Article(id=1228016570195177656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504543, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745856000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770711565779, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770711565779, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770711565779, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711565779, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228016566646801206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='18', pageStart='3265', pageEnd='3456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770711564932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711815039, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3443, endPage=3449, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228016571013066958, articleId=1228016570195177656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Clinical manifestations and ATP7B gene mutations of 74 patients with neurologic Wilson’s disease, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To describe the clinical characteristics and ATP7B gene mutation spectrum of neurologic Wilson’s disease (WD) patients in southwest China and to explore genotype-phenotype correlations.

Methods

A total of 74 patients with neurologic WD admitted to West China Fourth Hospital of Sichuan University between August 2023 and July 2024 were enrolled. Patient demographics, clinical manifestations, and ATP7B gene mutation features were collected. Patients were stratified by mutation type to analyze associations between p.R778L, p.P992L, and loss-of-function (LOF) mutations and common initial symptoms or age at onset. Group comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Chi-square tests, or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate.

Results

The median age at onset among 74 neurologic WD patients was 17.0 years (15.0, 25.8). The most common initial symptoms were tremor (67.6%) and dysarthria (36.5%). At enrollment, the predominant clinical manifestations were dystonia (77.0%), dysarthria (75.7%) and tremor (74.3%), with 44 patients having progressed to cirrhosis. Significant age or gender-related differences were observed in both initial and current symptoms. Genetic analysis revealed that the most frequent pathogenic mutations were p.R778L (28.08%) and p.P992L (18.49%). A total of 44 distinct pathogenic mutation combinations were detected, with the most common being p.R778L/p.R778L (11.3%) and p.R778L/p.P992L (9.9%). Genotype-phenotype analysis showed that LOF mutations were associated with earlier age at onset and dysarthria. No statistically significant correlations were found between p.R778L, p.P992L mutations and clinical phenotypes.

Conclusion

Neurologic WD patients exhibit significant clinical heterogeneity. p.R778L and p.P992L are the most common pathogenic mutations, while LOF mutations correlate with earlier age at onset and dysarthria. Clinicians should remain vigilant toward diverse initial symptoms and multi-system involvement in neurologic WD patients, emphasize individualized treatment strategies, and prioritize ATP7B gene testing to optimize precision diagnosis.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Deng-hui YANG, Lu ZHANG, Yao DONG, Ru-yi HAN, Jie-ru PENG, Zhuo TAN, Bing PANG, Qi-wen ZHANG, Juan LIAO, Zhong LI, Dai-lan YANG, Chun-xia YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228016572292329737, articleId=1228016570195177656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=74例脑型肝豆状核变性患者的临床表现和ATP7B基因特征分析, columnId=1228016570119680182, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=临床与预防, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

描述中国西南地区脑型肝豆状核变性(Wilson’s disease, WD)患者的临床特征和ATP7B基因突变谱,探讨脑型WD患者临床表型和基因型之间的关联。

方法

本研究共纳入2023年8月至2024年7月于四川大学华西第四医院收治入院的74例脑型WD患者。收集患者的基本信息、临床表现和ATP7B基因变异特征。根据突变类型将患者分组,探讨p.R778L、p.P992L及LOF突变与患者常见首发症状及发病年龄的关系。组间比较采用秩和检验、卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法。

结果

74例脑型WD患者中位发病年龄为17.0岁(15.0,25.8)。常见的首发症状是震颤(67.6%)和构音障碍(36.5%)。纳入研究时常见的临床症状是肌张力障碍(77.0%)、构音障碍(75.7%)和震颤(74.3%),其中44人已进展至肝硬化。首发症状和现存症状均存在年龄或性别差异。基因检测结果分析显示,常见的致病性突变位点为 p.R778L(28.08%)和 p.P992L(18.49%)。共检测到44种不同的致病突变组合,常见组合为p.R778L/p.R778L(11.3%)和 p.R778L/p.P992L(9.9%)。基因型和表型分析发现,LOF突变与患者更小的发病年龄和构音障碍有关,未观察到p.R778L或p.P992L突变和临床表型之间有统计学关联。

结论

脑型WD患者的临床症状具有显著异质性,p.R778L 和 p.P992L是主要的致病突变位点,LOF突变与较小的发病年龄和构音障碍相关,应当警惕脑型WD患者多样化首发症状及多系统损伤,加强个性化治疗管理,重视ATP7B基因检测以优化精准诊断。

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杨春霞和杨代兰为共同通信作者。杨春霞,E-mail:
杨代兰,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=z33quReWrQgLDLGKVe/7Eg==, magXml=AvxxzdXc2J9rakYMXLRS8g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DMO9QxJoCL4OdHez+50fXQ==, pdfFileSize=756403, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=aIGKQ/AicuAhLyt/2Loc7Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=SzoKysmn7pLZjxNQ5o6v7g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

杨登辉(2001—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病学

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杨登辉(2001—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病学

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BMC Gastroenterology, 2010, 10: 8., articleTitle=Truncating mutations in the Wilson disease gene ATP7B are associated with very low serum ceruloplasmin oxidase activity and an early onset of Wilson disease, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228016581377192892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, awardId=SYYXHPT202410, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省预防医学会科研项目(SYYXHPT202410), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228016572577542421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016572585931030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, companyId=1228016572577542421, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016572594319639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, companyId=1228016572577542421, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228016572732731679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016572766286114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, companyId=1228016572732731679, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228016572850172203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016572858560813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, companyId=1228016572850172203, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.电子科技大学医学院附属妇女儿童医院·成都市妇女儿童中心医院,医务部)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228016573001167161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016573030527292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, companyId=1228016573001167161, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,消化内科)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228016573131190597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016573143773512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, companyId=1228016573131190597, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,职业病中毒科/肾脏内科)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228016579993072476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution of the number(A) and age at onset(B) of R788L, P992L and LOF mutations, figureFileSmall=CwYny2G5VtTCOCk9Z8wZUQ==, figureFileBig=aIGKQ/AicuAhLyt/2Loc7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016580110512996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, language=CN, label=图1, caption=R788L、P992L和LOF突变的人数(A)和发病年龄分布(B), figureFileSmall=CwYny2G5VtTCOCk9Z8wZUQ==, figureFileBig=aIGKQ/AicuAhLyt/2Loc7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228016580370559858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

General clinical characteristics of 74 patients with neurologic Wilson’s disease[n(%), M(P25, P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本特征合计(n=74)女(n=39)男(n=35)统计量P
年龄(岁)32.0(23.5, 37.0)33.0(26.0, 37.0)30.0(22.0, 38.5)0.515a0.606
年龄分组(岁)0.357b0.836
≤2521(28.4)10(25.6)11(31.4)
26~3530(40.5)16(41.0)14(40.0)
>3523(31.1)13(33.3)10(28.6)
民族-0.495c
汉族72(97.3)37(94.9)35(100.0)
少数民族2(2.7)2(5.1)0(0.0)
籍贯-0.1582c
四川65(87.8)32(82.1)33(94.3)
其他地区9(12.2)7(17.9)2(5.7)
发病年龄(岁)17.0(15.0, 25.8)17.0(14.5, 23.5)17.0(15.0, 26.0)<0.001a1.000
发病年龄分组(岁)0.590b0.745
≤1525(33.8)13(33.3)12(34.3)
16~2022(29.7)13(33.3)9(25.7)
>2027(36.5)13(33.3)14(40.0)
肝豆状核变性家族史18(24.3)13(33.3)5(14.3)2.675b0.102
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580479611768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

74例脑型患者的一般临床特征[n(%), M(P25, P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本特征合计(n=74)女(n=39)男(n=35)统计量P
年龄(岁)32.0(23.5, 37.0)33.0(26.0, 37.0)30.0(22.0, 38.5)0.515a0.606
年龄分组(岁)0.357b0.836
≤2521(28.4)10(25.6)11(31.4)
26~3530(40.5)16(41.0)14(40.0)
>3523(31.1)13(33.3)10(28.6)
民族-0.495c
汉族72(97.3)37(94.9)35(100.0)
少数民族2(2.7)2(5.1)0(0.0)
籍贯-0.1582c
四川65(87.8)32(82.1)33(94.3)
其他地区9(12.2)7(17.9)2(5.7)
发病年龄(岁)17.0(15.0, 25.8)17.0(14.5, 23.5)17.0(15.0, 26.0)<0.001a1.000
发病年龄分组(岁)0.590b0.745
≤1525(33.8)13(33.3)12(34.3)
16~2022(29.7)13(33.3)9(25.7)
>2027(36.5)13(33.3)14(40.0)
肝豆状核变性家族史18(24.3)13(33.3)5(14.3)2.675b0.102
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580613829504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution of gender and age at onset for common initial symptoms in 74 patients with neurologic Wilson’s disease [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
首发症状合计(n= 74)性别发病年龄(岁)
女(n=39)男(n=35)χ2P≤15(n=25)16~20(n=22)>20(n=27)χ2P
震颤50(67.6)30(76.9)20(57.1)3.293b0.06915(60.0)15(68.2)20(74.1)1.179b0.555
构音障碍27(36.5)12(30.8)15(42.9)1.163b0.28010(40.0)8(36.4)9(33.3)0.249b0.883
流涎22(29.7)8(20.5)14(40.0)3.353b0.06711(44.0)8(36.4)3(11.1)d7.381b0.025
步态异常18(24.3)12(30.8)6(17.1)1.861b0.1731(4.0)6(27.3)11(40.7)d9.667b0.008
肌张力障碍11(14.9)3(7.7)8(22.9)3.352b0.0672(8.0)2(9.1)7(25.9)-0.174c
吞咽困难8(10.8)4(10.3)4(11.4)-1.000c5(20.0)2(9.1)1(3.7)-0.173c
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580739658631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

74例脑型患者常见首发症状的性别和发病年龄分布[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
首发症状合计(n= 74)性别发病年龄(岁)
女(n=39)男(n=35)χ2P≤15(n=25)16~20(n=22)>20(n=27)χ2P
震颤50(67.6)30(76.9)20(57.1)3.293b0.06915(60.0)15(68.2)20(74.1)1.179b0.555
构音障碍27(36.5)12(30.8)15(42.9)1.163b0.28010(40.0)8(36.4)9(33.3)0.249b0.883
流涎22(29.7)8(20.5)14(40.0)3.353b0.06711(44.0)8(36.4)3(11.1)d7.381b0.025
步态异常18(24.3)12(30.8)6(17.1)1.861b0.1731(4.0)6(27.3)11(40.7)d9.667b0.008
肌张力障碍11(14.9)3(7.7)8(22.9)3.352b0.0672(8.0)2(9.1)7(25.9)-0.174c
吞咽困难8(10.8)4(10.3)4(11.4)-1.000c5(20.0)2(9.1)1(3.7)-0.173c
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580857099154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Clinical characteristics of 74 patients with neurologic Wilson’s disease at study enrollment[n(%), M(P25, P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
现存症状合计(n=74)性别
女(n=39)男(n=35)统计量P
病程(年)10.5(6.0,15.0)11.00(6.0,17.0)9.0(6.0,15.0)0.917a0.359
肝脏症状
肝硬化44(59.5)25(64.1)19(54.3)0.737b0.390
脾大35(47.3)19(48.7)16(45.7)0.067b0.796
乏力34(45.9)22(56.4)12(34.3)3.636b0.057
瘙痒28(37.8)16(41.0)12(34.3)0.356b0.551
肝脏结节14(18.9)9(23.1)5(14.3)0.929b0.335
黄疸12(16.2)7(17.9)5(14.3)0.182b0.670
肝功能异常10(13.5)9(23.1)1( 2.9)-0.015c
神经症状
肌张力障碍57(77.0)30(76.9)27(77.1)0.001b0.982
构音障碍56(75.7)28(71.8)28(80.0)0.675b0.411
震颤55(74.3)30(76.9)25(71.4)0.292b0.589
步态异常50(67.6)27(69.2)23(65.7)0.104b0.747
共济失调46(62.2)26(66.7)20(57.1)0.711b0.399
书写困难44(59.5)24(61.5)20(57.1)0.148b0.701
流涎43(58.1)22(56.4)21(60.0)0.098b0.755
记忆减退42(56.8)29(74.4)13(37.1)10.409b0.001
吞咽困难34(45.9)19(48.7)15(42.9)0.255b0.613
表情缺乏32(43.2)20(51.3)12(34.3)2.171b0.141
其他症状
关节疼痛26(35.1)20(51.3)6(17.1)9.433b0.002
现存症状年龄(岁)
≤25(n=21)26~35(n=30)>35(n=23)统计量P
病程(年)6.0(4.0,8.0)13.5(9.3,15.0)15.0(8.5,20.0)17.498e<0.001
肝脏症状
肝硬化8(38.1)16(53.3)20(87.0)fg11.658b0.003
脾大10(47.6)12(40.0)13(56.5)1.427b0.490
乏力10(47.6)14(46.7)10(43.5)0.086b0.958
瘙痒7(33.3)10(33.3)11(47.8)1.416b0.493
肝脏结节2( 9.5)5(16.7)7(30.4)-0.201c
黄疸0( 0.0)3(10.0)9(39.1)f-0.001c
肝功能异常3(14.3)3(10.0)4(17.4)-0.699c
神经症状
肌张力障碍16(76.2)24(80.0)17(73.9)0.284b0.868
构音障碍19(90.5)22(73.3)15(65.2)3.955b0.138
震颤17(81.0)21(70.0)17(73.9)0.779b0.677
步态异常14(66.7)23(76.7)13(56.5)2.422b0.298
共济失调14(66.7)21(70.0)11(47.8)2.974b0.226
书写困难15(71.4)16(53.3)13(56.5)1.797b0.407
流涎14(66.7)16(53.3)13(56.5)0.937b0.626
记忆减退9(42.9)17(56.7)16(69.6)3.191b0.203
吞咽困难12(57.1)12(40.0)10(43.5)1.544b0.462
表情缺乏13(61.9)14(46.7)5(21.7)f7.456b0.024
其他症状
关节疼痛6(28.6)10(33.3)10(43.5)1.142b0.565
), ArticleFig(id=1228016581020677019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

74例脑型患者纳入研究时的临床特征[n(%), M(P25, P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
现存症状合计(n=74)性别
女(n=39)男(n=35)统计量P
病程(年)10.5(6.0,15.0)11.00(6.0,17.0)9.0(6.0,15.0)0.917a0.359
肝脏症状
肝硬化44(59.5)25(64.1)19(54.3)0.737b0.390
脾大35(47.3)19(48.7)16(45.7)0.067b0.796
乏力34(45.9)22(56.4)12(34.3)3.636b0.057
瘙痒28(37.8)16(41.0)12(34.3)0.356b0.551
肝脏结节14(18.9)9(23.1)5(14.3)0.929b0.335
黄疸12(16.2)7(17.9)5(14.3)0.182b0.670
肝功能异常10(13.5)9(23.1)1( 2.9)-0.015c
神经症状
肌张力障碍57(77.0)30(76.9)27(77.1)0.001b0.982
构音障碍56(75.7)28(71.8)28(80.0)0.675b0.411
震颤55(74.3)30(76.9)25(71.4)0.292b0.589
步态异常50(67.6)27(69.2)23(65.7)0.104b0.747
共济失调46(62.2)26(66.7)20(57.1)0.711b0.399
书写困难44(59.5)24(61.5)20(57.1)0.148b0.701
流涎43(58.1)22(56.4)21(60.0)0.098b0.755
记忆减退42(56.8)29(74.4)13(37.1)10.409b0.001
吞咽困难34(45.9)19(48.7)15(42.9)0.255b0.613
表情缺乏32(43.2)20(51.3)12(34.3)2.171b0.141
其他症状
关节疼痛26(35.1)20(51.3)6(17.1)9.433b0.002
现存症状年龄(岁)
≤25(n=21)26~35(n=30)>35(n=23)统计量P
病程(年)6.0(4.0,8.0)13.5(9.3,15.0)15.0(8.5,20.0)17.498e<0.001
肝脏症状
肝硬化8(38.1)16(53.3)20(87.0)fg11.658b0.003
脾大10(47.6)12(40.0)13(56.5)1.427b0.490
乏力10(47.6)14(46.7)10(43.5)0.086b0.958
瘙痒7(33.3)10(33.3)11(47.8)1.416b0.493
肝脏结节2( 9.5)5(16.7)7(30.4)-0.201c
黄疸0( 0.0)3(10.0)9(39.1)f-0.001c
肝功能异常3(14.3)3(10.0)4(17.4)-0.699c
神经症状
肌张力障碍16(76.2)24(80.0)17(73.9)0.284b0.868
构音障碍19(90.5)22(73.3)15(65.2)3.955b0.138
震颤17(81.0)21(70.0)17(73.9)0.779b0.677
步态异常14(66.7)23(76.7)13(56.5)2.422b0.298
共济失调14(66.7)21(70.0)11(47.8)2.974b0.226
书写困难15(71.4)16(53.3)13(56.5)1.797b0.407
流涎14(66.7)16(53.3)13(56.5)0.937b0.626
记忆减退9(42.9)17(56.7)16(69.6)3.191b0.203
吞咽困难12(57.1)12(40.0)10(43.5)1.544b0.462
表情缺乏13(61.9)14(46.7)5(21.7)f7.456b0.024
其他症状
关节疼痛6(28.6)10(33.3)10(43.5)1.142b0.565
), ArticleFig(id=1228016581129728935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Association of R778L, P992L, and LOF mutations with initial symptoms [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
首发症状R778L突变组PP992L突变组PLOF突变组P
纯合子
n=8)
杂合子
(n=26)
其他
(n=40)
纯合子
(n=4)
杂合子
(n=19)
其他
(n=51)
LOF
(n=13)
其他
(n=61)
震颤5(62.5)19(73.1)26(65.0)0.766c2(50.0)15(78.9)33(64.7)0.388c6(46.2)44(72.1)0.102c
构音障碍1(12.5)8(30.8)18(45.0)0.157c0( 0.0)7(36.8)20(39.2)0.406c9(69.2)18(29.5)0.011c
流涎3(37.5)6(23.1)13(32.5)0.705c1(25.0)4(21.1)17(33.3)0.742c4(30.8)18(29.5)1.000c
步态异常2(25.0)9(34.6)7(17.5)0.327c0( 0.0)7(36.8)11(21.6)0.240c4(30.8)14(23.0)0.722c
肌张力障碍1(12.5)4(15.4)6(15.0)1.000c0( 0.0)2(10.5)9(17.6)0.852c3(23.1)8(13.1)0.396c
), ArticleFig(id=1228016581251363763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016570195177656, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

R788L、P992L和LOF突变和常见首发症状的关联[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
首发症状R778L突变组PP992L突变组PLOF突变组P
纯合子
n=8)
杂合子
(n=26)
其他
(n=40)
纯合子
(n=4)
杂合子
(n=19)
其他
(n=51)
LOF
(n=13)
其他
(n=61)
震颤5(62.5)19(73.1)26(65.0)0.766c2(50.0)15(78.9)33(64.7)0.388c6(46.2)44(72.1)0.102c
构音障碍1(12.5)8(30.8)18(45.0)0.157c0( 0.0)7(36.8)20(39.2)0.406c9(69.2)18(29.5)0.011c
流涎3(37.5)6(23.1)13(32.5)0.705c1(25.0)4(21.1)17(33.3)0.742c4(30.8)18(29.5)1.000c
步态异常2(25.0)9(34.6)7(17.5)0.327c0( 0.0)7(36.8)11(21.6)0.240c4(30.8)14(23.0)0.722c
肌张力障碍1(12.5)4(15.4)6(15.0)1.000c0( 0.0)2(10.5)9(17.6)0.852c3(23.1)8(13.1)0.396c
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74例脑型肝豆状核变性患者的临床表现和ATP7B基因特征分析
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杨登辉 1 , 张璐 1 , 董尧 1 , 韩如意 2 , 彭介入 1, 3 , 谭卓 1 , 庞冰 1 , 张绮文 1 , 廖娟 4 , 李钟 5 , 杨代兰 4 , 杨春霞 1
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2025,52(18): 3443-3449
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现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2025, 52(18): 3443-3449
74例脑型肝豆状核变性患者的临床表现和ATP7B基因特征分析
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杨登辉1, 张璐1, 董尧1, 韩如意2, 彭介入1, 3, 谭卓1, 庞冰1, 张绮文1, 廖娟4, 李钟5, 杨代兰4 , 杨春霞1
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院
  • 3.电子科技大学医学院附属妇女儿童医院·成都市妇女儿童中心医院,医务部
  • 4.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,消化内科
  • 5.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,职业病中毒科/肾脏内科
  • 杨登辉(2001—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病学

通讯作者:

杨春霞和杨代兰为共同通信作者。杨春霞,E-mail:
杨代兰,E-mail:
Clinical manifestations and ATP7B gene mutations of 74 patients with neurologic Wilson’s disease
Deng-hui YANG1, Lu ZHANG1, Yao DONG1, Ru-yi HAN2, Jie-ru PENG1, 3, Zhuo TAN1, Bing PANG1, Qi-wen ZHANG1, Juan LIAO4, Zhong LI5, Dai-lan YANG4 , Chun-xia YANG1
Affiliations
  • Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504543
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目的

描述中国西南地区脑型肝豆状核变性(Wilson’s disease, WD)患者的临床特征和ATP7B基因突变谱,探讨脑型WD患者临床表型和基因型之间的关联。

方法

本研究共纳入2023年8月至2024年7月于四川大学华西第四医院收治入院的74例脑型WD患者。收集患者的基本信息、临床表现和ATP7B基因变异特征。根据突变类型将患者分组,探讨p.R778L、p.P992L及LOF突变与患者常见首发症状及发病年龄的关系。组间比较采用秩和检验、卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法。

结果

74例脑型WD患者中位发病年龄为17.0岁(15.0,25.8)。常见的首发症状是震颤(67.6%)和构音障碍(36.5%)。纳入研究时常见的临床症状是肌张力障碍(77.0%)、构音障碍(75.7%)和震颤(74.3%),其中44人已进展至肝硬化。首发症状和现存症状均存在年龄或性别差异。基因检测结果分析显示,常见的致病性突变位点为 p.R778L(28.08%)和 p.P992L(18.49%)。共检测到44种不同的致病突变组合,常见组合为p.R778L/p.R778L(11.3%)和 p.R778L/p.P992L(9.9%)。基因型和表型分析发现,LOF突变与患者更小的发病年龄和构音障碍有关,未观察到p.R778L或p.P992L突变和临床表型之间有统计学关联。

结论

脑型WD患者的临床症状具有显著异质性,p.R778L 和 p.P992L是主要的致病突变位点,LOF突变与较小的发病年龄和构音障碍相关,应当警惕脑型WD患者多样化首发症状及多系统损伤,加强个性化治疗管理,重视ATP7B基因检测以优化精准诊断。

肝豆状核变性  /  脑型  /  临床特征  /  基因型
Objective

To describe the clinical characteristics and ATP7B gene mutation spectrum of neurologic Wilson’s disease (WD) patients in southwest China and to explore genotype-phenotype correlations.

Methods

A total of 74 patients with neurologic WD admitted to West China Fourth Hospital of Sichuan University between August 2023 and July 2024 were enrolled. Patient demographics, clinical manifestations, and ATP7B gene mutation features were collected. Patients were stratified by mutation type to analyze associations between p.R778L, p.P992L, and loss-of-function (LOF) mutations and common initial symptoms or age at onset. Group comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Chi-square tests, or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate.

Results

The median age at onset among 74 neurologic WD patients was 17.0 years (15.0, 25.8). The most common initial symptoms were tremor (67.6%) and dysarthria (36.5%). At enrollment, the predominant clinical manifestations were dystonia (77.0%), dysarthria (75.7%) and tremor (74.3%), with 44 patients having progressed to cirrhosis. Significant age or gender-related differences were observed in both initial and current symptoms. Genetic analysis revealed that the most frequent pathogenic mutations were p.R778L (28.08%) and p.P992L (18.49%). A total of 44 distinct pathogenic mutation combinations were detected, with the most common being p.R778L/p.R778L (11.3%) and p.R778L/p.P992L (9.9%). Genotype-phenotype analysis showed that LOF mutations were associated with earlier age at onset and dysarthria. No statistically significant correlations were found between p.R778L, p.P992L mutations and clinical phenotypes.

Conclusion

Neurologic WD patients exhibit significant clinical heterogeneity. p.R778L and p.P992L are the most common pathogenic mutations, while LOF mutations correlate with earlier age at onset and dysarthria. Clinicians should remain vigilant toward diverse initial symptoms and multi-system involvement in neurologic WD patients, emphasize individualized treatment strategies, and prioritize ATP7B gene testing to optimize precision diagnosis.

Wilson’s disease  /  Neurological type  /  Clinical features  /  Genotype
杨登辉, 张璐, 董尧, 韩如意, 彭介入, 谭卓, 庞冰, 张绮文, 廖娟, 李钟, 杨代兰, 杨春霞. 74例脑型肝豆状核变性患者的临床表现和ATP7B基因特征分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3443 -3449 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504543
Deng-hui YANG, Lu ZHANG, Yao DONG, Ru-yi HAN, Jie-ru PENG, Zhuo TAN, Bing PANG, Qi-wen ZHANG, Juan LIAO, Zhong LI, Dai-lan YANG, Chun-xia YANG. Clinical manifestations and ATP7B gene mutations of 74 patients with neurologic Wilson’s disease[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3443 -3449 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504543
肝豆状核变性(Wlison’s disease, WD)是一种罕见的常染色体隐性遗传性疾病,由位于第13号染色体上的ATP7B基因发生致病变异引起。ATP7B功能障碍导致铜代谢紊乱和过量铜在体内积累,从而导致肝和脑的进行性病变[1]。WD患者的临床表现多样,临床上根据临床表现可将WD患者划分为肝型、脑型和其他型,其中40%~50%的WD患者属于脑型[2-3]。脑型患者通常在5~35岁之间发病,首发临床表现多为震颤、步态异常、构音障碍等症状,可同时伴有肝脏症状[4-5]。我国不同地区脑型患者的首发症状表现出显著异质性:在安徽开展的一项研究发现,脑型患者主要的首发症状为肌张力障碍和步态异常;而在河北地区的研究中,震颤与肌张力障碍则更为常见[6-7]
目前在脑型患者中识别出了广泛的基因型和表型,而这二者之间是否存在关联,一直是研究热点,有研究表明携带p.R919G突变的患者可能出现运动障碍和精神症状;而携带p.A874V突变则是患者发生构音障碍的危险因素[6,8]。但目前针对脑型患者的临床表现和ATP7B基因突变特征的研究相对较少,并且现有研究已报道的ATP7B变异可能不全面,对脑型患者的基因和表型关联仍需进一步研究。本研究旨在描述脑型WD患者的临床表现和ATP7B基因突变特征,并探究患者ATP7B基因变异和表型的相关性。
共纳入2023年8月至2024年7月期间于四川大学华西第四医院肾脏内科/职业病中毒科收治的74例脑型WD患者。入选标准包括:(1)符合《肝豆状核变性诊疗指南(2022版)》确诊标准[9];(2)以神经症状为首发表现,包括但不限于震颤、步态异常、构音障碍等,伴或不伴肝脏症状;(3)患者或家属签署书面知情同意书。排除标准:(1)合并颅内器质性病变或其他金属代谢障碍性疾病;(2)关键临床数据缺失或检查项目不完整;(3)有严重的心、肺、肾等器官功能障碍,不能耐受相关检查或治疗的患者;(4)存在严重认知功能障碍或精神疾病无法配合研究。本研究已经获得四川大学华西第四医院/华西公共卫生学院医学伦理委员会伦理审查(批件号:Gwll2023126)。
本研究通过面对面问卷调查和病历资料收集人口统计学和临床特征数据:(1)患者的基本信息,包括年龄、性别、肝豆状核变性家族史等;(2)临床特征,包括患者发病年龄、病程、首发症状、现存的神经症状、肝脏症状和其他临床表现。
由专业人员采集患者的外周静脉血样本,样本处理及后续实验流程均由北京百迈客生物科技有限公司依据标准化实验方案完成。本研究聚焦于ATP7B基因21个外显子区域的突变特征,通过全基因组测序获取患者ATP7B基因的变异信息。通过交叉比对人类基因突变数据库(HGMD)和人类临床变异公共数据库(ClinVar),对检测到的基因变异进行文献注释。按照美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会指南(ACMG)进行临床意义分级:良性、可能良性、意义未明、可能致病和致病。本研究将可能致病和致病变异统称为致病变异,其余划分为非致病变异。
本研究针对ATP7B双等位基因突变的脑型患者进行基因型-表型关联分析。基于突变类型对患者进行分组:(1)按是否发生p.R778L突变分为纯合突变、杂合突变及非R778L突变组;(2)按是否发生p.P992L突变分为纯合突变、杂合突变及非P992L突变组;(3)按是否发生功能缺失(Loss-of-function,LOF)突变分类,LOF组定义为携带至少一个无义突变、移码突变或剪接位点突变的患者,非LOF组则为其他类型突变携带者。本研究重点探讨p.R778L、p.P992L及LOF突变与患者常见首发症状及发病年龄的关系。
使用R 4.4.2统计软件进行数据分析。计数资料用频数(百分比)表示,比较采用卡方检验或Fisher确切概率检验。服从正态分布的计量资料用表示,不服从正态分布的计量资料用MP25, P75)表示;服从正态分布和方差齐的计量资料比较采用独立样本t检验或单因素方差分析,不服从正态分布的计量资料采用秩和检验。多组间比较时采用Bonferroni法校正,检验水准α = 0.05。
本研究共纳入脑型WD患者74例,其中男性35例,女性39例,患者中位年龄为32.0岁(23.5,37.0)。绝大部分患者为汉族(97.3%),65例(87.8%)来自四川省,7例(9.5%)来自西南地区其他省份,另有湖北和新疆各1例。患者发病年龄在7~49岁,中位发病年龄为17.0岁(15.0,25.8)。此外,18例(24.3%)患者具有WD家族史阳性。各组基本特征在性别间均无统计学意义(见表1)。
74例脑型WD患者中最常见的首发表现是震颤(67.6%),其次为构音障碍(36.5%)、流涎(29.7%)、步态异常(24.3%)、肌张力障碍(14.9%)和吞咽困难(10.8%),性别与年龄差异分析显示,发病年龄≤15岁患者流涎发生率高于>20岁组,而发病年龄>20岁患者步态异常发生率高于≤15岁组,其余首发症状在性别及发病年龄组间均未发现统计学差异(见表2)。
纳入研究时,患者最短病程为2年,最长为32年,中位病程10.5(6.0,15.0)年。神经症状仍是最常见的系统表现,其中常见的神经症状是肌张力障碍(77.0%)、构音障碍(75.7%)、震颤(74.3%)、步态异常(67.6%)和共济失调(62.2%);70人(94.6%)存在肝脏症状,包括脾大(47.3%)、乏力(45.9%)和瘙痒(37.8%)等,此外,有44人(59.5%)已进展至肝硬化;除神经和肝脏症状外,另有26人(35.1%)存在关节疼痛。性别和年龄差异分析发现,女性患者更多地出现肝功能异常、记忆力减退和关节疼痛(P均<0.05);年龄≤25岁的患者表情缺乏的发生率高于>35岁的患者,而相较于年轻患者,年龄>35岁的患者更多地进展至肝硬化、出现黄疸(P均<0.05),其余现存症状未观察到性别和年龄差异,见表3
74例脑型患者均完成了全基因组测序,对其中73例非家系患者进行突变基因分析发现,71人(97.3%)检出ATP7B基因突变,其中纯合突变17例(23.9%)、复合杂合突变43例(60.6%)、杂合突变11例(15.5%)。共发现53种变异位点,包括33种致病变异(外显子8、12、18多见)及20种非致病变异(外显子12、16、15为主)。患者致病突变类型以错义突变(69.7%)为主,其次是移码突变(18.1%)和无义突变(12.1%),高频致病变异位点为8号外显子上的p.R778L(28.08%)和13号外显子上的p.P992L(18.49%)。此外,本研究共发现44种不同的致病突变组合,常见致病突变组合为p.R778L/p.R778L(11.3%)及p.R778L/p.P992L(9.9%)。
为探究脑型患者基因型和表型的关系,我们将发生ATP7B双等位基因突变的71例患者纳入分析,其中携带p.R778L突变的患者共34例,其中8例纯合子,26例杂合子;携带p.P992L突变的患者共23人,纯合子和杂合子人数分别为4和19人;71例患者中共发现携带LOF突变13人(见图1A)。
ATP7B基因突变类型与脑型患者发病年龄的关系显示(图1B),携带LOF突变患者发病年龄小于非LOF突变组(P=0.047),而p.R778L与p.P992L突变与发病年龄未发现相关性。进一步分析5种常见首发症状与突变类型的关联(表4),结果显示,携带LOF突变的患者发病时出现构音障碍的比例更高(P=0.011),而p.R778L、p.P992L突变与常见首发症状均未发现显著关联。
肝豆状核变性可发生于任何年龄,主要以儿童、青少年多见[10]。在本研究中,74例脑型WD患者发病年龄在7~49岁,66.2%的患者在20岁及以下发病,这与一项在华南地区开展的研究中脑型患者发病年龄相近[11],但和其他研究中发现的脑型患者相比年龄更为年轻[4,6],这可能和诊断水平、环境因素、地区人群差异有关。WD患者的神经症状具有显著的异质性[12]。本研究中脑型患者主要的首发症状为震颤(67.6%)和构音障碍(36.5%),与几项在中国其他地区的研究结果类似[6,13-14]。除神经症状外,还有10人伴有黄疸、乏力、腹痛等不同程度的肝脏损害表现,此外,另有3人出现了视物模糊或关节疼痛。提示临床需警惕脑型患者的首发症状多样化表现。
WD患者的神经系统症状通常持续存在,虽然驱铜治疗可延缓疾病进展,但研究表明无法完全逆转已存在的神经损伤[15-16]。这和我们的研究结果类似:74例脑型患者中位病程为10.5年,目前仍有98.6%的患者持续存在神经症状,其中常见的神经症状是肌张力障碍(77.0%)、构音障碍(75.7%)和震颤(74.3%)。此外,患者治疗依从性低、未坚持低铜饮食、社会支持等原因,也可能导致患者神经系统症状仍广泛存在[1719]。肝硬化通常是WD患者的常见肝脏症状,台湾地区一项随访研究中脑型患者的肝硬化发生率甚至高于肝型患者[13],本研究中59.5%的患者在纳入研究时已进展至肝硬化,提示在临床中既要关注脑型患者神经系统的变化,也要监测患者肝脏损害的发展。
WD患者年龄和性别的差异一直是研究的重点,有研究表明发病年龄与震颤、肌张力障碍、步态异常和流涎相关[6,20],但在本研究中我们仅观察到首发症状中流涎和步态异常的发生存在年龄差异;虽然有研究表明男性患者更容易出现神经症状[21],但本研究并未观察到脑型患者的首发症状存在性别差异。值得注意的是,在现存症状分析中,女性患者表现出更高的肝功能异常、记忆力减退及关节疼痛发生率。此外,患者表情缺乏、肝硬化和黄疸的发生都观察到了年龄差异。上述结果提示,年龄相关的器官累积损伤及性别相关的代谢差异可能导致脑型WD患者临床表现的异质性[22]
ATP7B基因突变类型在不同的种族和地域间存在显著遗传异质性,我们对73例非家系患者的ATP7B基因进行了突变分析,研究发现8、12和18号外显子是常见的致病突变外显子,这与其他几项研究发现的热门突变外显子结果类似[11,23];本研究中脑型患者常见的致病突变位点为8号外显子上的p.R778L(28.08%)和13号外显子上的p.P992L(18.49%),最常见致病突变组合为p.R778L/p.R778L(11.3%)及p.R778L/p.P992L(9.9%),这与其他几项在安徽、广东、东北等地区发现的热门致病突变结果一致[6,8,11,23-24],但和两项在华南地区人群和北方人群开展的研究发现的热门突变稍有差异[25-26]。上诉发现提示WD患者ATP7B突变位点存在地区差异性,也强调了开展更大规模WD患者基因突变谱系研究的重要性。
不少研究都探讨了WD患者基因型和表型之间的关系,研究表明p.R778L、p.P992L突变和WD患者较小的发病年龄相关[6,13],而在本研究中我们并未发现p.R778L和p.P992L突变与脑型患者发病年龄存在统计学关联,但我们观察到携带LOF突变的患者发病年龄更小,这与一项在广州市开展的队列研究结果一致[27]。这可能是由于LOF突变完全破坏ATP7B蛋白功能,导致更严重的铜代谢紊乱,进而加速患者症状显现。此外,研究发现LOF突变可能与患者低铜蓝蛋白、低蛋白、低血铜有关[23,28],但未观察到LOF突变和首发症状的关联,而我们的研究发现脑型患者携带LOF突变和构音障碍相关。构音障碍是一种运动性言语障碍,其特征是言语不准确、缓慢无力和不协调。它可能是由舌咽神经、副神经或舌下神经的下运动神经元、小脑或基底神经节等多个区域的损伤引起[5],由于具有 LOF 突变的患者血清铜蓝蛋白氧化酶活性更低[29],可能导致脑部更多区域的铜离子沉积,从而导致携带LOF突变的患者更容易出现构音障碍。
本研究存在一些缺陷,首先,WD属于罕见病,本研究属于单中心横断面研究,存在样本量较小的问题;其次,本研究中患者个人信息和疾病特征来自患者的口头表述和病历系统资料,可能会带来一定信息偏倚。因此,对于WD患者多中心、多地区、多表型的临床特征和基因分析仍是未来的研究重点。此外,本研究聚焦于ATP7B基因的突变和患者表型之间的关系,未对其他可能与铜代谢相关的基因进行分析,可能存在未考虑的遗传因素对表型产生影响,未来可进一步探索铜代谢通路中其他关键基因在WD表型异质性中的作用。
综上所述,本研究发现脑型WD患者发病年龄较小,临床症状具有显著异质性,部分临床症状存在年龄和性别差异。ATP7B 基因检测显示,脑型患者中常见致病突变位点为 p.R778L 和 p.P992L。而基因-表型关联分析表明LOF突变与较小的发病年龄和构音障碍相关。本研究提示临床需警惕脑型患者多样化首发症状及多系统损伤,加强治疗管理,重视 ATP7B 基因检测以优化精准诊断,同时拓展WD突变谱系研究并深入探索基因型-表型关联机制,为个体化诊疗策略制定提供依据。
  • 四川省预防医学会科研项目(SYYXHPT202410)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504543
  • 接收时间:2025-04-29
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-29
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四川省预防医学会科研项目(SYYXHPT202410)
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    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041
    2.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院
    3.电子科技大学医学院附属妇女儿童医院·成都市妇女儿童中心医院,医务部
    4.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,消化内科
    5.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,职业病中毒科/肾脏内科

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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