Article(id=1311350222425522224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602208, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1771948800000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579856735, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579856735, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579856735, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579856735, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349984730116963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579800064, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588348354, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385838924169506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385838924169507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2662, endPage=2667, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350222765260849, articleId=1311350222425522224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Trends of the disease burden of diabetes mellitus and its nursing quality index, China, 1990-2023, columnId=1228016573156360233, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Disease Control and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the trends of diabetes burden and Quality of Care Index (QCI) in China from 1990 to 2023.

Methods

Data on diabetes incidence, prevalence and mortality were extracted. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to evaluate the burden trends. QCI was constructed using principal component analysis. Differences in QCI by age, sex and diabetes type were compared. Long-term temporal trends in QCI from 1990 to 2023 were further analyzed.

Results

The total prevalence and age-standardized incidence increased significantly (EAPC=0.79%, 95%CI: 0.62%-0.97%), while age-standardized mortality decreased significantly (EAPC=-0.68%, 95%CI: -0.87%- -0.48%). Trends in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were consistent with the overall pattern. The first principal component explained 86.0% of the total variance. QCI generally decreased with age, with no statistically significant sex difference. QCI differed significantly among type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), T2DM and overall diabetes (adjusted P<0.001). During the period from 1990 to 2023, T1DM demonstrated a consistent gradual decline in QCI; in contrast, T2DM displayed an initial decline followed by a subsequent increase.

Conclusion

The prevalence burden of diabetes in China continues to increase, while mortality risk has decreased. Quality of care varies by diabetes type and age. Targeted optimization of diabetes care resource allocation is needed in the future, with emphasis on the extreme age groups and improvement of care quality for patients with T1DM.

, authors=Chen-xi WENG1, 2, Jie SU2, Li-xia CHEN2, authorsList=Chen-xi WENG, Jie SU, Li-xia CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li-xia CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350225382506562, articleId=1311350222425522224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=1990-2023年中国糖尿病疾病负担及其护理质量指数的变化趋势研究, columnId=1228016573844226129, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=疾病预防控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析1990-2023年中国糖尿病负担及护理质量指数(Quality of Care Index, QCI)变化趋势。

方法

提取糖尿病发病、患病与死亡等数据,采用年估计变化百分比(Estimated Annual Percentage Change, EAPC)评估负担趋势;通过主成分分析构建QCI,比较不同年龄、性别及糖尿病分型的QCI差异,并分析QCI的长期变化趋势。

结果

总患病人数及年龄标准化发病率均呈显著上升趋势(EAPC=0.79%,95%CI: 0.62%~0.97%),而年龄标准化死亡率呈显著下降趋势(EAPC=-0.68%,95%CI: -0.87%~-0.48%),2型糖尿病变化趋势与总体一致。主成分分析显示,其第一主成分解释总方差的86.0%。QCI随年龄增长总体下降,QCI性别差异无统计学差异,而1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病及总糖尿病人群的QCI存在显著差异(adjusted P<0.001)。1990—2023年间,T1DM的QCI呈持续缓慢下降态势,T2DM的QCI呈先降后升、整体波动回升的特征。

结论

中国糖尿病患病负担持续加重但死亡风险降低,护理质量因分型和年龄而异,未来需针对性优化糖尿病护理资源配置,重点关注极端年龄阶段人群并加强1型糖尿病患者护理质量。

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翁晨曦(1990—),男,硕士在读,主管护师,研究方向:重症护理、糖尿病

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陈丽霞,E-mail:
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注:ASIR,年龄标准化发病率;EAPC,年度变化百分比;ASMR,年龄标准化死亡率;DM,糖尿病;T1DM,1型糖尿病;T2DM,2型糖尿病。

, figureFileSmall=TanspE6hymXGz32SE73e6Q==, figureFileBig=5lMdGq2Rnp9H+Jyd3Idd7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350227202834528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350222425522224, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Age-related trends in QCI scores (A) and comparison of QCI by sex across different diabetes types (B), figureFileSmall=cqOBeuK4J2SDJ8iat3tHnQ==, figureFileBig=OPYQvFtjdJrS/pjT07TZ1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350227282526305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350222425522224, language=CN, label=图2, caption=QCI评分的年龄变化趋势(A)及在不同糖尿病分型中的性别分布差异比较(B), figureFileSmall=cqOBeuK4J2SDJ8iat3tHnQ==, figureFileBig=OPYQvFtjdJrS/pjT07TZ1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350227383189602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350222425522224, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Trend of QCI of diabetes in China from 1990 to 2023, 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1990-2023年中国糖尿病疾病负担及其护理质量指数的变化趋势研究
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翁晨曦 1, 2 , 苏杰 2 , 陈丽霞 2
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2026,53(14): 2662-2667
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现代预防医学 |疾病预防控制 2026 , 53 (14) : 2662 -2667
1990-2023年中国糖尿病疾病负担及其护理质量指数的变化趋势研究
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翁晨曦1, 2, 苏杰2, 陈丽霞2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江中医药大学护理学院,浙江 杭州 310000
  • 2.浙江大学医学院附属第四医院,国际医学院,国际健康医学研究院,护理部
通讯作者:
陈丽霞,E-mail:
作者简介:

翁晨曦(1990—),男,硕士在读,主管护师,研究方向:重症护理、糖尿病

Trends of the disease burden of diabetes mellitus and its nursing quality index, China, 1990-2023
Chen-xi WENG1, 2, Jie SU2, Li-xia CHEN2
Affiliations
  • School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602208
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目的

分析1990-2023年中国糖尿病负担及护理质量指数(Quality of Care Index, QCI)变化趋势。

方法

提取糖尿病发病、患病与死亡等数据,采用年估计变化百分比(Estimated Annual Percentage Change, EAPC)评估负担趋势;通过主成分分析构建QCI,比较不同年龄、性别及糖尿病分型的QCI差异,并分析QCI的长期变化趋势。

结果

总患病人数及年龄标准化发病率均呈显著上升趋势(EAPC=0.79%,95%CI: 0.62%~0.97%),而年龄标准化死亡率呈显著下降趋势(EAPC=-0.68%,95%CI: -0.87%~-0.48%),2型糖尿病变化趋势与总体一致。主成分分析显示,其第一主成分解释总方差的86.0%。QCI随年龄增长总体下降,QCI性别差异无统计学差异,而1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病及总糖尿病人群的QCI存在显著差异(adjusted P<0.001)。1990—2023年间,T1DM的QCI呈持续缓慢下降态势,T2DM的QCI呈先降后升、整体波动回升的特征。

结论

中国糖尿病患病负担持续加重但死亡风险降低,护理质量因分型和年龄而异,未来需针对性优化糖尿病护理资源配置,重点关注极端年龄阶段人群并加强1型糖尿病患者护理质量。

糖尿病  /  疾病负担  /  护理质量指数
Objective

To analyze the trends of diabetes burden and Quality of Care Index (QCI) in China from 1990 to 2023.

Methods

Data on diabetes incidence, prevalence and mortality were extracted. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to evaluate the burden trends. QCI was constructed using principal component analysis. Differences in QCI by age, sex and diabetes type were compared. Long-term temporal trends in QCI from 1990 to 2023 were further analyzed.

Results

The total prevalence and age-standardized incidence increased significantly (EAPC=0.79%, 95%CI: 0.62%-0.97%), while age-standardized mortality decreased significantly (EAPC=-0.68%, 95%CI: -0.87%- -0.48%). Trends in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were consistent with the overall pattern. The first principal component explained 86.0% of the total variance. QCI generally decreased with age, with no statistically significant sex difference. QCI differed significantly among type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), T2DM and overall diabetes (adjusted P<0.001). During the period from 1990 to 2023, T1DM demonstrated a consistent gradual decline in QCI; in contrast, T2DM displayed an initial decline followed by a subsequent increase.

Conclusion

The prevalence burden of diabetes in China continues to increase, while mortality risk has decreased. Quality of care varies by diabetes type and age. Targeted optimization of diabetes care resource allocation is needed in the future, with emphasis on the extreme age groups and improvement of care quality for patients with T1DM.

Diabetes mellitus  /  Disease burden  /  Quality of Care Index
翁晨曦, 苏杰, 陈丽霞. 1990-2023年中国糖尿病疾病负担及其护理质量指数的变化趋势研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (14) : 2662 -2667 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602208
Chen-xi WENG, Jie SU, Li-xia CHEN. Trends of the disease burden of diabetes mellitus and its nursing quality index, China, 1990-2023[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (14) : 2662 -2667 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602208
糖尿病作为一种复杂的慢性非传染性疾病,已成为威胁全球公共健康的重大挑战之一,随着人口老龄化以及空气污染和肥胖等环境和行为风险的增加,糖尿病给全球带来了巨大且不断加重的健康和经济负担。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的诊断标准,2021年,全球超过10%的成年人(5.37亿人)患有糖尿病,而中国成人糖尿病患病率已达11.2%(95%CI: 10.5%~11.9%)[1],其中20~79岁的糖尿病患者中国位居首位,而糖尿病医疗支出中中国位居第二(2021年约1653亿美元)[2],预计到2030年,中国糖尿病的总经济负担将达到4604亿美元[3]。糖尿病不仅造成了沉重的疾病负担,还作为诱因引发了心血管疾病、肾病、视力损伤乃至截肢等一系列严重并发症[4]。因此,准确评估中国糖尿病的疾病负担,对于制定有效的公共卫生应对策略具有重要意义。
在慢性病管理中,护理质量指提供符合患者需求、循证且能有效改善健康结局的医疗服务,在糖尿病防控体系中具有重要地位[5]。然而,尽管国家持续推进分级诊疗与慢病管理政策,我国糖尿病患者的诊疗链条仍存在筛查、用药到血糖控制等环节衔接不畅的问题[6],且长期缺乏可跨时间、跨人群比较的标准化护理质量评估工具。Mohammadi等[7]在癌症领域提出了一种基于全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease Study,GBD)中6个关键维度的综合评价方法——护理质量指数(Quality of Care Index, QCI)。该指数通过整合发病率、患病率、死亡率等核心要素,构建了一个具有较强方法学通用性的评估框架。鉴于糖尿病作为典型慢性病,同样涉及长期随访、多环节干预与系统性照护,将其延伸应用于糖尿病领域将有助于量化不同人群、地区或时期的医疗服务质量差异。因此,本研究旨在利用2023年GBD数据库,系统分析1990—2023年中国糖尿病疾病负担的动态变化,并在此基础上应用QCI指标分析糖尿病护理质量的变化趋势及年龄、性别、分型差异,为未来优化资源配置、完善糖尿病防治策略提供科学依据。
本研究的数据来源于华盛顿大学健康指标与评估研究所(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, IHME)领导的2023年全球疾病负担研究,研究基于1990—2023年GBD研究中关于中国全年龄人群的糖尿病相关数据,原始数据收集已获得相关机构伦理审批,本研究仅进行二次分析,无需额外获得伦理批准。根据《国际疾病与相关健康问题统计分类(第十次修订本)》(International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, ICD-10),GBD中1型糖尿病(Type 1 diabetes mellitus,T1DM)的疾病编码为E10,2型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)的疾病编码为E11。总体糖尿病(Diabetes mellitus,DM)指标采用GBD数据库提供的总合并估算值,由于该总负担包含了未分型及其他特定类型糖尿病的贡献,因此不等同于1型与2型糖尿病数据的直接累加。
一级指标:本研究从GBD数据中提取6个核心疾病负担指标:(1)死亡数(Deaths),反映根本死因为糖尿病的死亡人数总量;(2)残疾损失生命年(Years lived with disability, YLDs)以患病人数、伤残权重与平均病程的乘积衡量非致死性残疾损失;(3)生命损失年(Years of life lost, YLLs)计算当年死亡所致的寿命损失,聚焦早死负担;(4)伤残调整生命年(Disability adjusted life years, DALYs):综合早死与残疾,量化每10万人中的健康生命年;(5)患病率(Prevalence)为现存病例总数,按10万人口标准化;(6)发病率(Incidence)为年度新发糖尿病病例,同样按10万人口标准化。所有指标均按GBD统一标准人口进行年龄标准化。
二级指标:4个二级指标用于间接评估护理质量。(1)生命损失年与残疾损失生命年之比(Years of Life Lost to Years Lived with Disability Ratio,YLR):YLLs与YLDs的比值,反映疾病导致的早逝与生活质量下降的平衡;(2)伤残调整生命年与患病率比值(Disability-Adjusted Life Years to Prevalence Ratio,DPR):DALYs与患病率的比值,评估疾病对健康的相对影响;(3)死亡率与发病率比(Mortality to Incidence Ratio,MIR):衡量疾病致死率;(4)患病率与发病率比(Prevalence to Incidence Ratio,PIR):反映疾病持续性与新发病例的关系。将上述四个二级指标标准化后进一步进行主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA),提取第一主成分为PCA得分,通过将其标准化得分范围(0~100%)线性映射为分数,分数越高代表更优的护理质量。具体的计算公式如下:
所有统计分析均通过R软件(版本 4.5.2)进行。首先提取上述六个核心指标计算年龄标准化发病率(Age-standardized incidence rate, ASIR)与年龄标准化死亡率(Age-standardized mortality rate, ASMR)。为评估1990—2023年的长期变化趋势,采用估计年度百分比变化(Estimated annual percentage change, EAPC)进行分析,通过以各年份ASR的自然对数为因变量、日历年份为自变量拟合线性回归模型,EAPC值及其95%置信区间(Confidence Interval, CI)由回归系数(β)导出,计算公式为EAPC=100×(exp(β)- 1)。若EAPC的95%CI不包含0,则认为变化趋势具有统计学意义。基于2023年数据进一步对QCI指标在不同糖尿病人群分型以及年龄趋势进行分析,性别间QCI的分布差异采用Wilcoxon秩和检验,不同类型糖尿病的QCI组间比较采用非参数Kruskal-Wallis H检验,若整体差异显著则进一步进行Dunn’s事后检验并应用Bonferroni校正,以校正P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。为消除人口结构造成的混杂偏倚,本研究采用分年龄组人口数进行加权,通过计算年度年龄标化QCI分析其长期变化趋势。
1990—2023年中国总的糖尿病患病人数由45 269 268(95% 不确定区间(Uncertainty Interval, UI): 40 399 133~50 960 132)上升至109 433 794(95%UI:100 212 220~120 024 317),死亡数由1990年的73 261(95%UI:54 837~93 027)增长至2023年的174 734(95%UI:136 449~212 899);此外,ASIR为从178.54(95%UI: 160.09~196.83)/10万人增长至216.92(95%UI: 198.78~235.32)/10万人,呈显著上升趋势,而ASMR为从9.38(95%UI: 7.02~12.05)/10万人降低至7.73(95%UI:6.03~9.39)/10万人,下降趋势显著。糖尿病患者类型以T2DM为主,其ASIR从1990年的176.69/10万人(95%UI: 158.22~195.12)增长至2023年的214.30/10万人(95%UI: 196.11~233.14),而ASMR从8.79(95%UI: 6.53~11.42)降至7.54(95%UI: 5.83~9.21)。各类型糖尿病 ASIR 及 ASMR 的变化趋势与EAPC详见图1。
本研究基于6个基础指标构建了QCI指标。主成分分析结果显示,第一主成分解释了总方差的86.0%(特征值=3.44),提示可作为构建综合QCI的核心依据。各二级指标在第一主成分上的标准化载荷均较高(YLR:0.96;PIR:0.94;MIR:0.92;DPR:0.89),提示对综合QCI指数均有强正向贡献。模型对变量间相关结构的拟合良好(基于非对角线元素的拟合指数=0.98)。
总的糖尿病分析结果显示,无论男性或女性,QCI分数随年龄增加总体呈逐渐下降趋势(图2A),其中当年龄≥80岁后QCI下降趋势加剧。对糖尿病分型进行不同性别的QCI组间比较,结果显示,男性与女性在各糖尿病分型间差异均不具有统计学意义(图2B)。为了比较不同类型糖尿病的QCI,本研究对2023年数据进行了Dunn’s事后检验(Bonferroni校正)。T1DM、T2DM及总体糖尿病患者的QCI中位数(四分位间距)分别为19.20(17.27~22.15)、14.36(14.13~15.62)及14.94(14.28~16.48),Kruskal-Wallis H检验显示,三种糖尿病类型的QCI存在显著差异(χ2=115.05, P<0.001)。进一步的事后检验结果表明,T1DM与T2DM(Z=10.12, adjusted P<0.001)、T1DM与总的糖尿病(Z=7.97, adjusted P<0.001)以及T2DM与总的糖尿病(Z=-2.48, adjusted P=0.020)之间的QCI值均存在显著差异。
1990—2023年中国1型与2型糖尿病QCI变化趋势见图3。基于人口年龄结构加权计算的QCI结果显示,T1DM的QCI整体呈持续缓慢下降趋势,由1990年的23.40逐步降至2023年的18.23,期间整体走势平稳。T2DM的QCI则呈先降后升、整体波动平稳的特征,由1990年的11.00小幅波动后逐步下降,在2013年降至8.77,随后缓慢回升至2023年的10.88,整体处于9.00~11.50区间。
本研究基于GBD 2023数据集系统分析了1990—2023年中国糖尿病疾病负担的演变轨迹,结果显示,2023年中国约有1.09亿(95%UI: 1.00~1.20)糖尿病患者,其中T2DM是发病率和死亡率最高的亚型(ASIR为214.30/10万,ASMR为7.54/10万)。这一研究结果与全球糖尿病疾病负担研究结果趋势相一致[8]。虽然在不同类型的糖尿病中发展趋势存在波动,但总体ASIR均呈现缓慢增长趋势(DM、T1DM及T2DM的EAPC分别为0.79%、1.27%、0.79%),这与中国快速城市化、老龄化、肥胖流行及生活方式西方化密切相关;但ASMR呈明显下降趋势(DM、T1DM及T2DM的EAPC分别为-0.68%、-3.98%、-0.54%),表明在疾病负担总量扩大的背景下,致死性风险得到有效控制,这可能得益于2009年中国基本公共卫生服务将糖尿病纳入慢病管理[9-10],推动了早期筛查与规范用药,以及以“国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心(National Metabolic Management Center, MMC)”为代表的整合照护模式逐步推广[11-12],共同促进了血糖、血压和血脂的综合改善。
近年糖尿病治疗领域的突破有望进一步提升整体照护质量。一方面连续性血糖监测(continuous glucose monitoring, CGM)[13]、自动胰岛素输注(automated insulin delivery,AID)系统及AI辅助决策系统[14-15]的普及增强了个体化管理能力,缩短了从诊断到有效控制的时间窗口。此外,具有明确心肾保护证据的降糖药物(如GLP-1受体激动剂)[16]已逐步纳入国家医保目录并在临床广泛应用;免疫治疗药物[17-18]及细胞治疗[19-20]等创新疗法的出现有望进一步推动糖尿病治疗策略从“单纯降糖”向“以结局为导向”的综合管理模式转变。
本研究通过主成分分析整合四个二级质量指标,构建了解释力强(累计方差贡献率达86.0%)的QCI以全面量化糖尿病照护水平。基于2023年不同年龄组的QCI分布特征,结果显示5~9岁儿童及80岁以上高龄人群的QCI水平较前一年龄组出现大幅降低,提示当前糖尿病管理体系对极端年龄阶段脆弱群体的适应性不足。QCI较低可能源于多重结构性挑战,低龄人群中以T1DM为主,其QCI虽高于T2DM,但整体仍处于较低水平,而目前无论高收入还是低收入地区,T1DM的规范化诊疗资源高度集中于大城市医院[21],基层医疗机构在胰岛素规范化管理方面的能力普遍不足[22];加之儿童患者高度依赖家庭照护,自我管理能力薄弱,若缺乏持续随访,极易导致治疗依从性下降和急性并发症风险升高。面对日益严峻的儿童青少年糖尿病流行态势,《中国糖尿病防治指南(2024版本)》[23]增加了儿童和青少年糖尿病章节,标志着国家层面对低龄人群照护需求的重视,此外,《健康中国行动—糖尿病防治行动实施方案(2024—2030年)》[24]的推出,进一步明确了构建覆盖健康教育、行为干预、环境支持和医疗协同的全链条防控体系。
高龄患者常因认知功能减退合并多种慢性疾病[25]导致医疗需求高度复杂;同时,多重用药易引发药物相互作用与不良反应[26],进一步削弱患者的耐受性与依从性。当前临床实践中仍缺乏针对老年复杂共病患者血糖管理的综合评估与个体化决策流程,难以在血糖控制、心肾保护与功能维持之间实现合理平衡。未来有必要进一步推动多学科协作机制,建立系统性、连续性的高质量糖尿病照护,从而提升照护质量。值得注意的是,既往研究[27]指出,受生理机制及社会因素影响,糖尿病的疾病负担在不同性别间存在显著的生物学差异。然而,本研究结果显示不同性别的QCI差异无统计学意义,作为衡量诊疗实效的综合指标,其在性别间的均等性提示尽管男女患者的生物学特征不同,但在我国基本医疗保险制度下,医疗系统对男性和女性患者的健康结局控制能力是相似的,这表明现行医保制度有效保障了不同性别患者在糖尿病诊疗中享有同等的健康获益。
本研究的优势在于采用国际可比的GBD权威数据,时间跨度长达34年,通过在中国情境下应用并验证适用于糖尿病患者的QCI,为糖尿病照护质量评估提供新见解。然而,本研究亦存在局限性:(1)GBD数据虽经严格建模校正,但在某些偏远地区可能存在漏报或诊断不足;(2)本研究主要聚焦全国整体水平的趋势分析,受公开数据所限,未能按城乡、区域及经济发展水平等进行分层比较,无法揭示不同人群与地区间糖尿病负担及护理质量的异质性。
本研究显示,1990—2023年中国糖尿病疾病负担呈现“总量上升、强度下降”趋势,T2DM主导流行格局。基于多维指标构建的QCI揭示显著结构性不平等。T1DM患者QCI整体呈持续缓慢下降趋势,而T2DM患者QCI则表现为先降后升、整体波动回升的变化特征,这凸显当前体系对T1DM等脆弱群体支持不足。未来需在巩固T2DM防控成效的同时,通过技术可及性提升、基层能力强化和医保覆盖扩展,推动两类糖尿病患者照护质量协同提升,实现更公平、高效的糖尿病综合管理。

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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602208
  • 接收时间:2026-02-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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    1.浙江中医药大学护理学院,浙江 杭州 310000
    2.浙江大学医学院附属第四医院,国际医学院,国际健康医学研究院,护理部

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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