Article(id=1228016568878166186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410441, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730044800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770711565464, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770711565464, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770711565464, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711565464, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228016566646801206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='18', pageStart='3265', pageEnd='3456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770711564932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711815039, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3360, endPage=3365, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228016570501361857, articleId=1228016568878166186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Relationship between workload and turnover intention among grassroots disease control and prevention staff: mediating role of emotional exhaustion and the regulating role of policy perception, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the mediating role of emotional exhaustion in the relationship between workload and turnover intention among grassroots disease control and prevention staff, and the regulatory effect of policy perception.

Methods

A total of 1 108 District CDC staffs in Wuhan were selected by general survey in January 2024, and descriptive statistical analyses, regression analyses, and moderated mediated effects analyses were conducted.

Results

(1) Workload could not directly affect the turnover intention in grassroots CDC staff (β= -0.031, P>0.05). (2) Emotional exhaustion played complete mediating roles between workload and turnover intention (95% CI: 0.269-0.371), with mediating effect size of 0.318. (3) Policy perception played a moderating role in the former half of the pathway of the aforementioned mediation model (β= -0.085, 95% CI: -0.170--0.002).

Conclusion

There is a moderated mediating effect between workload and turnover intention in grassroots CDC staffs, and emotional exhaustion is the mediating variable between them. Policy perception buffered the influence of workload on emotional exhaustion. Therefore, reasonably controlling working hours and task volumes, guiding grassroots disease control personnel to alleviate negative emotions, and enhancing their positive perception of the reform known as “public welfare first-class security, public welfare second-class management” can help reduce the level of intention to leave.

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目的

探索情绪耗竭在工作负荷与基层疾控人员离职意愿关系间的中介作用,以及政策感知的调节作用。

方法

于2024年1月采用普查方法对武汉市1 108名区级疾控人员进行问卷调查,进行描述性统计分析、回归分析和有调节的中介效应分析。

结果

(1)工作负荷不能直接影响离职意愿 (β= -0.031, P>0.05);(2)情绪耗竭在工作负荷与离职意愿之间起完全中介作用,中介效应值为0.318 (95% CI: 0.269~0.371);(3)政策感知在上述中介模型的前半段路径起到调节作用 (β= -0.085, 95% CI: -0.170~-0.002)。

结论

工作负荷与疾控人员离职意愿之间存在有调节的中介效应,情绪耗竭是二者关系的中介变量,政策感知缓冲了工作负荷对情绪耗竭的影响。因此,合理控制工作时间和任务量,引导基层疾控人员缓解负面情绪,提高其对“公益一类保障,公益二类管理”改革的积极感知,有助于降低离职意愿的水平。

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谢年华,E-mail:
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顾时萍和王静为共同第一作者。

顾时萍(2000—),女,硕士,研究方向:基层卫生政策;

王静(1978—),女,博士,教授,研究方向:基层卫生政策

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顾时萍(2000—),女,硕士,研究方向:基层卫生政策;

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2.湖北省人文社科重点研究基地农村健康服务研究中心, bio={"content":"

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Comparison in turnover intention of the District CDC staff with different characteristics (n=1 074)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量人数(%)离职意愿
M(P75-P25)]
Za/HbP
性别a-1.1660.244
355(33.1)1.00(1.75)
719(66.9)1.25(1.50)
年龄b(岁)65.831<0.001
≤30330(30.7)1.50(1.00)
31~40303(28.2)1.50(1.25)
41~50274(25.5)1.00(1.75)
≥51167(15.5)1.00(1.25)
文化程度b42.713<0.001
高中及以下37(3.4)1.00(1.37)
大专168(15.6)1.00(1.50)
本科681(63.4)1.25(1.50)
硕士及以上188(17.5)1.50(1.00)
岗位类别b3.9070.272
专业技术岗位816(76)1.25(1.50)
管理岗位113(10.5)1.25(1.50)
管理+专技岗位78(7.3)1.25(1.75)
工勤岗位67(6.2)1.00(2.00)
工作年限b(年)62.082<0.001
≤10500(46.6)1.25(1.00)
11~20191(17.8)1.50(1.25)
21~30235(21.9)1.00(1.25)
≥30148(13.8)0.75(1.50)
聘用形式b2.6400.451
编内人员866(80.6)1.00(1.50)
单位聘用108(10.1)1.25(1.25)
人事代理32(3.0)1.00(1.75)
劳务派遣68(6.3)1.50(1.50)
职称b7.2070.066
无职称272(25.3)1.25(1.50)
初级431(40.1)1.00(1.50)
中级287(26.7)1.25(1.50)
副高级及以上84(7.8)1.00(1.20)
自评健康状况b34.395<0.001
很健康151(14.1)1.00(1.50)
比较健康501(46.6)1.00(1.50)
一般323(30.1)1.50(1.25)
比较不健康86(8.0)1.50(1.31)
很不健康13(1.2)2.00(1.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580362171248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568878166186, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征区级疾控人员离职意愿得分比较(n=1 074)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量人数(%)离职意愿
M(P75-P25)]
Za/HbP
性别a-1.1660.244
355(33.1)1.00(1.75)
719(66.9)1.25(1.50)
年龄b(岁)65.831<0.001
≤30330(30.7)1.50(1.00)
31~40303(28.2)1.50(1.25)
41~50274(25.5)1.00(1.75)
≥51167(15.5)1.00(1.25)
文化程度b42.713<0.001
高中及以下37(3.4)1.00(1.37)
大专168(15.6)1.00(1.50)
本科681(63.4)1.25(1.50)
硕士及以上188(17.5)1.50(1.00)
岗位类别b3.9070.272
专业技术岗位816(76)1.25(1.50)
管理岗位113(10.5)1.25(1.50)
管理+专技岗位78(7.3)1.25(1.75)
工勤岗位67(6.2)1.00(2.00)
工作年限b(年)62.082<0.001
≤10500(46.6)1.25(1.00)
11~20191(17.8)1.50(1.25)
21~30235(21.9)1.00(1.25)
≥30148(13.8)0.75(1.50)
聘用形式b2.6400.451
编内人员866(80.6)1.00(1.50)
单位聘用108(10.1)1.25(1.25)
人事代理32(3.0)1.00(1.75)
劳务派遣68(6.3)1.50(1.50)
职称b7.2070.066
无职称272(25.3)1.25(1.50)
初级431(40.1)1.00(1.50)
中级287(26.7)1.25(1.50)
副高级及以上84(7.8)1.00(1.20)
自评健康状况b34.395<0.001
很健康151(14.1)1.00(1.50)
比较健康501(46.6)1.00(1.50)
一般323(30.1)1.50(1.25)
比较不健康86(8.0)1.50(1.31)
很不健康13(1.2)2.00(1.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580496388987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568878166186, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of correlation analysis of vatiables(r

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量M(P75-P25)1234
1.工作负荷2.40(0.80)1.000
2.情绪耗竭1.60(1.20)0.408c1.000
3.政策感知2.25(1.00)-0.145c-0.382c1.000
4.离职意愿1.25(1.50)0.229c0.541c-0.325c1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580618023808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568878166186, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各变量的相关性分析结果(r

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量M(P75-P25)1234
1.工作负荷2.40(0.80)1.000
2.情绪耗竭1.60(1.20)0.408c1.000
3.政策感知2.25(1.00)-0.145c-0.382c1.000
4.离职意愿1.25(1.50)0.229c0.541c-0.325c1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580756435851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568878166186, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of the mediating effect of emotional exhaustion between workload and turnover intention

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量方程1方程2方程3
sxβ(95% CI)sxβ(95% CI)sxβ(95% CI)
工作负荷0.0400.271c (0.193~0.349)0.0400.677c (0.598~0.756)0.039-0.031(-0.107~0.045)
情绪耗竭0.0280.470c (0.415~0.526)
R20.1370.1980.346
F33.891c280.649c98.811c
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580848710544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568878166186, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

情绪耗竭在工作负荷与离职意愿间的中介效应分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量方程1方程2方程3
sxβ(95% CI)sxβ(95% CI)sxβ(95% CI)
工作负荷0.0400.271c (0.193~0.349)0.0400.677c (0.598~0.756)0.039-0.031(-0.107~0.045)
情绪耗竭0.0280.470c (0.415~0.526)
R20.1370.1980.346
F33.891c280.649c98.811c
), ArticleFig(id=1228016580974539672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568878166186, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Bootstrap analysis of significance tests for mediating effects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中介效应路径路径效应值标准误Bootstrap 95% CI
下限上限
总效应工作负荷→离职意愿0.2710.0400.1930.349
直接效应工作负荷→离职意愿-0.0310.039-0.1070.045
间接效应工作负荷→情绪耗竭→离职意愿0.3180.0260.2690.371
), ArticleFig(id=1228016581108757411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568878166186, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

中介效应显著性检验的Bootstrap分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中介效应路径路径效应值标准误Bootstrap 95% CI
下限上限
总效应工作负荷→离职意愿0.2710.0400.1930.349
直接效应工作负荷→离职意愿-0.0310.039-0.1070.045
间接效应工作负荷→情绪耗竭→离职意愿0.3180.0260.2690.371
), ArticleFig(id=1228016581226197933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568878166186, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of the moderating role of policy perception in the workload and emotional exhaustion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量情绪耗竭
sxtβ(95% CI)
工作负荷0.61514.7290.615c(0.533~0.696)
政策感知-0.151-4.784-0.151c(-0.213~-0.089)
工作负荷×政策感知0.044-2.061-0.085c(-0.170~-0.002)
R20.225
F107.494c
), ArticleFig(id=1228016581352027062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568878166186, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

政策感知在工作负荷和情绪耗竭间的调节作用分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量情绪耗竭
sxtβ(95% CI)
工作负荷0.61514.7290.615c(0.533~0.696)
政策感知-0.151-4.784-0.151c(-0.213~-0.089)
工作负荷×政策感知0.044-2.061-0.085c(-0.170~-0.002)
R20.225
F107.494c
), ArticleFig(id=1228016581448496060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568878166186, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Mediating effects of emotional exhaustion at different levels of policy perception

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径政策感知间接效应值标准误Boot 95% CI
下限上限
工作负荷→情绪耗竭→离职意愿0.2170.0330.1530.282
0.1920.0280.1380.247
0.1660.0290.1130.226
), ArticleFig(id=1228016581544965060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568878166186, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同政策感知水平下情绪耗竭的中介效应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径政策感知间接效应值标准误Boot 95% CI
下限上限
工作负荷→情绪耗竭→离职意愿0.2170.0330.1530.282
0.1920.0280.1380.247
0.1660.0290.1130.226
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基层疾控人员工作负荷与离职意愿的关系——情绪耗竭的中介作用及政策感知的调节作用
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顾时萍 1 , 王静 1, 2 , 杜心楠 1 , 韩丹 1 , 李桑桑 1 , 敖艺洲 1 , 桑凌志 1 , 谢年华 3
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2025,52(18): 3360-3365
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现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2025, 52(18): 3360-3365
基层疾控人员工作负荷与离职意愿的关系——情绪耗竭的中介作用及政策感知的调节作用
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顾时萍1, 王静1, 2, 杜心楠1, 韩丹1, 李桑桑1, 敖艺洲1, 桑凌志1, 谢年华3
作者信息
  • 1.华中科技大学同济医学院医药卫生管理学院,湖北 武汉 430030
  • 2.湖北省人文社科重点研究基地农村健康服务研究中心
  • 3.武汉市疾病预防控制中心质量与信息部
  • 顾时萍(2000—),女,硕士,研究方向:基层卫生政策;

    王静(1978—),女,博士,教授,研究方向:基层卫生政策

通讯作者:

谢年华,E-mail:
Relationship between workload and turnover intention among grassroots disease control and prevention staff: mediating role of emotional exhaustion and the regulating role of policy perception
Shi-ping GU1, Jing WANG1, 2, Xin-nan DU1, Dan HAN1, Sang-sang LI1, Yi-zhou AO1, Ling-zhi SANG1, Nian-hua XIE3
Affiliations
  • School of Medicine and Health management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410441
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目的

探索情绪耗竭在工作负荷与基层疾控人员离职意愿关系间的中介作用,以及政策感知的调节作用。

方法

于2024年1月采用普查方法对武汉市1 108名区级疾控人员进行问卷调查,进行描述性统计分析、回归分析和有调节的中介效应分析。

结果

(1)工作负荷不能直接影响离职意愿 (β= -0.031, P>0.05);(2)情绪耗竭在工作负荷与离职意愿之间起完全中介作用,中介效应值为0.318 (95% CI: 0.269~0.371);(3)政策感知在上述中介模型的前半段路径起到调节作用 (β= -0.085, 95% CI: -0.170~-0.002)。

结论

工作负荷与疾控人员离职意愿之间存在有调节的中介效应,情绪耗竭是二者关系的中介变量,政策感知缓冲了工作负荷对情绪耗竭的影响。因此,合理控制工作时间和任务量,引导基层疾控人员缓解负面情绪,提高其对“公益一类保障,公益二类管理”改革的积极感知,有助于降低离职意愿的水平。

工作负荷  /  离职意愿  /  情绪耗竭  /  政策感知  /  疾控人员
Objective

To explore the mediating role of emotional exhaustion in the relationship between workload and turnover intention among grassroots disease control and prevention staff, and the regulatory effect of policy perception.

Methods

A total of 1 108 District CDC staffs in Wuhan were selected by general survey in January 2024, and descriptive statistical analyses, regression analyses, and moderated mediated effects analyses were conducted.

Results

(1) Workload could not directly affect the turnover intention in grassroots CDC staff (β= -0.031, P>0.05). (2) Emotional exhaustion played complete mediating roles between workload and turnover intention (95% CI: 0.269-0.371), with mediating effect size of 0.318. (3) Policy perception played a moderating role in the former half of the pathway of the aforementioned mediation model (β= -0.085, 95% CI: -0.170--0.002).

Conclusion

There is a moderated mediating effect between workload and turnover intention in grassroots CDC staffs, and emotional exhaustion is the mediating variable between them. Policy perception buffered the influence of workload on emotional exhaustion. Therefore, reasonably controlling working hours and task volumes, guiding grassroots disease control personnel to alleviate negative emotions, and enhancing their positive perception of the reform known as “public welfare first-class security, public welfare second-class management” can help reduce the level of intention to leave.

Workload  /  Turnover intention  /  Emotional exhaustion  /  Policy perception  /  CDC staffs
顾时萍, 王静, 杜心楠, 韩丹, 李桑桑, 敖艺洲, 桑凌志, 谢年华. 基层疾控人员工作负荷与离职意愿的关系——情绪耗竭的中介作用及政策感知的调节作用. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3360 -3365 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410441
Shi-ping GU, Jing WANG, Xin-nan DU, Dan HAN, Sang-sang LI, Yi-zhou AO, Ling-zhi SANG, Nian-hua XIE. Relationship between workload and turnover intention among grassroots disease control and prevention staff: mediating role of emotional exhaustion and the regulating role of policy perception[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3360 -3365 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410441
基层疾控人员离职现象突出,成为制约我国疾控事业高质量发展的关键瓶颈。国务院办公厅于2023年12月印发《关于推动疾病预防控制事业高质量发展的指导意见》(下称《意见》),着重强调了加强人才队伍建设的重要性。疾控人员作为疾控机构的第一要素,是疾控事业可持续发展的根本和动力[1]。然而,目前我国基层疾控机构的工作人员离职率居高不下,严重影响了疾控职能的发挥以及疾控机构自身的发展[2]。离职意愿是实际离职行为的重要前因变量[3]。因此,探究疾控人员离职意愿的影响因素及其作用机制,对减缓疾控人员的高流动性具有重要的现实意义。
当前基层疾控人员正承担巨大的工作负荷,而聚焦于疾控领域的工作负荷研究相对有限。一方面,能级定位“上下一般粗”导致大量繁重的工作任务集中到人力资源匮乏的基层疾控机构[4];另一方面,人民群众日益增长的健康追求对疾控中心提出了更高的要求,进一步加重了疾控人员的工作负荷。而沉重的工作负荷可能导致个体产生离职的念头。陈晔等学者[5]研究发现,过度劳动的员工,尤其当感觉工作任务量超出能力范围时会增加离职意愿。由此,提出假设H1:工作负荷能直接正向影响疾控人员的离职意愿。
“情绪耗竭”是指个体在工作中,长期面对较高的工作负荷时,会导致其心理资源的枯竭,从而表现出筋疲力尽状态[6]。已有研究证明过度的工作负荷是情绪耗竭的预测变量[7]。而情绪作为个体资源是有限的,当情绪资源的消耗不能及时得到补充时,可能会产生离职意愿。由此,提出假设H2:情绪耗竭在工作负荷与离职意愿之间发挥中介作用。
政策感知是指政策客体对相关政策实施环境、内容及效果的认知和评价,同时伴随着客体的态度取向[8]。政策感知作为一种可供疾控人员支配的个体资源,能够缓冲工作负荷对情绪耗竭的影响。一方面,员工的高政策感知有利于其明确政策导向并降低不确定感,减少工作带来的焦虑情绪;另一方面,根据社会认知理论[9],当员工认识到政策实施的红利时,可能会将工作负荷视为挑战而非阻碍,进而减少对情绪的负面影响。因此,政策感知可能是影响工作负荷与情绪耗竭间的调节变量。由此提出假设H3:政策感知调节“工作负荷→情绪耗竭→离职意愿”的前半段路径。
综上,本研究构建了一个有调节的中介模型,探讨情绪耗竭和政策感知对工作负荷与离职意愿关系的影响路径及作用机制,旨在找准有效控制基层疾控人员离职意愿的靶点,为有效缓解疾控人员流失、促进疾控队伍稳定发展的制度改革提供科学依据。见图1
本研究采用普查的方法,于2024年1月,首先邀请2名市疾控专家和5位区疾控从业人员进行预调查,修改并完善题项,形成正式问卷。通过问卷星收集符合纳入标准的武汉市16家区级疾控中心全体工作人员的相关信息。所有测试对象均知情同意,自愿参与。本次调查通过了武汉市疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会审查(WHCDCIRB-K-2024040)。纳入标准:(1)在岗人员,不包括调查期间因休假或进修学习等原因不在岗的人员,也不包括退休返聘人员;(2)全职人员,不包括兼职人员;(3)无心理疾病人员。
共收集网络问卷1 108份,剔除作答时间过短、选项高度一致的34份问卷后,回收有效问卷1 074份,有效率为96.93%。其中,男性355名(33.1%),女性719名(66.9%);被试平均年龄为37.87岁。
(1)一般资料调查问卷:在查阅文献的基础上自制一般资料调查问卷,包括年龄、性别、文化程度、工作年限、职称、岗位类别、聘用形式、自评健康状况等人口学数据。(2)离职意愿量表:采用樊景立(Farh)等[10]制定的离职意愿量表,包括“常常想辞去工作”等4个题项,各题项得分从1分(非常不同意)到5分(非常同意)。离职意愿总均分=离职意愿总分/4,离职意愿均分越高,离职意愿越强。本研究中的Cronbach α系数为0.816。(3)工作负荷量表:采用Spector等经过优化后的工作负荷量表[11],包含“我的工作量大于我能做好的量”等5个题项,各题项得分从1分(非常不同意)到5分(非常同意)。工作负荷总均分=工作负荷总分/5,得分越高,工作负荷程度越强。本研究中的Cronbach α系数为0.735。(4)情绪耗竭量表:采用李超平等[12]进行本土化修正后的工作倦怠量表中的情绪耗竭维度,包括“下班时感到精疲力竭”等5个题项,各题项得分从1分(非常不同意)到5分(非常同意)。情绪耗竭总均分=情绪耗竭总分/5,得分越高,情绪耗竭程度越强。本研究中的Cronbach α系数为0.915。(5)政策感知变量:借鉴李晨光等针对创新政策编制的政策感知量表[13],结合与市疾控相关负责人访谈结果和疾控现实情境进行修改,包括“我觉得一类保障二类管理改革能有效解决待遇问题”、“一类保障二类管理政策有明确的针对性”等4个题项,各题项得分从1分(非常不同意)到5分(非常同意),政策感知总均分=政策感知总分/4,得分越高,政策感知感程度越强。本研究中的Cronbach α系数为0.855。
使用SPSS 25.0软件进行数据处理。首先采用Harman单因素检验法进行共同方法偏差检验。再者,计量资料经Kolmogorov-Smirnov正态性检验不符合严格正态分布,采用中位数(M)和四分位数间距(P75-P25)对不同人口学特征的变量得分情况进行统计描述,采用Mann-Whitney U检验比较两组间差异,采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较多组间差异。其次,使用Spearman相关分析检验核心变量两两之间的相关性。再次,经偏度-峰度检验可知,所有条目的偏度绝对值和峰度绝对值均小于1,表明基本符合正态分布,可以对数据进行结构方程模型分析。采用方差膨胀因子(VIF)检验变量间多重共线性。使用Hayes (2018)开发的SPSS宏程序PROCESS插件中的模型4,检验情绪耗竭在工作负荷和离职意愿间的中介作用。最后采用PROCESS插件中的模型7,检验政策感知在工作负荷和情绪耗竭之间关系中的调节作用。所有连续变量在纳入模型分析前均采用Z-score方法进行了标准化处理,以便于不同量级指标的后续比较。检验水准α=0.05。
采用Harman单因素检验法进行共同方法偏差检验,结果显示,第一个未旋转因子的解释变异量为38.6%,没有超过40%的标准,表明研究数据不存在严重的共同方法偏差。
采用Mann-Whitney U检验和Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较不同人口学特征的疾控人员离职意愿水平是否有差异,如表1所示。结果发现不同年龄、文化程度、工作年限和自评健康状况的疾控人员离职意愿水平差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
本研究核心变量的相关矩阵如表2所示。结果显示,疾控人员工作负荷、情绪耗竭、政策感知与离职意愿两两之间均呈现显著相关。
本研究中涉及变量的方差膨胀因子(VIF)均低于1.8,因此不存在多重共线性问题。
情绪耗竭在工作负荷与离职意愿之间的中介效应检验如表3所示。方程1显示工作负荷可正向影响离职意愿(β(95% CI)=0.271(0.193~0.349)),方程2表明工作负荷可以正向影响情绪耗竭(β(95% CI)= 0.677(0.598~0.756))。方程3中将情绪耗竭纳入回归分析后,工作负荷对离职意愿的影响变得不具有统计学意义(β(95% CI)= -0.031(-0.107, 0.045))。
进一步采用偏差矫正百分位Bootstrap法,重复抽样5 000次,计算95%置信区间,检验情绪耗竭在工作负荷与离职意愿间的中介效应,结果如表4所示。发现工作负荷对离职意愿的直接效应包含0,说明直接效应不显著,H1没有得到支持。工作负荷经由情绪耗竭影响离职意愿的中介效应值是0.318,置信区间不包含0,说明中介效应均显著。由此可知,情绪耗竭在工作负荷影响离职意愿过程中发挥完全中介效应,H2得到支持。
政策感知在工作负荷与情绪耗竭间的调节效应结果如表5所示。将政策感知放入模型后,原有路径的显著性与先前保持一致,工作负荷和政策感知的交互项对情绪耗竭的影响有统计学意义(β(95% CI)= -0.085(-0.170~-0.002), P<0.05),表明政策感知在中介模型的前半段路径中能削弱工作负荷对情绪耗竭的正向影响。
在上述分析的基础上,进一步检验政策感知对于情绪耗竭在工作负荷与离职意愿之间的中介作用是否具有调节作用,结果如表6所示。随着政策感知水平提高,工作负荷通过情绪耗竭对疾控人员离职意愿产生的间接效应值呈逐渐上升趋势,每个95%置信区间均不包括0。由此可知,政策感知可以调节情绪耗竭在工作负荷对离职意愿影响间的间接效应。
为了更清晰地揭示政策效应发挥调节作用的实质,本研究根据均值上下一个标准差原则,将政策感知分为高低组,考察在不同政策感知水平上工作负荷对情绪耗竭的影响,结果如图2所示。两组中工作负荷对情绪耗竭皆产生显著影响,但高政策感知组中对情绪耗竭的作用明显更弱,表明政策感知削弱了工作负荷对情绪耗竭的正向影响。
本研究结果发现,疾控人员的工作负荷通过情绪耗竭的完全中介作用影响离职意愿;政策感知能削弱工作负荷对情绪耗竭的正向影响,并调节情绪耗竭在工作负荷与离职意愿之间的中介效应。
本研究结果表明,武汉市区级疾控人员离职意愿得分为2.200±0.841,处于中等偏下水平(李克特五级量表测量法),说明武汉市区级疾控人员目前未产生较强的离职意愿。此结果可能是因为,2020年新冠疫情在武汉暴发,该地疾控人员应急状态多、工作压力大,容易产生离职意愿,并做出离职行为。而本研究的被试者经历过离职潮后选择留下来的员工,因此离职意愿普遍较低。
不同年龄、文化程度、工作年限和自评健康状况的区级疾控人员离职意愿具有差异,与以往研究结果一致[14]。年龄的增长会增强人们的稳定性需求;高学历者更易因现实与期望落差离职;工作年限较长者对工作环境的适应性更强;自评健康状况差可能会加剧员工对工作压力的敏感度,进而产生离职的念头[15]
研究结果发现,工作负荷对离职意愿的直接路径不显著,与已有研究结果类似[16]。根据压力源-负担-结果理论框架[17],工作负荷作为远端压力源,更多地通过工作情绪与工作态度等近端因素间接影响离职决策。因此,应合理控制工作时间和强度,平衡工作强度与健康。
情绪耗竭在工作负荷与离职意愿之间起完全中介作用。根据资源保存理论,工作负荷作为潜在威胁,容易使得疾控人员陷入“威胁应对→情绪耗竭→资源减少”的资源损耗螺旋。当缺乏充足的资源继续完成工作时,疾控人员为避免资源的进一步损耗可能产生离职意愿。区级疾控人员因职业风险和紧急任务占比高更易产生情绪耗竭,而情绪耗竭对离职意愿有显著的促进作用[18]。因此,应提供心理辅导和减压活动等多种措施纾解疾控人员的负面情绪。
本研究发现,“工作负荷→情绪耗竭→离职意愿”的前半段受到政策感知的调节。“公益一类保障、公益二类管理”政策是指疾控中心由政府配备全部资源,同时在坚持公益性的前提下开展对外技术服务,用于绩效奖励[19]。高政策感知的疾控人员会对于该政策实施后的改革效果形成较为乐观的预期,从而将工作负担看作工作回报的必要条件,削弱压力反应。反之个体的内在动机将会减弱,放大工作负荷消极效应,消耗的情绪资源进一步升高,加剧离职意愿。故需大力推介“一类保障、二类管理”政策成效,拓展改革政策宣传和沟通渠道,及时解读政策,优化政策信息呈现方式,提升疾控人员政策认同。
本研究还存在一些不足有待后续研究完善。首先,受限于横截面研究,无法对严谨推断因果关系,不能动态揭示工作负荷对离职意愿的影响变化。其次,本研究样本仅限于武汉市区级疾控人员,代表性不足。未来考虑补充多地域样本数据。再者,控制变量选取上存在一定局限性,为提高应答率和控制问卷题量,个人收入、婚姻状况、籍贯等可能影响离职意愿的因素未被设置为控制变量,未来考虑将上述变量纳入研究模型。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(72074086)
  • 武汉市疾病预防控制中心项目(20232707)
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2025年第52卷第18期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410441
  • 接收时间:2024-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-28
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(72074086)
武汉市疾病预防控制中心项目(20232707)
作者信息
    1.华中科技大学同济医学院医药卫生管理学院,湖北 武汉 430030
    2.湖北省人文社科重点研究基地农村健康服务研究中心
    3.武汉市疾病预防控制中心质量与信息部

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谢年华,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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