Article(id=1228016570836906187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505308, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747929600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770711565932, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770711565932, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770711565932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711565932, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228016566646801206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='18', pageStart='3265', pageEnd='3456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770711564932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711815039, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3324, endPage=3329, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228016572246192388, articleId=1228016570836906187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Investigation on the current situation of job burnout among family doctors in primary medical and health institutions, Sichuan, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the current situation of job burnout among family doctors in primary medical and health institutions in Sichuan Province and its influencing factors.

Methods

From July to September 2024, through the stratified random cluster sampling method, 588 family doctors from 15 primary medical and health institutions in 5 counties (cities and districts) in Sichuan Province were selected as the survey subjects. The basic information and job burnout of family doctors were investigated by using maslach burnout inventory human service survey.The χ2 test or Fisher’s exact probability method was used to analyze the detection rates of job burnout amongfamily doctors with different characteristics, and the influencing factors of job burnout among family doctors were analyzed by using binary logistic regression.

Results

The M-values of the scores of the three dimensions of emotional exhaustion, emotional alienation and personal achievement among family doctors in primary medical and health institutions in Sichuan Province were 25 points, 8 points and 41 points respectively. Job burnout was detected in 430 family doctors, with a detection rate of 73.13%.The detection rates of mild, moderate and severe were 34.69% (204 doctors), 35.88% (211 doctors) and 2.55% (15 doctors), respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that compared with those aged 20-29, family doctors aged 40-49(OR=0.312,95% CI:0.178-0.548) and 50-59(OR=0.473,95% CI:0.242-0.926) had a lower risk of job burnout. Compared with those with contracted service numbers ≤2 000, family doctors with contracted service numbers ≥5 001 had a higher risk of job burnout(OR=2.345, 95% CI: 1.276-4.308). Frequent overtime work was a risk factor for job burnout in family doctors(OR=1.587, 95% CI: 1.042-2.418).Family doctors with an average annual total income of more than 50 001 yuan had a lower probability of being detected job burnout than those with an average annual total income of no more than 50 000 yuan (OR=0.558,95% CI:0.370-0.842).

Conclusion

The current situation of job burnout among family doctors in primary medical and health institutions in Sichuan Province is not optimistic. Effective measures should be taken from multiple dimensions to alleviate the job burnout of family doctors, and continuous dynamic monitoring should be carried out at the same time.

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目的

分析四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生职业倦怠现状及其影响因素。

方法

于2024年7—9月,采用分层随机整群抽样方法,选取四川省5个县(市、区)的15个基层医疗卫生机构的588名家庭医生作为调查对象。采用马斯勒倦怠量表-服务行业版调查家庭医生的基本信息和职业倦怠情况。采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法比较不同特征家庭医生职业倦怠检出率,二分类logistic回归用于分析家庭医生职业倦怠影响因素。

结果

四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生情感衰竭、情感疏远和个人成就感3个维度得分的M值分别为25分、8分和41分。430名(73.13%)家庭医生检出职业倦怠。轻、中和重度检出率分别为34.69%(204人)、35.88%(211人)和2.55%(15人)。二分类logistic回归分析显示,与20~29岁相比,40~49岁(OR=0.312,95% CI:0.178~0.548)、50~59岁(OR=0.473,95% CI:0.242~0.926)家庭医生的职业倦怠风险更低;与签约服务人数≤2 000者相比,签约服务人数≥5 001人的家庭医生职业倦怠的风险更高(OR=2.345,95% CI:1.276~4.308);经常加班是家庭医生产生职业倦怠的危险因素(OR=1.587,95% CI:1.042~2.418);年均总收入>50 001元的家庭医生检出职业倦怠的概率低于年均总收入≤50 000元者(OR=0.558,95% CI:0.370~0.842)。

结论

四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生职业倦怠现状不容乐观,应多维度采取有效措施缓解家庭医生职业倦怠,同时做好持续动态监测。

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陈敬,E-mail:
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毛会(1990—),女,硕士,主管技师,研究方向:疾病防治

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Chinese General Practice, 2020, 23(12): 1523-1528.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Construction of incentive mechanism for family doctor contracted services based on comprehensive incentive model, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228016574632751548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570836906187, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016574636945852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570836906187, companyId=1228016574632751548, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016574653723070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570836906187, companyId=1228016574632751548, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川省疾病预防控制中心,四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228016578374071001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570836906187, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Scores of the MBI-HSS for family doctors in primary medical and health institutions in Sichuan Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度/条目最小值
(分)
最大值
(分)
M
(分)
P25
(分)
P75
(分)
情感衰竭9.0063.0025.0019.0033.00
I11.007.002.001.004.00
I21.007.003.002.004.00
I31.007.003.002.004.00
I61.007.002.001.004.00
I81.007.002.001.004.00
I131.007.002.001.003.00
I141.007.004.002.007.00
I161.007.002.001.003.00
I201.007.003.002.006.00
情感疏远5.0035.008.006.0012.00
I51.007.001.001.001.00
I101.007.001.001.002.00
I111.007.001.001.002.00
I151.007.001.001.002.00
I221.007.002.001.003.00
个人成就感8.0056.0041.0029.0049.00
I41.007.006.003.007.00
I71.007.006.004.007.00
I91.007.004.002.006.00
I121.007.005.002.257.00
I171.007.006.003.007.00
I181.007.006.004.007.00
I191.007.006.003.007.00
I211.007.006.003.007.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228016578575397606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570836906187, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生MBI-HSS得分情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度/条目最小值
(分)
最大值
(分)
M
(分)
P25
(分)
P75
(分)
情感衰竭9.0063.0025.0019.0033.00
I11.007.002.001.004.00
I21.007.003.002.004.00
I31.007.003.002.004.00
I61.007.002.001.004.00
I81.007.002.001.004.00
I131.007.002.001.003.00
I141.007.004.002.007.00
I161.007.002.001.003.00
I201.007.003.002.006.00
情感疏远5.0035.008.006.0012.00
I51.007.001.001.001.00
I101.007.001.001.002.00
I111.007.001.001.002.00
I151.007.001.001.002.00
I221.007.002.001.003.00
个人成就感8.0056.0041.0029.0049.00
I41.007.006.003.007.00
I71.007.006.004.007.00
I91.007.004.002.006.00
I121.007.005.002.257.00
I171.007.006.003.007.00
I181.007.006.004.007.00
I191.007.006.003.007.00
I211.007.006.003.007.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228016578713809647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570836906187, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The detection situation of job burnout among family doctors with different characteristics in primary medical and health institutions in Sichuan Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本特征人数构成比
(%)
职业倦怠
检出人数
检出率
(%)
χ2P
地区12.0490.011
成都市青白江区13723.3010878.83
内江市东兴区17730.1013174.01
广元市利州区10117.185958.42
攀枝花市东区8213.956579.27
阿坝州汶川县9115.486773.63
性别0.8740.350
18030.6112770.56
40869.3930374.26
年龄(岁)19.1370.001
20~2917830.2714782.58
30~3915927.0411572.33
40~4914624.839162.33
50~599315.826670.97
60~71122.041191.67
民族1.7720.183
汉族49083.3335372.04
其他9816.677778.57
户籍2.9640.085
本地43173.3030771.23
非本地15716.5012378.34
婚姻状况7.8070.005
已婚46078.2332470.43
其他(未婚、离婚、丧偶等)12821.7710682.81
学历-a0.236
硕士及以上20.3400.00
本科27646.9420473.91
大专19833.6714472.73
中专/中技10017.017373.00
高中及以下122.04975.00
职称3.5990.463
高级284.762071.43
中级13322.629470.68
初级28748.8120972.82
初级以下6811.565682.35
7212.245170.83
岗位
公共卫生24040.8217874.174.9390.176
临床医疗19432.9913268.04
护理10317.528279.61
其他518.673874.51
编制4.3030.038
24241.1616668.60
34658.8426476.30
管理职务7.3560.007
10718.206762.62
48181.8036375.47
工作年限(年)10.8890.012
≤1027847.2821878.42
11~2014023.819769.29
21~3011820.077563.56
≥31528.844076.92
签约服务人数(人)10.1450.006
≤2 00033556.9723570.15
2 001~5 00014424.4910270.83
≥5 00110918.549385.32
是否经常加班6.0870.014
21536.5617079.07
37363.4426069.71
年均总收入(元)11.1980.001
≤50 00040168.2031077.31
>50 00118731.8012064.17
), ArticleFig(id=1228016578881581819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570836906187, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

四川省基层医疗卫生机构不同特征家庭医生职业倦怠检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本特征人数构成比
(%)
职业倦怠
检出人数
检出率
(%)
χ2P
地区12.0490.011
成都市青白江区13723.3010878.83
内江市东兴区17730.1013174.01
广元市利州区10117.185958.42
攀枝花市东区8213.956579.27
阿坝州汶川县9115.486773.63
性别0.8740.350
18030.6112770.56
40869.3930374.26
年龄(岁)19.1370.001
20~2917830.2714782.58
30~3915927.0411572.33
40~4914624.839162.33
50~599315.826670.97
60~71122.041191.67
民族1.7720.183
汉族49083.3335372.04
其他9816.677778.57
户籍2.9640.085
本地43173.3030771.23
非本地15716.5012378.34
婚姻状况7.8070.005
已婚46078.2332470.43
其他(未婚、离婚、丧偶等)12821.7710682.81
学历-a0.236
硕士及以上20.3400.00
本科27646.9420473.91
大专19833.6714472.73
中专/中技10017.017373.00
高中及以下122.04975.00
职称3.5990.463
高级284.762071.43
中级13322.629470.68
初级28748.8120972.82
初级以下6811.565682.35
7212.245170.83
岗位
公共卫生24040.8217874.174.9390.176
临床医疗19432.9913268.04
护理10317.528279.61
其他518.673874.51
编制4.3030.038
24241.1616668.60
34658.8426476.30
管理职务7.3560.007
10718.206762.62
48181.8036375.47
工作年限(年)10.8890.012
≤1027847.2821878.42
11~2014023.819769.29
21~3011820.077563.56
≥31528.844076.92
签约服务人数(人)10.1450.006
≤2 00033556.9723570.15
2 001~5 00014424.4910270.83
≥5 00110918.549385.32
是否经常加班6.0870.014
21536.5617079.07
37363.4426069.71
年均总收入(元)11.1980.001
≤50 00040168.2031077.31
>50 00118731.8012064.17
), ArticleFig(id=1228016579011605252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570836906187, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Independent variable assignment among binary logistic regression analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值
地区1=成都市青白江区,2=内江市东兴区,3=广元市利州区,4=攀枝花市东区,5=阿坝州汶川县
年龄(岁)1=20~29,2=30~39,3=40~49,4=50~59,5=60~71
婚姻状况1=已婚,2=其他(未婚、离婚、丧偶等)
编制1=无,2=有
管理职务1=无,2=有
工作年限(年)1=≤10,2=11~20,3=21~30,4=≥31
签约服务人数(人)1=≤2 000,2=2 001~5 000,3=≥5 001
是否经常加班1=否,2=是
年均总收入(元)1=≤50 000,2=>50 001
), ArticleFig(id=1228016579116462862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570836906187, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

二分类logistic回归分析自变量赋值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值
地区1=成都市青白江区,2=内江市东兴区,3=广元市利州区,4=攀枝花市东区,5=阿坝州汶川县
年龄(岁)1=20~29,2=30~39,3=40~49,4=50~59,5=60~71
婚姻状况1=已婚,2=其他(未婚、离婚、丧偶等)
编制1=无,2=有
管理职务1=无,2=有
工作年限(年)1=≤10,2=11~20,3=21~30,4=≥31
签约服务人数(人)1=≤2 000,2=2 001~5 000,3=≥5 001
是否经常加班1=否,2=是
年均总收入(元)1=≤50 000,2=>50 001
), ArticleFig(id=1228016579242291993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570836906187, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Binary logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of job burnout among family doctors in primary medical and health institutions in Sichuan Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量BSE值Waldχ2POR值(95% CI
年龄(岁,以20~29为参照)18.7420.001
30~39-0.5070.2803.2800.0700.602(0.348~1.043)
40~49-1.1630.28716.434<0.0010.312(0.178~0.548)
50~59-0.7490.3434.7740.0290.473(0.242~0.926)
60~710.7091.0880.4250.5152.033(0.241~17.154)
签约服务人数(人,以≤2 000为参照)7.8280.020
2 001~5 0000.2660.2371.2580.2621.304(0.820~2.075)
≥5 0010.8520.3107.5370.0062.345(1.276~4.308)
是否经常加班(以不经常加班为参照)0.4620.2154.6290.0311.587(1.042~2.418)
年均总收入(以≤50 000元为参照)-0.5840.2107.7230.0050.558(0.370~0.842)
常量1.6570.30329.9350.0005.246
), ArticleFig(id=1228016579334566694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570836906187, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生职业倦怠影响因素的二分类logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量BSE值Waldχ2POR值(95% CI
年龄(岁,以20~29为参照)18.7420.001
30~39-0.5070.2803.2800.0700.602(0.348~1.043)
40~49-1.1630.28716.434<0.0010.312(0.178~0.548)
50~59-0.7490.3434.7740.0290.473(0.242~0.926)
60~710.7091.0880.4250.5152.033(0.241~17.154)
签约服务人数(人,以≤2 000为参照)7.8280.020
2 001~5 0000.2660.2371.2580.2621.304(0.820~2.075)
≥5 0010.8520.3107.5370.0062.345(1.276~4.308)
是否经常加班(以不经常加班为参照)0.4620.2154.6290.0311.587(1.042~2.418)
年均总收入(以≤50 000元为参照)-0.5840.2107.7230.0050.558(0.370~0.842)
常量1.6570.30329.9350.0005.246
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四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生职业倦怠现状调查
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毛会 , 桑振修 , 黄小义 , 陈敬
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2025,52(18): 3324-3329
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2025, 52(18): 3324-3329
四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生职业倦怠现状调查
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毛会, 桑振修, 黄小义, 陈敬
作者信息
  • 四川省疾病预防控制中心,四川 成都 610041
  • 毛会(1990—),女,硕士,主管技师,研究方向:疾病防治

通讯作者:

陈敬,E-mail:
Investigation on the current situation of job burnout among family doctors in primary medical and health institutions, Sichuan
Hui MAO, Zhen-xiu SANG, Xiao-yi HUANG, Jing CHEN
Affiliations
  • Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505308
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目的

分析四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生职业倦怠现状及其影响因素。

方法

于2024年7—9月,采用分层随机整群抽样方法,选取四川省5个县(市、区)的15个基层医疗卫生机构的588名家庭医生作为调查对象。采用马斯勒倦怠量表-服务行业版调查家庭医生的基本信息和职业倦怠情况。采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法比较不同特征家庭医生职业倦怠检出率,二分类logistic回归用于分析家庭医生职业倦怠影响因素。

结果

四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生情感衰竭、情感疏远和个人成就感3个维度得分的M值分别为25分、8分和41分。430名(73.13%)家庭医生检出职业倦怠。轻、中和重度检出率分别为34.69%(204人)、35.88%(211人)和2.55%(15人)。二分类logistic回归分析显示,与20~29岁相比,40~49岁(OR=0.312,95% CI:0.178~0.548)、50~59岁(OR=0.473,95% CI:0.242~0.926)家庭医生的职业倦怠风险更低;与签约服务人数≤2 000者相比,签约服务人数≥5 001人的家庭医生职业倦怠的风险更高(OR=2.345,95% CI:1.276~4.308);经常加班是家庭医生产生职业倦怠的危险因素(OR=1.587,95% CI:1.042~2.418);年均总收入>50 001元的家庭医生检出职业倦怠的概率低于年均总收入≤50 000元者(OR=0.558,95% CI:0.370~0.842)。

结论

四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生职业倦怠现状不容乐观,应多维度采取有效措施缓解家庭医生职业倦怠,同时做好持续动态监测。

基层医疗卫生机构  /  家庭医生  /  影响因素  /  四川省
Objective

To analyze the current situation of job burnout among family doctors in primary medical and health institutions in Sichuan Province and its influencing factors.

Methods

From July to September 2024, through the stratified random cluster sampling method, 588 family doctors from 15 primary medical and health institutions in 5 counties (cities and districts) in Sichuan Province were selected as the survey subjects. The basic information and job burnout of family doctors were investigated by using maslach burnout inventory human service survey.The χ2 test or Fisher’s exact probability method was used to analyze the detection rates of job burnout amongfamily doctors with different characteristics, and the influencing factors of job burnout among family doctors were analyzed by using binary logistic regression.

Results

The M-values of the scores of the three dimensions of emotional exhaustion, emotional alienation and personal achievement among family doctors in primary medical and health institutions in Sichuan Province were 25 points, 8 points and 41 points respectively. Job burnout was detected in 430 family doctors, with a detection rate of 73.13%.The detection rates of mild, moderate and severe were 34.69% (204 doctors), 35.88% (211 doctors) and 2.55% (15 doctors), respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that compared with those aged 20-29, family doctors aged 40-49(OR=0.312,95% CI:0.178-0.548) and 50-59(OR=0.473,95% CI:0.242-0.926) had a lower risk of job burnout. Compared with those with contracted service numbers ≤2 000, family doctors with contracted service numbers ≥5 001 had a higher risk of job burnout(OR=2.345, 95% CI: 1.276-4.308). Frequent overtime work was a risk factor for job burnout in family doctors(OR=1.587, 95% CI: 1.042-2.418).Family doctors with an average annual total income of more than 50 001 yuan had a lower probability of being detected job burnout than those with an average annual total income of no more than 50 000 yuan (OR=0.558,95% CI:0.370-0.842).

Conclusion

The current situation of job burnout among family doctors in primary medical and health institutions in Sichuan Province is not optimistic. Effective measures should be taken from multiple dimensions to alleviate the job burnout of family doctors, and continuous dynamic monitoring should be carried out at the same time.

Primary medical and health institutions  /  Familydoctor  /  Influencing factors  /  Sichuan Province
毛会, 桑振修, 黄小义, 陈敬. 四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生职业倦怠现状调查. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3324 -3329 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505308
Hui MAO, Zhen-xiu SANG, Xiao-yi HUANG, Jing CHEN. Investigation on the current situation of job burnout among family doctors in primary medical and health institutions, Sichuan[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3324 -3329 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505308
职业倦怠是个体在日常工作中不能有效应对各种压力,或在应对工作紧张源和人际关系紧张源时产生的一种长期性心理反应,包括情感衰竭、情感疏远和个人成就感降低3个维度[1-2]。家庭医生作为基层疾病防线的重要组成部分,不仅承担了门诊医疗服务,还承担了慢性病患者、老年人、严重精神障碍患者等重点人群的健康管理以及健康教育等签约服务,工作量和工作压力的不断增加,使得该群体成为产生职业倦怠的高风险人群[3]。截至目前,关于四川省家庭医生职业倦怠的研究较少,本研究旨在了解四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生的职业倦怠现状,分析影响因素,为增强他们工作积极性、稳定与壮大家庭医生队伍、提升服务质量等提供数据支撑。
于2024年7—9月,采用分层随机整群抽样方法,从四川省成都平原、川南、川东北、攀西和川西北生态五大经济区各随机选择1个县(市、区),分别为成都市青白江区、内江市东兴区、广元市利州区、攀枝花市东区和阿坝州汶川县;再从每个县(区)随机选取3个基层医疗卫生机构,共计15个样本机构。15个样本机构的所有家庭医生均为研究对象,最终588名家庭医生有效完成了本次调查,有效完成率为97.19%(588/605)。
自行编制基本信息调查表;内容包括性别、年龄、民族、婚姻状况、学历、职称、工作年限、签约服务人数等。职业倦怠采用由李超平等翻译修订的马斯勒倦怠量表-服务行业版(maslach burnout inventory human service survey,MBI-HSS)[4],该量表有3个维度(情感衰竭、情感疏远和个人成就感),共计22个条目。其中,情感衰竭维度有9个条目(条目1、2、3、6、8、13、14、16和18),情感疏远维度有5个条目(条目5、10、11、15和22),个人成就感维度有8个条目(条目4、7、9、12、17、18、19和21)。每个条目的答案均按“0.从不、1.每年几次或更少、2.每月一次或更少、3.每月几次、4.每周一次、5.每周几次、6.每天”7个选项设置。采用李克特7级计分法,将各条目得分分别正向计0~6分,维度的各条目得分相加为该维度总得分,各维度得分不能直接相加,并以情绪衰竭维度得分≥27分、情感疏远维度得分≥8分以及个人成就感维度得分≤24分作为划分职业倦怠临界值的标准[5]。不同程度职业倦怠判断标准:轻度:3个维度中任何1个维度得分达到临界值;中度:任何2个维度得分达到临界值;重度:3个维度得分均达到临界值[6]。MBI-HSS用于本次调查的信度系数为0.875。
由15家基层医疗卫生机构的家庭医生扫描问卷星二维码完成匿名调查。问卷每个条目均设置为必填项,明确设置单选、多选、填空、同一 IP地址只能作答1次等逻辑条件。
采用WPS 2019软件整理数据,SPSS 26.0软件分析数据。先对MBI-HSS各维度和条目得分进行正态性检验,发现这些计量资料均不符合正态分布特征(P均<0.05)。因此,采用中位数(M)、四分位数间距(P25,P75)分别描述各维度和条目得分的集中和离散趋势。采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法比较不同特征家庭医生职业倦怠检出率,二分类logistic回归分析用于家庭医生职业倦怠影响因素探究。检验水准α=0.05。
588名家庭医生中,男性180人,占30.61%;女性408人,占69.39%。20~29岁、30~39岁、40~49岁、50~59岁和60~71岁年龄段的人数分别为178人(30.27%)、159人(27.04%)、146人(24.83%)、93人(15.82%)和 12人(2.04%)。民族以汉族为主,占83.33%(490/588)。431人(73.30%)的户籍在本地。460人(78.23%)为已婚状态。学历以本科为主,占46.94%(276/588)。职称以初级为主,占48.81%(287/588)。240人(40.82%)从事公共卫生,190人(32.99%)从事临床医疗。346人(58.84%)为编外人员。481人(81.80%)无管理职务。工作年限以10年及以下为主,占47.28%(278/588)。签约服务人数以2 000人及以下为主,占56.97%(335/588)。215人(36.56%)经常加班。年均总收入以50 000元及以下为主,占68.20%(401/588)。
情感衰竭、情感疏远和个人成就感3个维度得分的M值分别为25分、8分和41分。见表1
430名家庭医生检出职业倦怠,检出率为73.13%。其中,轻度职业倦怠有204人,检出率为34.69%;中等职业倦怠有211人,检出率为35.88%;重度职业倦怠有15人,检出率为2.55%。不同地区、年龄、婚姻状况、工作年限、签约服务人数、年均总收入、有无编制、有无管理职务以及是否经常加班的家庭医生职业倦怠检出率差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。见表2
以家庭医生是否检出职业倦怠为因变量(否=0,是=1),将差异有统计学意义的地区、年龄、婚姻状况等9个变量作为自变量,进行二分类logistic回归分析。各自变量赋值情况见表3
结果显示,年龄、签约服务人数、是否经常加班和年均总收入是四川省家庭医生职业倦怠的影响因素(P均<0.05)。40~49岁、50~59岁家庭医生的职业倦怠检出率低于20~29岁者;签约服务人数≥5 001人的家庭医生检出职业倦怠的风险是签约服务人数≤2 000者的2.345倍;经常加班是家庭医生产生职业倦怠的危险因素(OR=1.587);年均总收入>50 001元的家庭医生检出职业倦怠的概率低于年均总收入≤50 000元者。见表4
本调查发现,四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生职业倦怠检出率为73.13%,与重庆市家庭医生团队成员职业倦怠阳性检出率73.60%[7]相当,高于北京市西城区(56.00%)[1]、贵阳市花溪区(44.00%)[6]、上海市金山区(67.30%)[8]、上海市虹口区(51.60%)[9]、上海市闽兴区(61.00%)[10]家庭医生的职业倦怠检出率和美国、法国诺曼底地区家庭医生的职业倦怠率(分别为48.00%、43.30%)[11-12]。提示四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生职业倦怠现象普遍存在。随着我国新医改的深入推进,作为社区居民健康守门人的家庭医生的工作任务增加、工作内容细化,不仅要保质保量完成门诊医疗,还要完成对重点人群的上门或电话随访、居民健康体检等签约服务。然而目前居民对家庭医生及其提供的诊疗、签约服务信任度不高[13],导致家庭医生开展相关工作的阻力增大,这可能促使家庭医生的精神处于高压、紧张状态。这种状态如果长时间得不到有效缓解,极易导致他们身心疲惫,进而产生职业倦怠[14]
本调查结果显示,不同年龄、签约服务人数、年均总收入和是否经常加班是四川省家庭医生职业倦怠的影响因素。20~29岁家庭医生产生职业倦怠的可能性大于40~49岁和50~59岁者,与罗丽珊等学者[15]的研究结果一致。可能因为这个年龄段的家庭医生刚参加工作或工作不久,其原本的工作积极性和热情较高,对自身的职业规划也有较高的期待,但在实际工作中,他们因工作时间较短而欠缺解决问题的能力与经验,加之薪资福利相对较低、职位晋升较难,致使个人期待和现实差距较大,最终导致他们渐渐失去工作热情与信心,逐渐增加职业倦怠感。30~39岁家庭医生职业倦怠检出率与20~29岁者检出率差异无统计学意义,可能与这2个年龄段人群年龄相差不大、在实际工作中面临的境遇相似有关。60~71岁家庭医生职业倦怠检出率较高(91.67%),可能受到其年龄较大、工作精力有限的影响,也可能受到本次调查中该年龄段人群样本量较少(12人)的影响。
签约服务人数在5 001人及以上是家庭医生产生职业倦怠的危险因素。家庭医生签约服务的人数越多,需要耗费的时间和精力就越多[16]。在服务不同的签约服务对象时,如果与服务对象不能有效沟通、未建立足够的信任感,会导致签约服务工作成效降低甚至难以完成工作量,这会让家庭医生难以获得自我和外界认可,进而产生职业倦怠。
有研究指出,加班者发生职业倦怠的风险明显高于不加班者[17]。本调查中,经常加班的家庭医生职业倦怠检出率是不经常加班家庭医生的1.587倍。经常加班的家庭医生更缺乏空闲时间来缓解自身的身心疲惫,精神长期处于紧绷状态,更易出现职业倦怠。
与卢慧敏等学者[18]的研究结果相同,年均总收入较低的家庭医生产生职业倦怠的概率更大。良好的收入待遇不仅能充分满足生存需求,更能有效增强家庭医生的工作积极性和热情,提升他们的个人成就感。
综上所述,四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生职业倦怠现状不容乐观,建议大力创建尊重与认可家庭医生的社会大环境,提高家庭医生的社会地位,让他们得到更多的社会支持;科学、合理地分配家庭医生工作任务,加强团队合作,降低工作强度;进一步完善家庭医生绩效考核与激励晋升机制,给予年轻人更多机会,提高收入水平,进而提升家庭医生的职业吸引力[19];建立家庭医生职业倦怠动态预警与干预机制,做到早发现、早缓解;家庭医生也应正确认识自己所从事工作的特点,选择合适的方式缓解工作压力。
本调查从横断面的角度展开,无法对影响职业倦怠的因素作因果推断,同时纳入的职业倦怠影响因素还不够全面,这使得本调查结果有一定的局限性。但鉴于本调查是首次在四川省基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生中开展,其结果仍可为如何缓解四川省家庭医生职业倦怠、持续动态开展相关监测提供思路与方向。
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2025年第52卷第18期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505308
  • 接收时间:2025-05-23
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-23
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    四川省疾病预防控制中心,四川 成都 610041

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Genus
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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