357.59±13.67
回族19854.13±11.63
BMI(kg/m22.1470.094
<18.54459.05±11.03
18.5~23.924756.41±12.88
24~27.910154.14±12.44
≥283353.31±13.90
文化程度4.3760.013
不识字16754.62±12.86
小学13855.46±13.53
初中及以上12058.21±11.34
婚姻状况7.529<0.001
未婚1745.62±13.52
已婚28257.07±11.83
离异/丧偶12654.68±13.90
家庭人均月收入(元)5.638<0.001
≤1 00016753.04±12.79
1 001~3 00018056.93±13.01
3 001~5 0006159.69±10.64
>5 0001749.54±10.73
医疗保险5.9780.003
4749.92±14.31
职工基本医疗保险7256.82±11.18
城乡居民医疗保险30656.61±12.62
慢性病数量(种)0.5100.601
119055.96±12.40
29756.86±11.90
≥313855.16±13.75
锻炼频率1.0560.379
从不11855.48±11.75
每周1~2次21755.41±13.22
几乎每天9057.64±12.78
吸烟-1.2000.231
8257.42±13.93
34355.54±12.43
饮酒-2.6230.009
32555.01±12.66
10058.81±12.61
自评睡眠质量3.4630.008
很差2155.57±13.88
较差5352.65±12.92
一般18754.59±11.88
较好12559.12±13.15
很好3956.52±12.88
), ArticleFig(id=1228016582635484153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同特征农村空巢老年慢性病人积极度得分比较(n=425)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目n积极度得分(统计量t/FP
性别-2.3560.019
17654.18±13.86
24957.12±11.75
年龄(岁)0.6080.545
60~6918555.17±12.23
70~7916956.67±13.38
≥807155.99±12.50
民族2.7520.006
汉族21357.59±13.67
回族19854.13±11.63
BMI(kg/m22.1470.094
<18.54459.05±11.03
18.5~23.924756.41±12.88
24~27.910154.14±12.44
≥283353.31±13.90
文化程度4.3760.013
不识字16754.62±12.86
小学13855.46±13.53
初中及以上12058.21±11.34
婚姻状况7.529<0.001
未婚1745.62±13.52
已婚28257.07±11.83
离异/丧偶12654.68±13.90
家庭人均月收入(元)5.638<0.001
≤1 00016753.04±12.79
1 001~3 00018056.93±13.01
3 001~5 0006159.69±10.64
>5 0001749.54±10.73
医疗保险5.9780.003
4749.92±14.31
职工基本医疗保险7256.82±11.18
城乡居民医疗保险30656.61±12.62
慢性病数量(种)0.5100.601
119055.96±12.40
29756.86±11.90
≥313855.16±13.75
锻炼频率1.0560.379
从不11855.48±11.75
每周1~2次21755.41±13.22
几乎每天9057.64±12.78
吸烟-1.2000.231
8257.42±13.93
34355.54±12.43
饮酒-2.6230.009
32555.01±12.66
10058.81±12.61
自评睡眠质量3.4630.008
很差2155.57±13.88
较差5352.65±12.92
一般18754.59±11.88
较好12559.12±13.15
很好3956.52±12.88
), ArticleFig(id=1228016582752924673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Correlation analysis results of main variables (r)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量社会资本患者积极度自我效能
社会资本1.000
患者积极度0.300a1.000
自我效能0.312a0.224a1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1228016582874558469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

主要变量相关分析结果(r

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量社会资本患者积极度自我效能
社会资本1.000
患者积极度0.300a1.000
自我效能0.312a0.224a1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1228016582983610383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of multiple linear regression analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目B(95% CI)βtP
(常量)1.390(0.855~1.925)0.272-5.107<0.001
性别0.169(0.076~0.262)0.0470.1723.580<0.001
民族-0.010(-0.084~0.064)0.038-0.012-0.2650.791
文化程度0.021(-0.039~0.080)0.0300.0340.6760.500
婚姻状况0.047(-0.038~0.132)0.0430.0511.0950.274
家庭人均月收入0.065(0.008~0.123)0.0290.1102.2240.027
医疗保险-0.059(-0.145~0.026)0.044-0.065-1.3620.174
饮酒0.128(0.018~0.238)0.0560.1122.2890.023
自评睡眠质量0.026(-0.021~0.073)0.0240.0511.0870.278
自我效能0.081(0.006~0.155)0.0380.1052.1250.034
社会参与0.076(0.005~0.147)0.0360.1062.0900.037
社会支持0.082(0.001~0.163)0.0410.1071.9970.046
社会联系0.079(0.003~0.156)0.0390.1422.0310.043
信任-0.014(-0.115~0.088)0.051-0.023-0.2640.792
归属感0.045(-0.066~0.155)0.0560.0730.7960.426
互惠-0.017(-0.107~0.073)0.046-0.029-0.3780.706
), ArticleFig(id=1228016583109439511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

多元线性回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目B(95% CI)βtP
(常量)1.390(0.855~1.925)0.272-5.107<0.001
性别0.169(0.076~0.262)0.0470.1723.580<0.001
民族-0.010(-0.084~0.064)0.038-0.012-0.2650.791
文化程度0.021(-0.039~0.080)0.0300.0340.6760.500
婚姻状况0.047(-0.038~0.132)0.0430.0511.0950.274
家庭人均月收入0.065(0.008~0.123)0.0290.1102.2240.027
医疗保险-0.059(-0.145~0.026)0.044-0.065-1.3620.174
饮酒0.128(0.018~0.238)0.0560.1122.2890.023
自评睡眠质量0.026(-0.021~0.073)0.0240.0511.0870.278
自我效能0.081(0.006~0.155)0.0380.1052.1250.034
社会参与0.076(0.005~0.147)0.0360.1062.0900.037
社会支持0.082(0.001~0.163)0.0410.1071.9970.046
社会联系0.079(0.003~0.156)0.0390.1422.0310.043
信任-0.014(-0.115~0.088)0.051-0.023-0.2640.792
归属感0.045(-0.066~0.155)0.0560.0730.7960.426
互惠-0.017(-0.107~0.073)0.046-0.029-0.3780.706
), ArticleFig(id=1228016583210102813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Verification results of self-efficacy mediation effects

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项目效应值(95% CI效应占比
(%)
直接效应0.224(0.116~0.283)0.04387.50
间接效应0.032(0.004~0.065)0.01312.50
总效应0.256(0.147~0.308)0.041100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228016583361097764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016571474440413, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

自我效能的中介效应验证结果

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项目效应值(95% CI效应占比
(%)
直接效应0.224(0.116~0.283)0.04387.50
间接效应0.032(0.004~0.065)0.01312.50
总效应0.256(0.147~0.308)0.041100.00
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自我效能在农村空巢老年慢性病人社会资本与积极度间的中介作用
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王亚娟 1 , 徐萌泽 1 , 田伶玉 1 , 孙秀娜 1 , 田春宇 2
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025,52(18): 3396-3402
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025, 52(18): 3396-3402
自我效能在农村空巢老年慢性病人社会资本与积极度间的中介作用
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王亚娟1, 徐萌泽1 , 田伶玉1, 孙秀娜1, 田春宇2
作者信息
  • 1.承德医学院护理学院,河北 承德 067000
  • 2.承德医学院附属医院乳腺外科
  • 王亚娟(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年慢性病管理

通讯作者:

徐萌泽,E-mail:
The mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between social capital and patient activation of rural empty-nest elderly patients with chronic diseases
Ya-juan WANG1, Meng-ze XU1 , Ling-yu TIAN1, Xiu-na SUN1, Chun-yu TIAN2
Affiliations
  • School of Nursing, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504392
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目的

探讨社会资本对农村空巢老年慢性病人积极度的影响及自我效能的中介作用。

方法

运用多阶段随机分层抽样与便利抽样的方法对425名农村空巢老年慢性病人进行问卷调查。运用Pearson相关分析变量间的相关性,t检验和方差分析比较组间差异,多元线性回归方程探讨社会资本、自我效能对积极度的影响,Process分析自我效能在社会资本与积极度间的中介作用。

结果

相关分析显示,农村空巢老年慢性病人社会资本、自我效能和积极度间呈两两正相关(r=0.300、0.224、0.312,P<0.001)。中介效应检验结果表明,社会资本(β=0.224,95% CI:0.116~0.283)、社会参与(β=0.141,95% CI:0.035~0.166)、社会支持(β=0.189,95% CI:0.075~0.215)和社会联系(β=0.180,95% CI:0.049~0.152)对积极度的直接预测作用显著,且自我效能起部分中介作用,中介效应占比为12.50%。

结论

基层医务工作者及政府重点关注并加强农村空巢老年慢性病患者的社会资本建设与自我效能双路径干预,可更有效激活农村空巢老年慢性病患者的自主健康管理积极度。

社会资本  /  农村空巢老人  /  慢性病  /  患者积极度  /  自我效能
Objective

To investigate the impact of social capital on the patient activation of rural empty-nest elderly patients with chronic diseases and the mediating role of self-efficacy.

Methods

A questionnaire survey was conducted among 425 rural empty-nest older adults with chronic diseases using multistage stratified random sampling combined with convenience sampling. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationships between variables. Independent t-tests and ANOVA were used for group comparisons. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the effects of social capital and self-efficacy on patient activation. The mediating role of self-efficacy between social capital and patient activation was analyzed using the PROCESS macro.

Results

Correlation analysis showed that social capital, self-efficacy, and patient activation were positively correlated with each other (r=0.300, 0.224, and 0.312, P<0.001). The mediation effect analysis indicated that social capital (β=0.224, 95% CI:0.116-0.283), social participation (β=0.141, 95% CI:0.035-0.166), social support (β=0.189, 95% CI: 0.075-0.215), and social connections (β=0.180, 95% CI:0.049-0.152) had significant direct predictive effects on patient activation. Additionally, self-efficacy played a partial mediating role, accounting for 12.50% of the total effect.

Conclusion

Primary healthcare teams and government authorities should focus on and strengthen the dual-pathway intervention of social capital development and self-efficacy enhancement for rural empty-nest elderly patients with chronic diseases. This approach can more effectively activate their engagement in autonomous health management.

Social capital  /  Rural empty-nest elderly  /  Chronic diseases  /  Patient activation  /  Self-efficacy
王亚娟, 徐萌泽, 田伶玉, 孙秀娜, 田春宇. 自我效能在农村空巢老年慢性病人社会资本与积极度间的中介作用. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3396 -3402 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504392
Ya-juan WANG, Meng-ze XU, Ling-yu TIAN, Xiu-na SUN, Chun-yu TIAN. The mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between social capital and patient activation of rural empty-nest elderly patients with chronic diseases[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3396 -3402 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504392
我国已正式进入中度老龄化社会,“空巢化”成为老龄化的重要特征,而“空巢老人”现象在农村地区尤其普遍[1]。我国60岁及以上老年人慢性病患病率为69.13%[2],患有慢性病的农村空巢老年人面临生活照料,医疗保健和心理支持等多重挑战。《中国防治慢性病中长期规划(2017—2025年)》强调,应鼓励慢性病人主动参与健康管理,提升自我管理能力,以改善健康状况和生活质量[3]。然而,宁夏农村作为西部欠发达地区,多重因素致农村空巢老年慢性病人慢性病资源利用率低,健康促进行为不理想[4]。慢性病管理需长期自我管理和医疗干预,患者积极度即参与健康管理的意愿、知识、行动和信心,是提升管理效果的关键因素[5]。其作为连接个体健康行为与医疗系统的核心要素,对改善临床结局及促进医疗模式向健康管理转型具有关键作用。自我效能感指个体对自身执行健康管理行为的信心,被视为促进患者自我管理的重要心理因素[6]。已有研究表明,患者自我效能感程度越高,个体越可能采取积极的健康管理行为[7]。社会资本强调社会网络、信任关系和互惠机制在资源获取中的作用,其不同维度与形式创造社会支持、社会参与、社会影响、物质资源获取、信任等进而影响健康,具有改善个人与社会健康的潜力[8]。研究表明社会支持作为社会资本的组成部分可以提高患者的积极度[9],但目前鲜有研究患者积极度、自我效能与社会资本三者之间的关系。
因此本研究基于三元交互决定论,个体因素与环境因素相互影响,并共同影响个体的行为[6]。旨在通过评估社会资本对患者积极度的影响,并探索自我效能的中介作用,为提升农村空巢老年慢性病人的自我管理积极度水平提供参考。
运用多阶段随机分层抽样与便利抽样结合的方法。起始阶段:按宁夏地区经济发展划分[10]高中低三个层级,每层随机抽取1个地市为银川市、吴忠市和固原市。第二阶段:于2025年1—3月在各市随机抽取2个县,每县确定1个行政村,随后采用便利抽样法选取425名符合标准的农村空巢老人进行调查。纳入标准:年龄≥60周岁;无子女或子女不在身边的独居或者与配偶居住老人;农村居住时间≥1年;经县(区)级及以上级别医院诊断,达到慢性疾病的确诊条件者;知情同意。排除标准:视力、听力障碍者、重大疾病无法配合调查者。样本量估算[11]:根据自变量数的10倍计算样本量(20个自变量),并考虑20%无效问卷,确定最低样本量为250名,最终纳入425名。本研究经承德医学院伦理委员会批准(2025015)。
包括性别、年龄、民族、文化程度、婚姻状况、家庭人均月收入、医疗保险、慢性病数量、体质指数(BMI)、锻炼频率、吸烟、饮酒以及自评睡眠质量。
选用徐晓茹[12]编制的2018年版,由社会参与、社会联系、社会支持、互惠、信任和归属感6个维度构成,共22个条目。Likert 5级评分,总得分范围22~110分,总得分越高社会资本水平越好。本研究中量表Cronbach α系数为0.907。
2004年由学者Hibbard等[13]开发,本研究使用经美国机构Insignia Health授权的中文版量表[14]。包括13个条目,采用5级评分法,0分代表该条目不适用,1~4分表示“非常不同意”到“非常同意”。使用Insignia Health授权的评分转换表将原始分标准化为0~100分,得到患者积极度水平分布。第1水平≤47.0分、第2水平47.1~55.1分、第3水平55.2~67.0分、第4水平≥67.1分。得分越高,患者积极度水平越高。本研究中量表Cronbach α系数为0.880。
采用由王才康等[15]翻译修订的中文版GSES量表,由10个条目构成的单维度量表,采用Likert 4级评分法:1~4分对应“完全不正确”到“完全正确”,总分10~40分,总分越高自我效能感越强。本研究中量表Cronbach α系数为0.939。
经统一培训合格的调查员在获取研究对象知情同意后,采用电子问卷进行一对一调查,现场答疑并核查数据。数据导出后双人核查数据剔除无效问卷,此次共回收有效问卷425份,有效回收率94.37%。
运用SPSS 27.0数据分析。计数资料以[n(%)]描述,计量资料以()描述。不同特征老年空巢慢性病病人患者积极度得分差异用t检验和方差分析比较。采用Pearson相关分析社会资本、自我效能与积极度的关系,并进行多元线性回归分析,自变量中分类变量经哑变量转换:性别(1=男,2=女)、民族(1=汉族,2=回族)、文化程度(1=不识字,2=小学,3=初中及以上)、婚姻状况(1=未婚,2=已婚,3=离异/丧偶)、家庭人均月收入(1=≤1 000,2=1 001~3 000,3=3 001~5 000,4=>5 000)、医疗保险(1=职工基本医疗保险,2=城乡居民医疗保险,3=无保险)、饮酒(1=否,2=是)、自评睡眠质量(1=很差,2=较差,3=一般,4=较好,5=很好),连续变量为社会资本各维度与自我效能均以原始数值纳入模型。使用Process宏程序模型4检验中介效应,检验水准α=0.05。
农村空巢老年慢性病人的社会资本、患者积极度、自我效能得分分别是(68.13±11.98)、(55.90±12.73)和(24.59±6.30)分。患者积极度水平分布情况如下:第1水平85例(20%);第2水平110例(25.9%);第3水平174例(40.9%);第4水平56例(13.2%)。各维度得分见表1
结果显示,不同性别、民族、文化程度、婚姻状况、家庭人均月收入、医疗保险、饮酒、自评睡眠质量的农村空巢老年人,其积极度得分存在差异(P<0.05)。见表2
采用Harman单因素检验,结果显示8个公因子的特征根值>1。且第1个公因子的变异解释量为25.24%(<40%),表明本研究不存在明显的共同方法偏差。
Pearson相关分析结果显示,农村空巢老年慢性病人社会资本与积极度、自我效能均呈正相关(P<0.001)。见表3
构建多元回归模型,以积极度为因变量,显著单因素、社会资本和自我效能感各维度为自变量。计量资料保留原始数值,分类变量经哑变量转换后纳入模型。结果显示性别、家庭人均月收入、饮酒、自我效能、社会参与、社会支持、社会联系影响农村空巢老年慢性病人的积极度(P<0.05)。见表4
运用Process模型4,控制显著性单因素后,检验社会资本及其有意义的三个维度的中介作用。结果表明,社会资本(β=0.224,t=4.677,P<0.001)、社会参与(β=0.141,t=2.999,P=0.003)、社会支持(β=0.189,t=4.052,P<0.001)、社会联系(β=0.180,t=3.831,P<0.001)既直接预测积极度,又通过自我效能发挥中介作用,且自我效能单独预测积极度(β=0.112,t=2.293,P=0.022),模型解释力:直接效应模型R2=0.171(F=8.525),自我效能模型R2=0.164(F=9.065)。进一步运用Bootstrap检验法验证中介效应。抽取5 000次,设定置信区间为95%。结果显示,总效应、直接效应和间接效应95%的置信区间均不包括0,表明自我效能在社会资本与患者积极度间起部分中介效应,中介效应值为0.032,占总效应值的12.50%。见表5
性别影响农村空巢老年慢性病人的积极度,与Cheshire[16]研究结果一致。女性患者相比男性更加主动寻求医疗帮助,对自身健康状况的关注度高,所以疾病管理的积极性相对高。因此建议基层医务工作者借助女性患者就医主动性强的特点,组织开展“同伴教育”项目,发挥其示范带动作用。家庭人均月收入高的空巢老年慢性病人通常能获得更多社会支持资源,这有助于缓解患者的心理压力,从而提升其疾病管理的积极性[17]。饮酒影响患者积极度,可能反映社交饮酒群体的社会联结更强。社会参与、支持与联系正向影响患者积极度,与现有研究一致,社会资本可缓解老年人孤独感并提供实际援助从而提升老年人健康自助行为[18]
本研究农村空巢老年慢性病人社会资本得分为(68.13±11.98)分,低于社区老年慢性病人[19]。可能与本研究对象为农村空巢老年人,家庭支持不足;宁夏农村地广人稀每户居住分散,社交机会少;文化服务中心距居民点远,社会参与意愿低等有关。农村空巢老年慢性病人积极度得分为(55.90±12.73)分,低于杨侠等[20]对社区老年慢性病人积极度的研究。原因可能是农村患者社会资本和经济条件较差,疾病认知不足;同时农村医疗资源、社会保障和居住环境等方面也相对落后,影响了疾病管理积极性。本研究农村空巢老年慢性病人社会资本与积极度呈正相关,即社会资本得分越高,患者积极度水平越高。提示政府及基层医疗组织应提升空巢老年慢性病人社会资本水平,从而激发疾病管理内在动力积极度。
本研究中农村空巢老年慢性病人自我效能得分为(24.59±6.30)分,低于老年2型糖尿病人得分[21],可能是农村空巢老年慢性病人健康问题较多,缺乏健康管理的信心。结果显示自我效能在农村空巢老年慢性病人社会资本与积极度之间起正向预测作用,与Zhang等的研究结果相似[21]。社会参与、社会支持和社会联系通过影响自我效能进而影响农村空巢老年慢性病人积极度,自我效能的中介作用同样显著。研究表明,正式参与或非正式参与都可增强自我管理能力[22];来自家庭、邻里的支持增强老年慢性病患者安全感与归属感,促使自我效能提升[23];紧密的社会联系为慢性病老人拓宽社交网络,带来更多信息与情感从而增强自我效能[24]。因此,自我效能作为关键的中介变量,意味着提升社会参与、社会支持和社会联系水平,是改善农村空巢老年慢性病人积极度的有效路径。2025年宁夏田坪乡庙山村通过改造闲置旧校舍建立老年人活动中心,为慢性病空巢老人提供便民服务和文娱活动。实践显示,参与老人健康管理主动性显著提升,表现为更规律的自我监测和用药行为[25]。该模式通过邻里互助机制强化社会参与、依托文化场景深化社会联系、结合生活服务优化社会支持,有效激活老年慢性病人的自我效能,推动其以更积极的态度管理慢性疾病,为农村地区改善空巢老年慢性病人健康管理提供了可借鉴的实践经验。此外,基层医疗卫生机构在社会支持体系中至关重要,为老年人提供慢性病管理和保健服务,应优化医疗资源的可及性与服务质量。四川省昭化区家庭医生通过“健康茶话会”开展签约服务,将健康管理宣教融入茶话会、节庆活动等社交场景,降低老年人对慢性病管理的抵触心理[26]。未来农村空巢老年慢性病管理政策,需构建“政府搭台—基层医务赋能—农村协同—老人参与”的协作框架。政府出资完善基础建设、设激励机制;基层医务工作者开展场景化健康干预;农村整合基层医务与社会组织力量;老年人组织活动实现互助。实施时依据《“十四五” 国家老龄事业发展规划》,结合数字化工具监测健康行为转化,为农村空巢老年慢性病管理探索可持续路径。
综上所述,社会资本对农村空巢老年慢性病人可正向影响其积极度,且自我效能存在中介作用。因此建议政府及基层医务工作者通过社会资本建设与自我效能双路径干预提升其自主健康管理积极性。本研究为横断面研究,为构建协作型干预方案提供了初步依据,但由于研究设计限制未纳入心理健康和疾病严重程度的客观测量指标,可能遗漏潜在混杂因素及存在其他未完全探索的中介因素。未来可在宁夏农村开展纵向研究,结合更精准的心理健康测量工具和多维疾病评估方法,进一步验证因果关系并探索更多潜在中介变量。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(72404042)
  • 2024年度河北省社会科学发展研究课题(202403243)
  • 承德医学院基本科研业务费课题(KY202115)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504392
  • 接收时间:2025-04-21
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-21
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国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(72404042)
2024年度河北省社会科学发展研究课题(202403243)
承德医学院基本科研业务费课题(KY202115)
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    1.承德医学院护理学院,河北 承德 067000
    2.承德医学院附属医院乳腺外科

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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