Article(id=1228016568752341843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506102, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749139200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770711565434, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770711565434, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770711565434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711565434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228016566646801206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='18', pageStart='3265', pageEnd='3456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770711564932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711815039, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228017615784833770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1228016566646801206, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3391, endPage=3395, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228016572543992826, articleId=1228016568752341843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of the mediating effect of life satisfaction between different types of leisure activities and cognitive function among rural elderly, Guizhou, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the mediating role of life satisfaction in the relationship between different types of leisure activities and cognitive function among rural older adults in Guizhou Province.

Methods

In July-August 2022, a face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted in 12 villages across 2 counties in Guizhou Province, targeting at adults aged 60 and above. Using a self-administered questionnaire, Mini-mental State Examination(MMSE), and Satisfaction With Life Scale(SWLS), data was analyzed via descriptive statistics, partial correlation, and multiple regression. Mediation was assessed using the “mediation” package in R 4.3.1 and validated via the Bootstrap method.

Results

A total of 1 298 adults aged 60 years and above were included in this study. The average score for cognitive function was 20.29±5.96, and the average score for life satisfaction was 26.41±4.61. Leisure activities were categorized into family-oriented and non-family-oriented types, with average scores of 8.64±3.04 and 8.86±2.55, respectively. Both types of leisure activities were positively correlated with life satisfaction and cognitive function (P<0.05). Life satisfaction partially mediates the relationship between family-oriented leisure activities and cognitive function, with an indirect effect of 0.059 (95% CI: 0.032-0.090), accounting for 13.4% of the total effect. This indirect effect is significant in elderly women (0.116, 95% CI: 0.064-0.170), representing 26.3% of the total effect, but not in elderly men.

Conclusion

In Guizhou Province, life satisfaction mediated the link between family-oriented leisure activities and cognitive function among rural older women. Strengthening support for rural older adults’ leisure activities can enhance their life satisfaction and cognitive function.

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目的

探讨贵州省农村老年人生活满意度在不同类型休闲活动与认知功能间的中介作用。

方法

采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,选取了贵州省2个县(区)12个村60岁及以上老年人于2022年7—8月采用自制问卷、简易精神状态检查表、生活满意度量表进行面对面问卷调查。数据分析采用描述性统计、偏相关分析和多元线性回归,并用R 4.3.1软件“mediation”包检验中介效应,Bootstrap法验证。

结果

本研究共纳入1 298名60岁及以上老年人,认知功能平均得分为20.29±5.96,生活满意度平均得分为26.41±4.61。休闲活动分为家庭型和非家庭型,其中家庭型休闲活动平均得分为8.64±3.04,非家庭型休闲活动平均得分为8.86±2.55。相关性分析显示,家庭型和非家庭型休闲活动均与生活满意度和认知功能正相关(P<0.05)。生活满意度在家庭型休闲活动与认知功能间存在部分中介作用,间接效应为0.059,95% CI=0.032~0.090,占总效应13.4%;在老年女性中间接效应为0.116,95% CI=0.064~0.170,占总效应26.3%,而在老年男性中无中介作用。

结论

在贵州省农村老年人中,女性生活满意度在家庭型休闲活动与认知功能间存在中介作用,应加强农村老年人休闲活动支持,提升其生活满意度和认知功能。

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杨敬源,E-mail:
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李秋硕(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:慢性病流行病学

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Journal of Marriage and the Family, 2006, 68(4): 883-900., articleTitle=Household work complexity, intellectual functioning, and Self-Esteem in men and women, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228016583004586682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=333, issue=null, pageStart=94, pageEnd=101, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Cai Y, Qiu PY, He YH, journalName=Journal of Affective Disorders, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cai Y, Qiu PY, He YH, et al. Age-varying relationships between family support and depressive symptoms in Chinese community-dwelling older adults[J]. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2023, 333: 94-101., articleTitle=Age-varying relationships between family support and depressive symptoms in Chinese community-dwelling older adults, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228016583109444286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=22, issue=8, pageStart=1815, pageEnd=1827, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Foster KT, Beltz AM, journalName=Emotion (Washington, D.C.), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Foster KT, Beltz AM. Heterogeneity in affective complexity among men and women[J]. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 2022, 22(8): 1815-1827., articleTitle=Heterogeneity in affective complexity among men and women, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228016579527508505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, awardId=81860598, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(81860598), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228016573928112217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016573936500826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, companyId=1228016573928112217, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016573953278046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, companyId=1228016573928112217, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院、环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 561113)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228016574087495783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016574091690088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, companyId=1228016574087495783, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.贵州黔南民族医学高等专科学校)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228016574204936305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228016574213324913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, companyId=1228016574204936305, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.贵州医科大学医药卫生管理学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228016578537652693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Cognitive function of older adults with different characteristics (n=1 298)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量例数(%)认知功能(t/FP
年龄(岁)53.210<0.001
60~69449(34.6)21.72±5.23
70~79644(49.6)20.41±5.80
≥80205(15.8)16.76±6.54
性别14.062<0.001
536(41.3)22.88±5.31
762(58.7)18.47±5.72
文化程度-1.0650.287
文盲及半文盲969(74.7)20.19±5.97
小学及以上329(25.3)20.59±5.92
婚姻状况0.6790.497
在婚822(63.3)20.38±5.90
非在婚476(36.7)20.14±6.06
家庭年收入 (万元)1.1800.308
<1385(29.7)20.02±5.96
1~2579(44.6)20.23±6.07
≥3334(25.7)20.69±5.76
居住情况0.2060.814
独居150(11.6)20.07±6.12
和家人居住778(59.9)20.21±5.88
其他370(28.5)20.37±5.97
吸烟-1.0280.304
955(73.6)20.18±6.00
343(26.4)20.57±5.87
饮酒-2.2530.024
950(73.2)20.07±6.01
348(26.8)20.91±5.77
慢性病2.1050.036
542(41.8)20.70±5.90
756(58.2)20.00±5.99
健康自评0.9660.425
非常差20(1.5)19.00±5.78
323(24.9)20.56±6.02
一般470(36.2)20.04±5.98
426(32.8)20.30±6.02
非常好59(4.6)21.22±4.96
), ArticleFig(id=1228016578676064733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征人群认知功能分布(n=1 298)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量例数(%)认知功能(t/FP
年龄(岁)53.210<0.001
60~69449(34.6)21.72±5.23
70~79644(49.6)20.41±5.80
≥80205(15.8)16.76±6.54
性别14.062<0.001
536(41.3)22.88±5.31
762(58.7)18.47±5.72
文化程度-1.0650.287
文盲及半文盲969(74.7)20.19±5.97
小学及以上329(25.3)20.59±5.92
婚姻状况0.6790.497
在婚822(63.3)20.38±5.90
非在婚476(36.7)20.14±6.06
家庭年收入 (万元)1.1800.308
<1385(29.7)20.02±5.96
1~2579(44.6)20.23±6.07
≥3334(25.7)20.69±5.76
居住情况0.2060.814
独居150(11.6)20.07±6.12
和家人居住778(59.9)20.21±5.88
其他370(28.5)20.37±5.97
吸烟-1.0280.304
955(73.6)20.18±6.00
343(26.4)20.57±5.87
饮酒-2.2530.024
950(73.2)20.07±6.01
348(26.8)20.91±5.77
慢性病2.1050.036
542(41.8)20.70±5.90
756(58.2)20.00±5.99
健康自评0.9660.425
非常差20(1.5)19.00±5.78
323(24.9)20.56±6.02
一般470(36.2)20.04±5.98
426(32.8)20.30±6.02
非常好59(4.6)21.22±4.96
), ArticleFig(id=1228016578780922340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Partial correlation analysis results (r)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量家庭型休闲活动非家庭型休闲活动生活满意度认知功能
家庭型休闲活动8.64±3.041.000
非家庭型休闲活动8.86±2.550.091b1.000
生活满意度26.41±4.610.202b0.147a1.000
认知功能20.29±5.960.276a0.257a0.159a1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1228016578927722989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

偏相关分析结果(r

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量家庭型休闲活动非家庭型休闲活动生活满意度认知功能
家庭型休闲活动8.64±3.041.000
非家庭型休闲活动8.86±2.550.091b1.000
生活满意度26.41±4.610.202b0.147a1.000
认知功能20.29±5.960.276a0.257a0.159a1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1228016579049357814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Regression analysis of variable relationships

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回归方程回归系数显著性整体拟合指数
结果变量预测变量βSEtRR2F
总人群
认知功能家庭型休闲活动0.231a0.0577.5170.4970.24721.221
生活满意度家庭型休闲活动0.160a0.0504.7590.3100.0966.900
认知功能家庭型休闲活动0.171a0.0575.4080.4730.22317.269
生活满意度0.139a0.0394.343
认知功能非家庭型休闲活动0.220a0.0905.3490.5670.32215.633
生活满意度非家庭型休闲活动0.0610.0751.3430.4040.1636.414
认知功能非家庭型休闲活动0.219a0.0905.3180.5680.32314.541
生活满意度0.0380.0580.870
女性
认知功能家庭型休闲活动0.238a0.0795.7880.3440.1487.026
生活满意度家庭型休闲活动0.221a0.0685.1930.2460.0433.390
认知功能家庭型休闲活动0.177a0.0786.8570.4370.19111.222
生活满意度0.278a0.0486.857
认知功能非家庭型休闲活动0.264a0.1334.3420.4900.2406.799
生活满意度非家庭型休闲活动0.0930.1231.3590.1770.0310.696
认知功能非家庭型休闲活动0.257a0.1344.2180.4950.2456.320
生活满意度0.0710.0741.185
男性
认知功能家庭型休闲活动0.277a0.0835.0650.3070.0943.216
生活满意度家庭型休闲活动0.112c0.0772.0040.2450.0601.969
认知功能家庭型休闲活动0.272a0.0834.9330.3110.0962.990
生活满意度0.0480.0610.865
认知功能非家庭型休闲活动0.248a0.1204.0200.4790.2306.117
生活满意度非家庭型休闲活动0.145c0.0972.1770.3310.1092.519
认知功能非家庭型休闲活动0.239a0.1213.8170.4840.1935.665
生活满意度0.0680.0861.053
), ArticleFig(id=1228016579158409727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

变量关系的回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回归方程回归系数显著性整体拟合指数
结果变量预测变量βSEtRR2F
总人群
认知功能家庭型休闲活动0.231a0.0577.5170.4970.24721.221
生活满意度家庭型休闲活动0.160a0.0504.7590.3100.0966.900
认知功能家庭型休闲活动0.171a0.0575.4080.4730.22317.269
生活满意度0.139a0.0394.343
认知功能非家庭型休闲活动0.220a0.0905.3490.5670.32215.633
生活满意度非家庭型休闲活动0.0610.0751.3430.4040.1636.414
认知功能非家庭型休闲活动0.219a0.0905.3180.5680.32314.541
生活满意度0.0380.0580.870
女性
认知功能家庭型休闲活动0.238a0.0795.7880.3440.1487.026
生活满意度家庭型休闲活动0.221a0.0685.1930.2460.0433.390
认知功能家庭型休闲活动0.177a0.0786.8570.4370.19111.222
生活满意度0.278a0.0486.857
认知功能非家庭型休闲活动0.264a0.1334.3420.4900.2406.799
生活满意度非家庭型休闲活动0.0930.1231.3590.1770.0310.696
认知功能非家庭型休闲活动0.257a0.1344.2180.4950.2456.320
生活满意度0.0710.0741.185
男性
认知功能家庭型休闲活动0.277a0.0835.0650.3070.0943.216
生活满意度家庭型休闲活动0.112c0.0772.0040.2450.0601.969
认知功能家庭型休闲活动0.272a0.0834.9330.3110.0962.990
生活满意度0.0480.0610.865
认知功能非家庭型休闲活动0.248a0.1204.0200.4790.2306.117
生活满意度非家庭型休闲活动0.145c0.0972.1770.3310.1092.519
认知功能非家庭型休闲活动0.239a0.1213.8170.4840.1935.665
生活满意度0.0680.0861.053
), ArticleFig(id=1228016579296821770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mediating effects of life satisfaction on the relationship between different types of leisure activities and cognitive function

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响路径直接效应间接效应
(95%CI
相对中介效应(%)
总人群
家庭型休闲活动→生活满意度→认知功能0.3840.059(0.032~0.090)13.32
非家庭型休闲活动→生活满意度→认知功能0.3440.019(-0.001~0.050)5.23
女性
家庭型休闲活动→生活满意度→认知功能0.3260.116(0.064~0.170)26.24
非家庭型休闲活动→生活满意度→认知功能0.5300.018(-0.008~0.060)3.28
男性
家庭型休闲活动→生活满意度→认知功能0.4130.007(-0.009~0.030)1.67
非家庭型休闲活动→生活满意度→认知功能0.4530.019(-0.019~0.060)4.02
), ArticleFig(id=1228016579389096465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1228016568752341843, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

生活满意度在不同类型休闲活动与认知功能之间的中介效应分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响路径直接效应间接效应
(95%CI
相对中介效应(%)
总人群
家庭型休闲活动→生活满意度→认知功能0.3840.059(0.032~0.090)13.32
非家庭型休闲活动→生活满意度→认知功能0.3440.019(-0.001~0.050)5.23
女性
家庭型休闲活动→生活满意度→认知功能0.3260.116(0.064~0.170)26.24
非家庭型休闲活动→生活满意度→认知功能0.5300.018(-0.008~0.060)3.28
男性
家庭型休闲活动→生活满意度→认知功能0.4130.007(-0.009~0.030)1.67
非家庭型休闲活动→生活满意度→认知功能0.4530.019(-0.019~0.060)4.02
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贵州省农村老年人生活满意度在不同类型休闲活动与认知功能间的中介作用
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李秋硕 1 , 桂诗琦 1 , 王静 1 , 刘美霞 1 , 周全湘 2 , 杨星 3 , 杨敬源 1
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025,52(18): 3391-3395
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025, 52(18): 3391-3395
贵州省农村老年人生活满意度在不同类型休闲活动与认知功能间的中介作用
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李秋硕1, 桂诗琦1, 王静1, 刘美霞1, 周全湘2, 杨星3, 杨敬源1
作者信息
  • 1.贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院、环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 561113
  • 2.贵州黔南民族医学高等专科学校
  • 3.贵州医科大学医药卫生管理学院
  • 李秋硕(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:慢性病流行病学

通讯作者:

杨敬源,E-mail:
Analysis of the mediating effect of life satisfaction between different types of leisure activities and cognitive function among rural elderly, Guizhou
Qiu-shuo LI1, Shi-qi GUI1, Jing WANG1, Mei-xia LIU1, Quan-xiang ZHOU2, Xing YANG3, Jing-yuan YANG1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506102
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目的

探讨贵州省农村老年人生活满意度在不同类型休闲活动与认知功能间的中介作用。

方法

采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,选取了贵州省2个县(区)12个村60岁及以上老年人于2022年7—8月采用自制问卷、简易精神状态检查表、生活满意度量表进行面对面问卷调查。数据分析采用描述性统计、偏相关分析和多元线性回归,并用R 4.3.1软件“mediation”包检验中介效应,Bootstrap法验证。

结果

本研究共纳入1 298名60岁及以上老年人,认知功能平均得分为20.29±5.96,生活满意度平均得分为26.41±4.61。休闲活动分为家庭型和非家庭型,其中家庭型休闲活动平均得分为8.64±3.04,非家庭型休闲活动平均得分为8.86±2.55。相关性分析显示,家庭型和非家庭型休闲活动均与生活满意度和认知功能正相关(P<0.05)。生活满意度在家庭型休闲活动与认知功能间存在部分中介作用,间接效应为0.059,95% CI=0.032~0.090,占总效应13.4%;在老年女性中间接效应为0.116,95% CI=0.064~0.170,占总效应26.3%,而在老年男性中无中介作用。

结论

在贵州省农村老年人中,女性生活满意度在家庭型休闲活动与认知功能间存在中介作用,应加强农村老年人休闲活动支持,提升其生活满意度和认知功能。

农村地区  /  老年人  /  认知功能  /  休闲活动  /  中介作用
Objective

To investigate the mediating role of life satisfaction in the relationship between different types of leisure activities and cognitive function among rural older adults in Guizhou Province.

Methods

In July-August 2022, a face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted in 12 villages across 2 counties in Guizhou Province, targeting at adults aged 60 and above. Using a self-administered questionnaire, Mini-mental State Examination(MMSE), and Satisfaction With Life Scale(SWLS), data was analyzed via descriptive statistics, partial correlation, and multiple regression. Mediation was assessed using the “mediation” package in R 4.3.1 and validated via the Bootstrap method.

Results

A total of 1 298 adults aged 60 years and above were included in this study. The average score for cognitive function was 20.29±5.96, and the average score for life satisfaction was 26.41±4.61. Leisure activities were categorized into family-oriented and non-family-oriented types, with average scores of 8.64±3.04 and 8.86±2.55, respectively. Both types of leisure activities were positively correlated with life satisfaction and cognitive function (P<0.05). Life satisfaction partially mediates the relationship between family-oriented leisure activities and cognitive function, with an indirect effect of 0.059 (95% CI: 0.032-0.090), accounting for 13.4% of the total effect. This indirect effect is significant in elderly women (0.116, 95% CI: 0.064-0.170), representing 26.3% of the total effect, but not in elderly men.

Conclusion

In Guizhou Province, life satisfaction mediated the link between family-oriented leisure activities and cognitive function among rural older women. Strengthening support for rural older adults’ leisure activities can enhance their life satisfaction and cognitive function.

Rural areas  /  Older adults  /  Cognitive function  /  Leisure activities  /  Mediating role
李秋硕, 桂诗琦, 王静, 刘美霞, 周全湘, 杨星, 杨敬源. 贵州省农村老年人生活满意度在不同类型休闲活动与认知功能间的中介作用. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3391 -3395 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506102
Qiu-shuo LI, Shi-qi GUI, Jing WANG, Mei-xia LIU, Quan-xiang ZHOU, Xing YANG, Jing-yuan YANG. Analysis of the mediating effect of life satisfaction between different types of leisure activities and cognitive function among rural elderly, Guizhou[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (18) : 3391 -3395 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506102
随着人口老龄化的加剧[1],老年痴呆的流行给家庭和社会造成严重的疾病负担,并严重影响患者生活质量[2],但目前尚无有效的治愈手段,早期识别老年人认知功能下降危险因素并及时干预尤为重要。研究显示,休闲活动作为可改变的生活方式因素,对延缓认知衰退具有重要作用,也是制定干预措施的重要依据[3]。生活满意度是指个体基于自身生活状况的主观感受和评价[4],研究表明,生活满意度较高的老年人具有更好的认知功能[5],而痴呆或认知障碍患者的生活满意度则偏低[6]。休闲活动可能通过缓解孤独感、增强自尊等途径提升生活满意度[7-8],但不同类型的休闲活动给老年人带来的生活满意度可能存在差异,而这种生活满意度感知上的差异可能会间接影响他们的认知功能[7]。由此推测,生活满意度可能会在不同类型休闲活动和认知功能间存在中介作用,但目前仍缺乏研究的证据。此外,不同地区老年人受经济、文化等因素影响,休闲活动类型有别[9]。农村老年人受经济和资源限制,休闲活动有限[10],且传统性别角色和家庭结构使老年男女休闲活动参与度和类型不同[11]。因此,本研究旨在探讨贵州省农村老年人生活满意度在不同类型休闲活动与认知功能间的中介作用,为改善农村老年人认知功能和生活质量提供参考依据。
本研究采取横断面研究设计,数据来源于“贵州省农村甲状腺功能与认知功能的前瞻性队列研究(国家自然科学基金资助项目,81860598)”的第二轮调查数据(2022年7—8月)。采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,选取了贵州省贵阳市花溪区和黔南州贵定县的2个乡镇,每个乡镇再选取3个行政村,共12个村,以居住在乡(镇)的60岁及以上老年人作为调查对象。纳入标准:(1)在调查地点居住时间半年及以上;(2)年龄≥60岁的老年人。排除标准:(1)专业医疗机构诊断的严重精神障碍和痴呆患者;(2)存在严重身体机能异常,或患有严重影响身体机能的神经系统疾病。最终共纳入1 298名研究对象进行分析,本次调查研究获得了贵州医科大学伦理委员会批准(审批号:2018—092),研究对象知情并均签署知情同意书。
现场调查的主要方式是面对面问卷调查,收集人口学特征、健康情况、生活方式、休闲活动、生活满意度和认知功能等数据。
使用张明园等人1989年修订的中译版简易精神状态评价量表(Mini-mental State Examination,MMSE),该量表是目前广泛应用于认知功能筛查的神经心理学量表,包括定向力、即刻记忆力、注意计算力、延时回忆、语言和结构模仿5个板块,每项1分,共30项,回答正确计1分,评分范围0~30 分,分数越高表示认知功能越好[12]
休闲活动采用八个问题进行衡量,具体活动包括:(1)看书或看报;(2)打扑克或麻将;(3)参与社会活动;(4)做家务;(5)园艺、种菜;(6)饲养家畜或宠物;(7)个人户外活动;(8)看电视、听广播。每项活动频率设四个选项:4=每天,3=每周,2=每月,1=从不,单项得分1~4分,分数越高表明休闲活动参与度越高[13]。将做家务、园艺种菜、饲养家畜或宠物归为家庭型休闲活动,其余归为非家庭型休闲活动[14-15]
生活满意度量表(Satisfaction With Life Scale,SWLS)中文版用于评价个体对自己生活质量的主观体验,共5个项目,采用Likert 7级计分,从“1=完全不符合”到“7=完全符合”,SWLS的总分范围为5~35分,分数越高表示对生活的满意度越高[16]
调查前,咨询专家确保问卷可靠性,并通过预调查完善方案及问卷;对调查团队进行统一培训并考核,确保调查方法和标准一致性。调查时,问卷收集后立即进行详细检查,确保信息完整且准确无误。调查后,对问卷进行双人双录入,并进行一致性检验,选择正确的统计分析方法。
采用EpiData 3.1建数据库,用R 4.3.1分析数据。采用Harman单因素检验法对共同方法偏差进行检验。计量资料若服从正态分布或近似正态分布采取进行统计描述,若为偏态分布则以MP25P75)表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析和独立样本t检验,偏相关分析探究变量间相关性。使用多元线性回归分析不同类型休闲活动得分、生活满意度与认知功能的关联。用 R 4.3.1 的“mediation”包构建中介模型,自助法(Bootstrap)检验中介效应,检验水准α=0.05。
本研究采用Harman单因素检验法对共同方法偏差进行检验,结果显示,未经旋转时,共析出12个特征值大于1的因子,且第一个因子可解释的最大变异量为18.37%,小于40%的临界标准,提示本研究不存在严重的共同方法偏差。
本研究共纳入1 298名60岁及以上老年人,平均年龄为72.70±6.34岁,70~79岁老年人比例最高(49.6%);男性535人(41.3%),女性762人(58.7%)。文盲和半文盲占74.7%,在婚者占63.3%,吸烟和饮酒者分别占26.4%和26.8%,患慢性病者占58.2%。认知功能得分在不同年龄、性别、饮酒、慢性病情况间分布不同,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1
认知功能平均得分为20.29±5.96,生活满意度平均得分为26.41±4.61,家庭型休闲活动平均得分为8.64±3.04,非家庭型休闲活动平均得分为8.86±2.55。在控制年龄、性别、文化程度、婚姻状况、家庭年收入、居住情况、吸烟、饮酒、慢性病情况、健康自评进行偏相关分析,结果显示,家庭型与非家庭型休闲活动均和认知功能(r=0.276、r=0.257)、生活满意度(r=0.202、r=0.147)正相关,两类休闲活动间也正相关(r=0.091),且生活满意度与认知功能正相关,所有相关性均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2
对家庭型休闲活动、非家庭型休闲活动、生活满意度及认知功能进行多重共线性诊断,结果显示所有预测变量的方差膨胀因子(VIF)在1.012~1.045之间,均小于5;容忍度在0.957~0.988之间,均大于0.1,表明变量不存在严重共线性问题。回归分析结果显示,在控制年龄、性别、文化程度、婚姻状况、家庭年收入、居住情况、吸烟、饮酒、慢性病情况、健康自评的条件下,家庭型休闲活动显著正向预测认知功能和生活满意度(P<0.05),参与频率越高,个体的认知功能和生活满意度越高;非家庭型休闲活动显著正向预测认知功能(P<0.05),但对生活满意度无影响(P>0.05)。在性别方面,家庭型休闲活动对老年男性和女性的影响一致,均显著正向预测其认知功能和生活满意度(P<0.05);此外,非家庭型休闲活动均能显著正向预测老年男性和老年女性的认知功能(P<0.05),但仅对老年男性的生活满意度有正向预测作用(P<0.05),对老年女性的生活满意度则无影响(P>0.05),见表3
本研究采用Bootstrap法检验了不同类型休闲活动、生活满意度与认知功能间的中介效应,随机重复抽样5 000次,中介效应的Bootstrap 95% CI不包含0,表明存在中介作用。结果显示,生活满意度在家庭型休闲活动与认知功能间存在部分中介效应,中介效应占总效应的13.32%,在老年女性中,中介效应占总效应的26.24%,而在老年男性中无中介作用。生活满意度在非家庭型休闲活动与认知功能间均不存在中介作用,见表4
人口老龄化导致的老年痴呆问题日益突出,早期识别并干预认知功能下降的可改变因素对预防痴呆至关重要。本研究探讨了贵州省农村老年人不同类型休闲活动与认知功能之间的关系,以及生活满意度的中介作用,研究结果显示,家庭型休闲活动和非家庭休闲活动均与认知功能呈正相关。然而,当探讨生活满意度的中介作用时,本研究发现,非家庭型休闲活动虽与认知功能具有一定关联,但生活满意度并未在其中存在中介作用。对于家庭型休闲活动,在老年女性中,生活满意度在家庭型休闲活动与认知功能间存在部分中介效应,而在老年男性中则无中介作用,这一发现为理解农村老年人认知功能的影响机制提供了新思路和研究证据。
本研究结果显示,家庭型休闲活动和非家庭型休闲活动均与认知功能正相关,与既往研究一致[17-18]。从认知储备理论看,休闲活动通过促使老年人以不同方式思考与行动,有助于激活大脑、强化神经连接,从而提升认知储备,延缓认知衰退[19]。值得注意的是,家庭型休闲活动因其可及性和日常性特点,在无需过度依赖社交网络的情况下,通过家务劳动、园艺种植、饲养宠物等活动,实现了身体与大脑的同步激活[20-21]。研究发现,家务活动与老年人认知功能正相关,几乎每日从事家务者较极少参与家务者痴呆发病率显著降低[22]。神经影像学研究进一步证实,轻度家务等家庭活动与海马及前额叶灰质体积呈正相关[23],这为解释家庭型休闲活动改善认知功能提供了生物学依据。这些发现提示,社交互动受限或行动不便的老年人也可以从参与家庭型休闲活动中受益,为生活质量和认知健康提供了另一种可能的途径。
中介分析结果显示,农村老年女性生活满意度在家庭型休闲活动与认知功能间存在中介作用,这一现象可能与中国农村独特的社会文化背景密切相关。传统家庭角色期望使女性承担更多照料责任,包括照顾子女、照料年迈的父母和处理家庭日常事务[11],这些角色的赋予,让女性在家庭中扮演着不可或缺的重要角色,她们的付出和贡献能够得到家庭成员的认可与尊重,这种正向的反馈机制有效地提升了她们的生活满意度,进而改善认知功能,相关研究指出,参与家务劳动能够增强已婚妇女的自信心,并减少她们在生活中可能产生的挫败感[24]。对于老年女性来说,家庭型休闲活动不仅是一种娱乐方式,更是一个与家人互动、分享快乐的重要过程。在参与家庭型休闲活动的过程中,老年女性能够强化家庭角色认同,与家人建立更亲密的关系,获得情感支持[25],这种情感上的满足和支持,进一步提高了她们的生活满意度,进而对认知功能产生积极影响。相比之下,老年男性在参与家庭型活动时可能更关注活动本身而非情感满足,其情绪稳定性更高[26],这可能是生活满意度未显现中介作用的原因。此外,不同类型休闲活动与认知功能间可能存在尚未深入探索的作用路径,这些潜在机制对老年男性认知功能的影响值得未来研究关注。
综上,贵州省农村老年人休闲活动与生活满意度及认知功能正相关,女性生活满意度在家庭型休闲活动与认知功能间存在中介作用,研究结果为制定精准化的老年健康干预策略提供了重要依据,对于农村老年女性,应特别重视家庭型活动的多重健康效益;而对农村老年男性,则需要探索其他可能的作用路径。然而,本研究存在一定局限性,首先,本研究为横断面调查,无法对关联进行因果推断。其次,本研究对象仅来源于贵州省农村地区的老年人群,结论推广可能受限。最后,休闲活动参与情况基于研究对象自我报告,可能会存在一定的回忆偏倚。未来的研究应设计更为全面的研究方案,结合纵向研究等方法,进一步验证这些发现,并开发针对不同性别老年人的定制化活动方案,以最大化休闲活动在促进健康老龄方面的潜力。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(81860598)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506102
  • 接收时间:2025-06-06
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-06
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国家自然科学基金项目(81860598)
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    1.贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院、环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 561113
    2.贵州黔南民族医学高等专科学校
    3.贵州医科大学医药卫生管理学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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