Article(id=1228016570568475512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502069, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738944000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770711565867, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770711565867, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770711565867, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711565867, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228016566646801206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='18', pageStart='3265', pageEnd='3456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770711564932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711815039, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3432, endPage=3436, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228016571835155404, articleId=1228016570568475512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analyses based on the sampling inspection data of non-entry aquatic products published by the General Administration of Customs, 2019 - 2024, columnId=1228016571713520579, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Supervison, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the information of aquatic products that were not allowed to enter the country from 2019 to 2024, and put forward suggestions for ensuring the quality and safety of imported aquatic products.

Methods

The data of aquatic products that were not allowed to enter the country during the period from 2019 to 2024, as published by the General Administration of Customs, were sorted out and analyzed.

Results

Form 2019 - 2024, there were a total of 3 798 batches of aquatic products were not allowed to enter the country; and they involved 62 importing countries and regions, with products from Ecuador accounting for as high as 21.94% of the total.The number of involved production enterprises reached 1 190, among which the enterprises from Vietnam, India, Indonesia, Ecuador and Pakistan accounted for more than 48% of the total.The main types of aquatic products that were not allowed to enter the country were crustaceans (HS0303) and frozen fish (HS0306), accounting for 64.98% of the total.There are 11 reasons for nonconformity, with the top three being inspection and quarantine (35.27%), certificates (27.80%) and food additives (17.52%). There are 7 nonconformity indicators related to food safety, with the top three being food additives (17.60%), quality (4.12%) and heavy metals (2.68%).

Conclusion

From 2019-2024, the number of batches of aquatic products that were not allowed to enter the country showed an overall increasing trend. The source countries, production enterprises, food categories, reasons for non-compliance, and non-compliance items related to food safety of the aquatic products that were not allowed to enter the country showed relatively concentrated distribution characteristics.

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目的

系统分析2019—2024年未准入境水产品的抽检信息,为保障进口水产品质量安全等提出建议。

方法

整理和分析海关总署在2019—2024年期间公布的未准入境水产品数据。

结果

2019—2024年共通报未准入境水产品3 798批次;涉及62个进口国和地区,来自厄瓜多尔的未准入境水产品批次占比高达21.94%。涉及的生产企业达到1 190家,其中,越南、印度、印度尼西亚、厄瓜多尔和巴基斯坦所涵盖的企业数占总企业数的48%以上。主要未准入境水产品种类为甲壳类(HS0303)和冻鱼(HS0306),占总未准入境水产品的64.98%。不合格原因有11种,位居前三位的是检验检疫(35.27%)、证书(27.80%)、食品添加剂(17.52%)。涉及食品安全的不合格指标有7种,占比前三的是食品添加剂(17.60%)、品质(4.12%)、重金属(2.68%)。

结论

2019至2024年间,未准入境水产品批次数整体呈现递增态势,未准入境水产品的来源国家、生产企业、食品类别、不合格原因和食品安全相关的不合格项目显现出较为集中的分布特征。

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林燕奎和巨玉佳为共同通信作者。林燕奎,E-mail:
巨玉佳,E-mail:
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韩瑞阳(1981—),男,本科,高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全检测及监管措施研究

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韩瑞阳(1981—),男,本科,高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全检测及监管措施研究

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韩瑞阳(1981—),男,本科,高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全检测及监管措施研究

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Measures for the administration of food safety in import and export[EB/OL]. [2025-08-02]. http://jckspj.customs.gov.cn/spj/zcfg18/bmgz91/3625580/index.html.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Measures for the administration of food safety in import and export, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228016582157337237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=4, pageStart=1600, pageEnd=1606, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=22, authorNames=边红彪, journalName=食品安全质量检测学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=边红彪.中国食品安全监管的进程智慧和经验[J].食品安全质量检测学报2021, 12(4): 1600-1606., articleTitle=中国食品安全监管的进程智慧和经验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228016582266389146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=4, pageStart=1600, pageEnd=1606, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Bian HB, journalName=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bian HB. Process wisdom and experience of food safety supervision in China[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2021, 12(4): 1600-1606.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Process wisdom and experience of food safety supervision in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228016582379635357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=7, issue=3, pageStart=1304, pageEnd=1311, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=24, authorNames=杨劲, 李红权, 欧安, journalName=食品安全质量检测学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨劲,李红权,欧安,等.基于风险管理的进口水产品动态抽批检验监管模式探索[J].食品安全质量检测学报2016, 7(3): 1304-1311., articleTitle=基于风险管理的进口水产品动态抽批检验监管模式探索, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228016582497075875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=7, issue=3, pageStart=1304, pageEnd=1311, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Yang J, Li HQ, Ou A, journalName=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang J, Li HQ, Ou A, et al. Research of imported aquatic products dynamic lot inspection supervision mode based on the risk management[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2016, 7(3): 1304-1311.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Research of imported aquatic products dynamic lot inspection supervision mode based on the risk management, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228016582597739177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=42, issue=2, pageStart=105, pageEnd=116, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=26, authorNames=邱慧婷, 高维新, journalName=中国渔业经济, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邱慧婷,高维新.中国对RCEP国家水产品出口效率及影响因素分析[J].中国渔业经济2024, 42(2): 105-116., articleTitle=中国对RCEP国家水产品出口效率及影响因素分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228016582698402477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=42, issue=2, pageStart=105, pageEnd=116, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Qiu HT, Gao WX, journalName=Chinese Fisheries Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qiu HT, Gao WX. Analysis of China’s export efficiency and influencing factors of aquatic products to RCEP countries[J]. Chinese Fisheries Economics, 2024, 42(2): 105-116.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of China’s export efficiency and influencing factors of aquatic products to RCEP countries, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228016579082912246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, awardId=2019YFC1605504, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1605504), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228016579200352767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, awardId=2024HK240, language=CN, fundingSource=海关总署科研项目(2024HK240), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228016573026336797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016573030531102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, companyId=1228016573026336797, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Food Inspection and Quarantine Technical Center, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016573038919712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, companyId=1228016573026336797, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.深圳海关食品检验检疫技术中心,广东 深圳 518054)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228016573122805797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016573131194407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, companyId=1228016573122805797, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.深圳市检验检疫科学研究院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228016577052868974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Import of non-entry aquatic products from 2019 to 2024, figureFileSmall=hax63IR5BNbWyfJw/0r2LA==, figureFileBig=n/ugAE5YNH+e1XnEO4UamQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016577170309500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2019—2024年未准入境水产品批次, figureFileSmall=hax63IR5BNbWyfJw/0r2LA==, figureFileBig=n/ugAE5YNH+e1XnEO4UamQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016577396801931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Situation of non-entry aquatic products production enterprises from 2019 to 2024, figureFileSmall=8uRujwWNMJv7Oxi53yZS4Q==, figureFileBig=fPl6mRPvhxF23WE9p32t+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016577493270933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2019—2024年未准入境水产品生产企业情况, figureFileSmall=8uRujwWNMJv7Oxi53yZS4Q==, figureFileBig=fPl6mRPvhxF23WE9p32t+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016577614905759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Countries and regions of origin of non-entry aquatic products from 2019 to 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
2019年2020年2021年2022年
主要产地批次数(%)主要产地批次数(%)主要产地批次数(%)主要产地批次数(%)
越南34(13.65)厄瓜多尔155(35.15)厄瓜多尔109(16.03)越南234(25.13)
厄瓜多尔31(12.45)越南124(28.12)越南84(12.35)印度尼西亚182(19.55)
中国台湾25(10.04)中国台湾23(5.22)印度72(10.59)厄瓜多尔71(7.63)
日本20(8.03)印度22(5.00)马来西亚55(8.09)马来西亚69(7.41)
印度尼西亚19(7.63)印度尼西亚19(4.31)印度尼西亚44(6.47)印度50(5.37)
2023年2024年合计
主要产地批次数(%)主要产地批次数(%)主要产地批次数(%)
印度尼西亚117(23.26)厄瓜多尔429(43.06)厄瓜多尔833(21.94)
巴基斯坦51(10.14)印度尼西亚115(11.57)越南565(14.87)
印度45(8.95)印度56(5.63)印度尼西亚496(13.06)
越南41(8.15)巴基斯坦54(5.43)印度253(6.66)
厄瓜多尔38(7.55)越南48(4.83)巴基斯坦194(5.11)
), ArticleFig(id=1228016577824620966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2019—2024年未准入境水产品来源国家和地区

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
2019年2020年2021年2022年
主要产地批次数(%)主要产地批次数(%)主要产地批次数(%)主要产地批次数(%)
越南34(13.65)厄瓜多尔155(35.15)厄瓜多尔109(16.03)越南234(25.13)
厄瓜多尔31(12.45)越南124(28.12)越南84(12.35)印度尼西亚182(19.55)
中国台湾25(10.04)中国台湾23(5.22)印度72(10.59)厄瓜多尔71(7.63)
日本20(8.03)印度22(5.00)马来西亚55(8.09)马来西亚69(7.41)
印度尼西亚19(7.63)印度尼西亚19(4.31)印度尼西亚44(6.47)印度50(5.37)
2023年2024年合计
主要产地批次数(%)主要产地批次数(%)主要产地批次数(%)
印度尼西亚117(23.26)厄瓜多尔429(43.06)厄瓜多尔833(21.94)
巴基斯坦51(10.14)印度尼西亚115(11.57)越南565(14.87)
印度45(8.95)印度56(5.63)印度尼西亚496(13.06)
越南41(8.15)巴基斯坦54(5.43)印度253(6.66)
厄瓜多尔38(7.55)越南48(4.83)巴基斯坦194(5.11)
), ArticleFig(id=1228016577946255792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Situation of non-entry aquatic products category from 2019 to 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HS编码前4位 (种类)2019年2020年2021年2022年2023年2024年合计
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
03066224.9029867.5728141.3233335.7718737.1854054.331 70144.79
03036927.714510.2012518.3812513.4313827.4426526.6676720.2
0307166.43204.54547.94656.987114.12494.932757.24
0305197.63357.94537.79909.67326.36343.422636.92
160593.6161.36131.9118920.30234.57161.612566.74
0302176.8371.59466.76424.51265.17333.321714.50
16042911.65214.76466.76242.58101.99212.111513.97
0308104.0251.13568.24555.91101.9930.301393.66
0304187.2340.9160.8880.8661.19333.32751.97
总计249100.00441100.00680100.00931100.00503100.00994100.003 798100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228016578076279227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2019—2024年未准入境水产品类别情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HS编码前4位 (种类)2019年2020年2021年2022年2023年2024年合计
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
03066224.9029867.5728141.3233335.7718737.1854054.331 70144.79
03036927.714510.2012518.3812513.4313827.4426526.6676720.2
0307166.43204.54547.94656.987114.12494.932757.24
0305197.63357.94537.79909.67326.36343.422636.92
160593.6161.36131.9118920.30234.57161.612566.74
0302176.8371.59466.76424.51265.17333.321714.50
16042911.65214.76466.76242.58101.99212.111513.97
0308104.0251.13568.24555.91101.9930.301393.66
0304187.2340.9160.8880.8661.19333.32751.97
总计249100.00441100.00680100.00931100.00503100.00994100.003 798100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228016578181136832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis on the types of non-entry aquatic products and the causes of disqualification from 2019 to 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HS编码(4位)检疫原因证书食品添加剂其他a品质重金属标签兽药微生物有毒有害颗粒有机污染物总计
0306793213516716633105521 759
030322238781004211252797
0307115781536123812279
160541205958151275
030568427817412423275
030224436854282174
16041852626412154
030899276324141
03047461162678
总计b1 387
(35.27)
1 093
(27.80)
689
(17.52)
325
(8.27)
161
(4.09)
105
(2.67)
76
(1.93)
57
(1.45)
31
(0.79)
6
(0.15)
2
(0.05)
3 932
(100.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1228016578306965961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2019—2024年未准入境水产品种类及不合格原因分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HS编码(4位)检疫原因证书食品添加剂其他a品质重金属标签兽药微生物有毒有害颗粒有机污染物总计
0306793213516716633105521 759
030322238781004211252797
0307115781536123812279
160541205958151275
030568427817412423275
030224436854282174
16041852626412154
030899276324141
03047461162678
总计b1 387
(35.27)
1 093
(27.80)
689
(17.52)
325
(8.27)
161
(4.09)
105
(2.67)
76
(1.93)
57
(1.45)
31
(0.79)
6
(0.15)
2
(0.05)
3 932
(100.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1228016578474738132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of the proportion of reasons for non-entry aquatic products from 2019 to 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不合格原因2019年2020年2021年2022年
批次占比(%)批次占比(%)批次占比(%)批次占比(%)
检疫原因12146.7229566.2928040.7624625.00
证书6223.945712.8113419.5136236.79
食品添加剂197.344610.349914.4115215.45
其他a2610.04214.728111.79939.45
品质176.5640.90385.53444.47
重金属62.32122.70213.06383.86
标签31.1681.8050.73252.54
兽药51.9310.2250.73202.03
微生物10.22243.4920.20
有毒有害颗粒20.20
有机污染物
总计259100.00445100.00687100.00984100.00
不合格原因2023年2024年合计
批次占比(%)批次占比(%)批次占比(%)
检疫原因20638.6523923.341 38735.27
证书17833.4030029.301 09327.80
食品添加剂438.0733032.2368917.52
其他a366.75686.643258.27
品质224.13363.521614.09
重金属163.00121.171052.67
标签142.63212.05761.93
兽药142.63121.17571.45
微生物20.3820.20310.79
有毒有害颗粒20.3820.2060.15
有机污染物20.2020.05
总计533100.001 024100.003 932100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228016578655093209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2019—2024年未准入境水产品不合格原因占比变化分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不合格原因2019年2020年2021年2022年
批次占比(%)批次占比(%)批次占比(%)批次占比(%)
检疫原因12146.7229566.2928040.7624625.00
证书6223.945712.8113419.5136236.79
食品添加剂197.344610.349914.4115215.45
其他a2610.04214.728111.79939.45
品质176.5640.90385.53444.47
重金属62.32122.70213.06383.86
标签31.1681.8050.73252.54
兽药51.9310.2250.73202.03
微生物10.22243.4920.20
有毒有害颗粒20.20
有机污染物
总计259100.00445100.00687100.00984100.00
不合格原因2023年2024年合计
批次占比(%)批次占比(%)批次占比(%)
检疫原因20638.6523923.341 38735.27
证书17833.4030029.301 09327.80
食品添加剂438.0733032.2368917.52
其他a366.75686.643258.27
品质224.13363.521614.09
重金属163.00121.171052.67
标签142.63212.05761.93
兽药142.63121.17571.45
微生物20.3820.20310.79
有毒有害颗粒20.3820.2060.15
有机污染物20.2020.05
总计533100.001 024100.003 932100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228016578785116646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Detection of unqualified items of non-entry aquatic products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目类别项目种类不合格项次[n(%)]a主要不合格项目[n(%)]b
食品添加剂17696(17.60)焦亚硫酸钠(52.30)、磷酸及磷酸盐(43.53)
品质6163(4.12)挥发性盐基氮(67.48)、过氧化值(24.54)、蛋白质(4.91)
重金属5106(2.68)镉(72.64)、甲基汞(13.21)
兽药657(1.44)呋喃唑酮代谢物(73.68)、呋喃西林代谢物(14.04)、氯霉素(5.26)
微生物339(0.99)大肠菌群(76.92)、菌落总数(20.51)
有毒有害颗粒16(0.15)霉变(100.00)
有机污染物12(0.05)多氯联苯(100.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1228016578927722988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570568475512, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

未准入境水产品不合格项目检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目类别项目种类不合格项次[n(%)]a主要不合格项目[n(%)]b
食品添加剂17696(17.60)焦亚硫酸钠(52.30)、磷酸及磷酸盐(43.53)
品质6163(4.12)挥发性盐基氮(67.48)、过氧化值(24.54)、蛋白质(4.91)
重金属5106(2.68)镉(72.64)、甲基汞(13.21)
兽药657(1.44)呋喃唑酮代谢物(73.68)、呋喃西林代谢物(14.04)、氯霉素(5.26)
微生物339(0.99)大肠菌群(76.92)、菌落总数(20.51)
有毒有害颗粒16(0.15)霉变(100.00)
有机污染物12(0.05)多氯联苯(100.00)
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基于2019—2024年海关总署公布未准入境水产品抽检结果分析
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韩瑞阳 1, 2 , 卞学海 1, 2 , 蔡伊娜 1, 2 , 陈小杭 1, 2 , 熊贝贝 1, 2 , 林燕奎 1, 2 , 巨玉佳 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 卫生监督 2025,52(18): 3432-3436
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现代预防医学 | 卫生监督 2025, 52(18): 3432-3436
基于2019—2024年海关总署公布未准入境水产品抽检结果分析
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韩瑞阳1, 2, 卞学海1, 2, 蔡伊娜1, 2, 陈小杭1, 2, 熊贝贝1, 2, 林燕奎1, 2 , 巨玉佳1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.深圳海关食品检验检疫技术中心,广东 深圳 518054
  • 2.深圳市检验检疫科学研究院
  • 韩瑞阳(1981—),男,本科,高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全检测及监管措施研究

通讯作者:

林燕奎和巨玉佳为共同通信作者。林燕奎,E-mail:
巨玉佳,E-mail:
Analyses based on the sampling inspection data of non-entry aquatic products published by the General Administration of Customs, 2019 - 2024
Rui-yang HAN1, 2, Xue-hai BIAN1, 2, Yi-na CAI1, 2, Xiao-hang CHEN1, 2, Bei-bei XIONG1, 2, Yan-kui LIN1, 2 , Yu-jia JU1, 2
Affiliations
  • Food Inspection and Quarantine Technical Center, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518054, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502069
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目的

系统分析2019—2024年未准入境水产品的抽检信息,为保障进口水产品质量安全等提出建议。

方法

整理和分析海关总署在2019—2024年期间公布的未准入境水产品数据。

结果

2019—2024年共通报未准入境水产品3 798批次;涉及62个进口国和地区,来自厄瓜多尔的未准入境水产品批次占比高达21.94%。涉及的生产企业达到1 190家,其中,越南、印度、印度尼西亚、厄瓜多尔和巴基斯坦所涵盖的企业数占总企业数的48%以上。主要未准入境水产品种类为甲壳类(HS0303)和冻鱼(HS0306),占总未准入境水产品的64.98%。不合格原因有11种,位居前三位的是检验检疫(35.27%)、证书(27.80%)、食品添加剂(17.52%)。涉及食品安全的不合格指标有7种,占比前三的是食品添加剂(17.60%)、品质(4.12%)、重金属(2.68%)。

结论

2019至2024年间,未准入境水产品批次数整体呈现递增态势,未准入境水产品的来源国家、生产企业、食品类别、不合格原因和食品安全相关的不合格项目显现出较为集中的分布特征。

水产品  /  未准入境  /  监管建议
Objective

To analyze the information of aquatic products that were not allowed to enter the country from 2019 to 2024, and put forward suggestions for ensuring the quality and safety of imported aquatic products.

Methods

The data of aquatic products that were not allowed to enter the country during the period from 2019 to 2024, as published by the General Administration of Customs, were sorted out and analyzed.

Results

Form 2019 - 2024, there were a total of 3 798 batches of aquatic products were not allowed to enter the country; and they involved 62 importing countries and regions, with products from Ecuador accounting for as high as 21.94% of the total.The number of involved production enterprises reached 1 190, among which the enterprises from Vietnam, India, Indonesia, Ecuador and Pakistan accounted for more than 48% of the total.The main types of aquatic products that were not allowed to enter the country were crustaceans (HS0303) and frozen fish (HS0306), accounting for 64.98% of the total.There are 11 reasons for nonconformity, with the top three being inspection and quarantine (35.27%), certificates (27.80%) and food additives (17.52%). There are 7 nonconformity indicators related to food safety, with the top three being food additives (17.60%), quality (4.12%) and heavy metals (2.68%).

Conclusion

From 2019-2024, the number of batches of aquatic products that were not allowed to enter the country showed an overall increasing trend. The source countries, production enterprises, food categories, reasons for non-compliance, and non-compliance items related to food safety of the aquatic products that were not allowed to enter the country showed relatively concentrated distribution characteristics.

Aquatic products  /  Non-entry  /  Regulatory suggestions
韩瑞阳, 卞学海, 蔡伊娜, 陈小杭, 熊贝贝, 林燕奎, 巨玉佳. 基于2019—2024年海关总署公布未准入境水产品抽检结果分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3432 -3436 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502069
Rui-yang HAN, Xue-hai BIAN, Yi-na CAI, Xiao-hang CHEN, Bei-bei XIONG, Yan-kui LIN, Yu-jia JU. Analyses based on the sampling inspection data of non-entry aquatic products published by the General Administration of Customs, 2019 - 2024[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3432 -3436 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502069
随着全球“一带一路”战略的实施,我国进口食品的种类和规模也得到了极大的扩充[1-2]。我国在全球水产品贸易体系中的处在领先地位,与众多国家和地区保持紧密的水产品贸易交易[3]。进口产品未准入境数据不仅是进出口食品安全局最重要的数据,更是在管理进口食品安全风险、提升监管精准度方面发挥着重要作用。本文系统分析我国2019—2024年期间未准入境水产品风险因素及变化趋情况,以期为加强进口水产品监管优化监管资源分配提供数据支撑,为应对进口水产品产业及贸易发展提供参考,为保障进口水产品质量安全等提出建议。
本文未准入境水产品信息来源于2019—2024年期间海关总署进出口食品安全局网站公布的未准入境食品信息[4]
对海关总署公布的未准入境的食品信息表中筛选水产品信息,分析包括HS编码分类中的0302类、0303类、0304类、0305类、0306类、0307类、0308类、1604类和1605类产品信息。分析指标包括未准入境水产品批次、来源产地、生产企业、水产品种类、不合格原因及食品相关不合格项目。
2019—2024年期间,海关总署共通报未准入境水产品3 798批次,总体上呈上升的趋势。其中,2022年未准入境水产品较2019年增长273.89%,上升趋势明显。2023年较2022年减少428批次,2024年较2023年增长97.61%,批次数最多。(详见图1)。
2019—2024年中国未准入境水产品涉及62个国家或地区,累积未准入境批次数位居前五位的是厄瓜多尔、越南、印度尼西亚、印度、巴基斯坦,分别为833、565、496、253和194批次,共计占总未准入境水产品61.64%(2 341/3 798)。厄瓜多尔未准入境水产品最多,占比达到21.94%。详见表1
2019—2024年未准入境水产品来自1 190家生产企业,被通报的生产企业数占总未准入境生产企业总数比例位居前5的国家分别为:越南、印度、印度尼西亚、厄瓜多尔和巴基斯坦,占总企业数的48%以上。(详见图2)。
2019—2024年主要未准入境水产品甲壳类(HS0306)和冻鱼(HS0303)产品,达到总未准入境水产品的64.99%。其中,2019年未准入境占比最高的水产是HS0303类产品,达到27.71%。2020—2024年未准入境占比最高的是HS 0306产品,在2020年和2024年占比分别为67.57%和54.33%,详见表2。2019—2024年未准入境水产品最多的是HS0306产品,包括冷冻或冰鲜的虾类和蟹类,共1 701批次,占总未准入境水产品批次的44.79%。
对2019—2024年期间的未准入境水产品不合格原因可分类概括为11种,包括检疫原因、证书原因、食品添加剂、其他a、品质、重金属、标签、兽药、微生物、有毒有害颗粒和有机污染物。
2019—2024年通报不合格原因排在前5的分别是检疫原因、证书原因、食品添加剂、其他a和品质,占总不合格批次比重超过92%。检疫原因共1 387批次不合格,主要是HS0306产品,包括未获得检验检疫证明、检出病毒、含有未获检疫的成分、检出动物疫病。证书不合格共有1 093批次,主要是HS0303产品,包括货证不符、未按要求提供证书和证明材料等。食品添加剂不符合标准共有689批次,主要是HS0306产品。详见表3
2019—2021年和2023年,检疫原因都是未准入境的首要原因,这可能和新冠疫情等突发状况对进口水产品影响有关[5]。2022年和2024年未准入境的主要原因分别是证书和食品添加剂。此外,2024年未准入境原因增加了有机污染物,主要是2批次蓝旗金枪鱼(HS 0302)检出多氯联苯。各年度不合格原因占比变化分析详见表4
2019—2024年部分未准入境水产品含有多个不合格项目,总计3 955项次。重点聚焦与品质等食品安全密切相关的核心风险项目。详见表5
食品添加剂最为突显的是焦亚硫酸钠(HS0306南美白虾),其次是磷酸及磷酸盐(HS0306南美白虾/南美白虾仁,HS0305鱼干,HS1604金枪鱼/沙丁鱼/鲭鱼罐头,HS0307的鱿鱼干、墨鱼干、扇贝)。
品质最突出的是挥发性盐基氮(HS0306南美白虾/南美白虾仁、HS0303金线鱼),其次是过氧化值(HS0305鯷鱼干、鸡鱼干),蛋白质(HS0308和HS1605的干海参)。
重金属最突出的是镉(HS0306鳌虾、老虎蟹,HS0305 鱼干、干鱼肚和HS0307章鱼等),其次是甲基汞(HS0303鲷鱼、马友鱼,HS0302石斑鱼、红金眼鲷),无机砷(HS1604蟹钳棒)。
兽药最突出的是呋喃唑酮代谢物(HS0306南美白虾/南美白虾仁),其次是呋喃西林代谢物(HS0306软壳蟹、南美白虾),氯霉素(HS0306南美白虾和HS0303巴沙鱼),土霉素(HS0306南美白虾仁)。
微生物主要是大肠菌群(HS0302三文鱼、大麻哈鱼),其次是菌落总数(HS0302大西洋鲑鱼、大麻哈鱼和HS0306干虾),还包括致病菌沙门氏菌(HS0306黑虎虾)。
有毒有害颗粒主要是产品霉变,包括HS0305鱼鳔、HS1605扇贝柱、HS0307鱿鱼干。
有机污染物不合格项目是多氯联苯(HS0302蓝旗金枪鱼)。
本研究显示2019—2024年未准入境批次整体呈上升的趋势,可能与当年的水产品贸易量密切相关。2022年中国水产品进口量增速较快,部分水产品的进口量达到近5年的峰值,这也可能是2022年未准入境水产品批次较高的原因[6]
本研究显示2019—2024年期间未准入境水产品大多来自东盟国家,东盟国家是我国第一大贸易伙伴,中国水产品进口排名靠前的市场除了东盟,还有厄瓜多尔、俄罗斯、印度等,受进口基数大的影响,导致未准入境批次较多[7-8]。2020年和2021年厄瓜多尔未准批次占比最高,厄瓜多尔是全球最大的对虾生产国,这可能是其疲于应对新冠疫情防控的原因,导致出口水产品的质量得不到保障[9]
本研究显示,不合格最多的是HS 0306 的冷冻或冰鲜的虾类和蟹类。从中国海关总署不同年份水产品进口统计数据来看,厄瓜多尔、越南和印度是我国进口对虾类产品主要来源国。越南与中国有近似的水资源和水产品产业结构,也是中国重要的水产品进口市场[10]。结合未准入境的来源国分析,这也有可能是水产品HS 0306不合格较多的原因。
本研究显示,2019—2021年及2023年,检疫原因是首要不合格原因。2022年证书不合格是最突出的不合格原因,这有可能是当年实施的《进出口食品安全管理办法》(海关总署第249号令) 中引入新的进口食品标签规定[11],出口商对新规不熟悉以及海关加强了证书的真实性核查共同导致证书问题频出。2024年,海关强化了进口产品食品添加剂的抽检监测,食品添加剂不合格成为未准入境的核心原因,其中焦亚硫酸钠(防腐剂)、磷酸及磷酸盐(保水剂)问题尤为突出。可能是因为国外生产厂家执行的法规与监测的技术方法与我国不一致。
为促进水产品贸易规范化发展、保障进口水产品质量安全提出如下建议:
建议我国政府相关职能部门建立跨国协调机制,推动国内相关机构与境外养殖、生产、加工企业进行技术交流与合作;落实国内进口商食品安全主体责任,优选国外产品供应链,从源头防范进口食品风险;完善监管模式,严督实效,保障输华水产品质量,维护消费者健康权益[12]
建议完善进口食品风险防控评估分级模型。针对水产品类别、原产国、检测项目进行风险评级,结合进口企业信用等级及国外主要经济体的食品安全信息通报,通过设定科学的抽检比例和检测阈值实行动态抽检管理,开展动态抽批检验,有效提高监管效率[13]。如对越南和厄瓜多尔的HS0306产品实行高频次抽检,并必检焦亚硫酸钠、磷酸及磷酸盐、镉、呋喃唑酮代谢物等高风险项目。
建议深化与东盟国家的水产品贸易合作。作为重要进口市场和经济合作伙伴,加强技术协作,共建养殖规范,防止重金属污染及兽药的非法添加;推动检测技术互认,统一养殖源头检测标准,消除方法差异性;引导渔业主产区企业“走出去”,协同优势资源,促进经贸合作[14]
建议推动水产品贸易多元化,服务经济发展大局。我们应积极开拓外贸新版图,分散贸易风险,增强水产品国际贸易稳定。同时,配合国家外交大局,加速推进“一带一路”水产品入华进程,优化评估审批流程,确保进口水产品安全合规,保障食品安全。
综上分析,从2019至2024年间,未准入境水产品批次数整体呈现递增态势,来源国家、食品类别、不合格原因和不合格项目等显现出较为集中的分布特征。未来应加强关注国际消费需求(品种、营养、安全),构建严格质量监管体系。同时,应完善检测法规与标准、建立多层检测体系保障进口水产品安全。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1605504)
  • 海关总署科研项目(2024HK240)
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2025年第52卷第18期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502069
  • 接收时间:2025-02-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-08
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1605504)
海关总署科研项目(2024HK240)
作者信息
    1.深圳海关食品检验检疫技术中心,广东 深圳 518054
    2.深圳市检验检疫科学研究院

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林燕奎和巨玉佳为共同通信作者。林燕奎,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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