Article(id=1311350550357173076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350363295417204, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602099, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1770566400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579934919, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1787587200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579934919, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579934919, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579934919, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311350363295417204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='16', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3072', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787587200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579890321, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790584112451, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311368072267653663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350363295417204, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311368072267653664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350363295417204, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2949, endPage=2955, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350550554305365, articleId=1311350550357173076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Joint multi-indicator spatiotemporal evaluation of maternal healthcare services in China with consideration of inequity, spatial clustering and key determinants, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the spatiotemporal inequity and determinants of maternal healthcare service levels across Chinese provinces.

Methods

Based on panel data from 31 provinces in China (2010—2020), a composite maternal healthcare service index was constructed using the entropy weight method. Spatial Gini coefficient, spatiotemporal cluster, and outlier analyses were employed to reveal the evolution of spatial inequity and geographical agglomeration patterns. The Bayesian spatiotemporally varying coefficients (BSTVC) model and spatiotemporal variance partitioning index (STVPI) were then applied to quantify the spatiotemporally heterogeneous effects of socioeconomic and environmental factors.

Results

Persistent spatial inequity exists in China’s maternal healthcare services, exhibiting a solidified pattern of “high in the north, low in the west, and rising in the central region.” Socioeconomic factors contributed 59.66% to the overall spatiotemporal disparity, making them the dominant drivers, among which illiteracy rate accounted for 36.69% as the most critical inhibitory factor.

Conclusion

Although the overall equity of maternal healthcare services in China has improved, significant regional disparities persist. Time- and location-specific interventions are required to promote balanced development of maternal health services.

, authors=Yuan-rui CHEN1, Jin XUE1, 2, Xin-yi TANG1, Xiu-feng XIE3, Peng ZHAO1, Zhang-ying TANG3, Xiu-li WANG1, 2, 4, Chao SONG1, 2, 4, authorsList=Yuan-rui CHEN, Jin XUE, Xin-yi TANG, Xiu-feng XIE, Peng ZHAO, Zhang-ying TANG, Xiu-li WANG, Chao SONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chao SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350555008656242, articleId=1311350550357173076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=顾及不公平、地理集聚与关键因素的中国孕产妇保健服务多指标联合时空评价, columnId=1228016570031604578, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=儿少卫生与妇幼保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨我国各省份孕产妇保健服务水平的多项指标在时空分布上的不公平性及其影响因素。

方法

基于2010—2020年中国31个省份的面板数据,通过熵权法构建孕产妇保健服务综合指数,运用空间基尼系数、时空聚类与异常值分析揭示其时空公平性演变与地理集聚特征,借助贝叶斯时空变系数模型与时空方差分割指标量化社会经济与环境因素的时空异质性影响。

结果

我国孕产妇保健服务存在持续的空间不公平性,呈现“北高西低、中部崛起”的固化集聚格局;社会经济因素的总贡献率为59.66%,是孕产妇保健服务时空分异的主导因素,其中文盲率的贡献率为36.69%,是最关键的抑制因子。

结论

我国孕产妇保健服务公平性虽整体呈改善趋势,但地区间差异依然显著,需开展时空差异化的精准干预,以推动孕产妇健康服务的动态均衡发展。

, authors=陈爰睿1, 薛锦1, 2, 唐欣怡1, 解修峰3, 赵芃1, 唐章英3, 王秀丽1, 2, 4, 宋超1, 2, 4, authorsList=陈爰睿, 薛锦, 唐欣怡, 解修峰, 赵芃, 唐章英, 王秀丽, 宋超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋超, authorNote=

陈爰睿(2004—),女,本科在读,研究方向:时空卫生统计、全域人群健康

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宋超,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+qjIhKnuxEovA0L0QiBQbA==, magXml=R7dfRTCzu/NhPGDaHWqGEA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=pyuS1qniSliNuFFeXM9StA==, pdfFileSize=2043026, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=uUpb6uDQ8i6ky3SxyjlLcg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=bAVgRr0kNfi1oeXx+BvLHw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1311350555528749949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311350555604247423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, authorId=1311350555528749949, language=EN, stringName=Yuan-rui CHEN, firstName=Yuan-rui, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311350555675550592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, authorId=1311350555528749949, language=CN, stringName=陈爰睿, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041, bio={"content":"

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2.四川大学健康城市发展研究中心、西部农村卫生发展研究中心
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2.四川大学健康城市发展研究中心、西部农村卫生发展研究中心
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BMC Health Services Research, 2024, 24(1): 1333., articleTitle=A scoping review of the impact of extreme weather events on health outcomes and healthcare utilization in rural and remote areas, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311350562931696577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, awardId=2026NSFSC0215, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省自然科学基金项目(2026NSFSC0215), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350562990416834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, awardId=42071379, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(42071379), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311350555205788531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350555214177140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, companyId=1311350555205788531, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350555222565749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, companyId=1311350555205788531, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350555285480310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350555293868919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, companyId=1311350555285480310, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.四川大学健康城市发展研究中心、西部农村卫生发展研究中心)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350555369366392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350555373560697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, companyId=1311350555369366392, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院、油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350555453252474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350555461641083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, companyId=1311350555453252474, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311350561929257909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Spatiotemporal distribution of inequity in maternal health care services in China from 2010 to 2020, figureFileSmall=WbB7bzIBoRTb73KowuG0SA==, figureFileBig=uUpb6uDQ8i6ky3SxyjlLcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350562008949686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2010—2020年中国孕产妇保健服务时空不公平性分布

注:图A为2010、2013、2016、2020年中国省级孕产妇保健服务综合指数空间分布图,底图基于自然资源部标准地图GS(2024)0650号绘制,边界未修改;图B为2010—2020年中国孕产妇保健服务各指标及综合指数的空间基尼系数变化趋势。

, figureFileSmall=WbB7bzIBoRTb73KowuG0SA==, figureFileBig=uUpb6uDQ8i6ky3SxyjlLcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350562206081975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Spatial clustering and outlier distribution of the comprehensive index of provincial maternal health care services in 2010, 2016, and 2020, figureFileSmall=bfpZSz8Ju7j/6Mz93NTkPw==, figureFileBig=iNiwb3Z5JGF7MybvV1P/9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350562281579448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2010、2016和2020年省域孕产妇保健服务综合指数的空间聚类与异常值分布

注:底图基于自然资源部标准地图GS(2024)0650号绘制,边界未修改;图A、B、C分别为2010年、2016年、2020年省域孕产妇保健服务综合指数的局部空间自相关分析结果图。

, figureFileSmall=bfpZSz8Ju7j/6Mz93NTkPw==, figureFileBig=iNiwb3Z5JGF7MybvV1P/9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350562352882617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Temporally heterogeneous associations between the comprehensive index of provincial maternal health care services and its influencing factors in China from 2010 to 2020, figureFileSmall=lD2fuEm+vEZ4CscHc0TC5w==, figureFileBig=tLpPRnFODgjygjR8ve/XoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350562419991482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2010—2020年中国省级孕产妇保健服务综合指数与影响因素之间的时间异质关联效应, figureFileSmall=lD2fuEm+vEZ4CscHc0TC5w==, figureFileBig=tLpPRnFODgjygjR8ve/XoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350562487100347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Spatially heterogeneous associations between the comprehensive index of provincial maternal health care services and its influencing factors in China from 2010 to 2020, figureFileSmall=P+w8bs+EuLsoW6h04V+SJQ==, figureFileBig=9BMcZz3D28TbEe9YdOLAVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350562554209212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, language=CN, label=图4, caption=中国2010—2020年省域孕产妇保健服务综合指数与影响因素之间的空间异质关联效应

注:底图基于自然资源部标准地图GS(2024)0650号绘制,边界未修改;图A为NDVI(归一化植被指数)、气温、降水量、日照时数的空间回归系数分布图;图B为人均政府支出、人均GDP、个人卫生支出占卫生总费用比重、生育保险参保率的空间回归系数分布图;图C为单位面积旅客周转量、NO2、每千名孕产妇拥有的妇幼保健卫生人员数、每千名孕产妇拥有的妇产科床位数的空间回归系数分布图;图D为文盲率的空间回归系数分布图。

, figureFileSmall=P+w8bs+EuLsoW6h04V+SJQ==, figureFileBig=9BMcZz3D28TbEe9YdOLAVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350562621318077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Spatiotemporal relative contribution percentages and uncertainties of explanatory factors to the comprehensive index of maternal health care services, as quantified by the Spatiotemporal Variance Partitioning Index (STVPI), figureFileSmall=0zIIgFVpz+elbdw5oZnr9g==, figureFileBig=l6npjWqIAn00Sl/JHhwFDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350562688426942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350550357173076, language=CN, label=图5, caption=时空方差分割指标(STVPI)量化的解释因子对孕产妇保健服务综合指标的时空相对贡献百分比及其不确定性

注:其中解释因素包括人均GDP (X1)、人均政府卫生支出(X2)、每千名孕产妇拥有的妇产科床位数 (X3)、每千名孕产妇拥有的妇幼保健卫生人员数 (X4)、生育保险参保率(X5)、个人卫生支出占卫生总费用比重(X6)、文盲率(X7)、NDVI(X8)、降水量(X9)、气温(X10)、日照时数(X11)、NO2 (X12)和单位面积旅客周转量(X13)。

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Socioeconomic and environmental variable indicator system

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变量编号变量名单位
SE1人均国内生产总值(GDP)元
SE2人均政府卫生支出亿元
SE3每千名孕产妇拥有的妇产科床位数张
SE4每千名孕产妇拥有的妇幼保健卫生人员数人
SE5生育保险参保率百分数(%)
SE6个人卫生支出占卫生总费用比重百分数(%)
SE7文盲率百分数(%)
EX1归一化植被指数(NDVI)
EX2夜间灯光指数
EX3降水量毫米(mm)
EX4气温摄氏度(℃)
EX5相对湿度百分数(%)
EX6日照时间小时
EX7可吸入颗粒物(PM10)微克/立方米(μg/m3)
EX8二氧化氮(NO2)微克/立方米(μg/m3)
EX9单位面积旅客周转量亿人公里/万平方公里
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社会经济与环境变量指标体系

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变量编号变量名单位
SE1人均国内生产总值(GDP)元
SE2人均政府卫生支出亿元
SE3每千名孕产妇拥有的妇产科床位数张
SE4每千名孕产妇拥有的妇幼保健卫生人员数人
SE5生育保险参保率百分数(%)
SE6个人卫生支出占卫生总费用比重百分数(%)
SE7文盲率百分数(%)
EX1归一化植被指数(NDVI)
EX2夜间灯光指数
EX3降水量毫米(mm)
EX4气温摄氏度(℃)
EX5相对湿度百分数(%)
EX6日照时间小时
EX7可吸入颗粒物(PM10)微克/立方米(μg/m3)
EX8二氧化氮(NO2)微克/立方米(μg/m3)
EX9单位面积旅客周转量亿人公里/万平方公里
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顾及不公平、地理集聚与关键因素的中国孕产妇保健服务多指标联合时空评价
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陈爰睿 1 , 薛锦 1, 2 , 唐欣怡 1 , 解修峰 3 , 赵芃 1 , 唐章英 3 , 王秀丽 1, 2, 4 , 宋超 1, 2, 4
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026,53(16): 2949-2955
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现代预防医学 |儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026 , 53 (16) : 2949 -2955
顾及不公平、地理集聚与关键因素的中国孕产妇保健服务多指标联合时空评价
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陈爰睿1, 薛锦1, 2, 唐欣怡1, 解修峰3, 赵芃1, 唐章英3, 王秀丽1, 2, 4, 宋超1, 2, 4
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.四川大学健康城市发展研究中心、西部农村卫生发展研究中心
  • 3.西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院、油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室
  • 4.主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室
通讯作者:
宋超,E-mail:
作者简介:

陈爰睿(2004—),女,本科在读,研究方向:时空卫生统计、全域人群健康

Joint multi-indicator spatiotemporal evaluation of maternal healthcare services in China with consideration of inequity, spatial clustering and key determinants
Yuan-rui CHEN1, Jin XUE1, 2, Xin-yi TANG1, Xiu-feng XIE3, Peng ZHAO1, Zhang-ying TANG3, Xiu-li WANG1, 2, 4, Chao SONG1, 2, 4
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2026-08-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602099
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目的

探讨我国各省份孕产妇保健服务水平的多项指标在时空分布上的不公平性及其影响因素。

方法

基于2010—2020年中国31个省份的面板数据,通过熵权法构建孕产妇保健服务综合指数,运用空间基尼系数、时空聚类与异常值分析揭示其时空公平性演变与地理集聚特征,借助贝叶斯时空变系数模型与时空方差分割指标量化社会经济与环境因素的时空异质性影响。

结果

我国孕产妇保健服务存在持续的空间不公平性,呈现“北高西低、中部崛起”的固化集聚格局;社会经济因素的总贡献率为59.66%,是孕产妇保健服务时空分异的主导因素,其中文盲率的贡献率为36.69%,是最关键的抑制因子。

结论

我国孕产妇保健服务公平性虽整体呈改善趋势,但地区间差异依然显著,需开展时空差异化的精准干预,以推动孕产妇健康服务的动态均衡发展。

孕产妇保健服务  /  多指标  /  时空异质驱动因素  /  贝叶斯时空变系数模型  /  时空方差分割指标
Objective

To investigate the spatiotemporal inequity and determinants of maternal healthcare service levels across Chinese provinces.

Methods

Based on panel data from 31 provinces in China (2010—2020), a composite maternal healthcare service index was constructed using the entropy weight method. Spatial Gini coefficient, spatiotemporal cluster, and outlier analyses were employed to reveal the evolution of spatial inequity and geographical agglomeration patterns. The Bayesian spatiotemporally varying coefficients (BSTVC) model and spatiotemporal variance partitioning index (STVPI) were then applied to quantify the spatiotemporally heterogeneous effects of socioeconomic and environmental factors.

Results

Persistent spatial inequity exists in China’s maternal healthcare services, exhibiting a solidified pattern of “high in the north, low in the west, and rising in the central region.” Socioeconomic factors contributed 59.66% to the overall spatiotemporal disparity, making them the dominant drivers, among which illiteracy rate accounted for 36.69% as the most critical inhibitory factor.

Conclusion

Although the overall equity of maternal healthcare services in China has improved, significant regional disparities persist. Time- and location-specific interventions are required to promote balanced development of maternal health services.

Maternal healthcare services  /  Multi-indicator  /  Spatiotemporal heterogeneous drivers  /  BSTVC model  /  STVPI
陈爰睿, 薛锦, 唐欣怡, 解修峰, 赵芃, 唐章英, 王秀丽, 宋超. 顾及不公平、地理集聚与关键因素的中国孕产妇保健服务多指标联合时空评价. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (16) : 2949 -2955 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602099
Yuan-rui CHEN, Jin XUE, Xin-yi TANG, Xiu-feng XIE, Peng ZHAO, Zhang-ying TANG, Xiu-li WANG, Chao SONG. Joint multi-indicator spatiotemporal evaluation of maternal healthcare services in China with consideration of inequity, spatial clustering and key determinants[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (16) : 2949 -2955 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602099
孕产妇健康是衡量社会进步与卫生公平性的核心指标,全球可持续发展议程3(SDG3)明确将其列为重点目标[1]。孕产妇保健作为实现这一目标的关键支撑[2],特指医疗机构为女性在备孕、怀孕、分娩至产后恢复期间提供的系统性保健服务。尽管在《中国妇女发展纲要》等政策推动下,中国孕产妇健康水平已显著提升[3],但省域间保健服务不平衡问题依然突出,中西部地区尤为明显[4]。因此,从地域差异视角探究其空间不公平性格局与时间演变规律,明晰关键时空影响因素,对优化资源配置具有重要意义[5]。
现有研究中,孕产妇保健服务水平多采用单指标、静态化的评价方法[6],虽揭示了空间分异,但未能构建多指标联合的时空评价体系[7],难以反映服务全过程质量。近年来,空间基尼系数、空间自相关、贝叶斯时空模型等先进健康医学地理分析方法已被应用于妇幼健康领域[8-9],但其主要关注孕产妇死亡率等结局指标[10],未将上述方法应用于孕产妇保健服务。且研究者在探究影响因素时,普遍关注家庭收入[11]、产妇文化程度[12]等社会经济因素,较少纳入自然环境因素,制约了对服务不公平形成机制的深入理解。
鉴于此,本研究以2010—2020年中国31个省份为研究对象,构建孕产妇保健服务综合指数,运用空间基尼系数[13]与聚类异常值分析[14]揭示其时空不公平性与集聚特征,采用贝叶斯时空变系数(Bayesian Spatiotemporally Varying Coefficients, BSTVC)模型与时空方差分割指标(Spatiotemporal Variance Partitioning Index, STVPI)[15],解析社会经济与环境因素的时空异质性影响,进而量化关键驱动因素的相对贡献。研究旨在为优化我国孕产妇保健资源区域配置、破解时空不公平困境、推动“健康中国”战略在妇幼健康领域的精准实施提供科学依据。
本研究以2010—2020年中国31个省份为研究对象。选取孕产妇建卡率、产前检查率、住院分娩率和系统管理率作为衡量孕产妇保健服务水平的指标。纳入16个潜在解释变量(社会经济类7个,环境类9个,见表1)。数据来源于《中国统计年鉴》《中国卫生统计年鉴》及地球资源数据云平台。
选取建卡率、产前检查率、住院分娩率和系统管理率四项核心指标,采用熵权法构建孕产妇保健服务综合指数。该法依据信息熵值的高低分配权重,从而规避主观赋值带来的干扰,计算公式如下:
其中,Tij表示第i个省的综合指数,Yij为标准化后的第j项指标值,Wij为对应权重。
(1)空间基尼系数:空间基尼系数通过纳入地区间的空间自相关效应,能够更准确地度量保健服务分布的空间不平等程度。本研究应用R 4.4.1软件的“lctools”包计算空间基尼系数。
其中,Xi和Xj分别为第i个和第j个省的综合指数;Wij表示空间权重,为全国平均水平。该值越接近0,表示空间分布越公平;反之则越不公平。
(2)空间聚类和异常值分析:本研究使用ArcGIS Pro 3.02,通过局部莫兰指数(Anselin Local Moran’s I)识别孕产妇保健服务在局部空间上的集聚与异常特征。该方法能够有效识别出高-高集聚(H-H)、低-低集聚(L-L),高-低异常(H-L)和低-高异常(L-H)四类空间模式。
其中,和分别为省份i和省份j标准化后的孕产妇保健服务综合指数,n表示省份总数。若Ii>0,表示省份i邻近的单位范围中存在“高-高”集聚或“低-低”集聚;若Ii<0,则该省邻近范围中存在“高-低”或“低-高”异常空间单元。
(1)筛选全局关键影响因素:为克服多重共线性,采用方差膨胀因子(Variance Inflation Factor, VIF)结合相关系数矩阵,对16个初选变量进行筛选,最终保留VIF小于10的变量。随后引入随机森林(Random Forest, RF)模型,基于均方误差增加百分比(%IncMSE)明确各变量的重要程度排序,最终筛选出全局关键影响因素。
(2)贝叶斯时空变系数模型:贝叶斯时空变系数模型(BSTVC)由宋超等提出、改进、发展并配套开发了其开源R包“BSTVC”[16]。该模型在一个独立、完整且统一的“全地图”框架下,同时估计各影响因素在空间和时间维度上的异质性回归系数,从而揭示解释变量与被解释变量之间关系的时空异质性,即时空非平稳性。与传统的全局回归模型相比,BSTVC允许回归系数随地理位置和时间变化,能够更精细地刻画影响机制的局部时空差异。此外,该模型还可结合STVPI量化各因素的时空相对贡献并识别关键因子[17]。BSTVC模型已成功应用于医疗资源时空评价[5,7,18]、妇幼健康差异分析[8]及自然灾害风险评估[19]等多个领域,展现出良好的跨学科适用性与解释力。
本研究采用的BSTVC模型如下:
式中,yi指的是综合指数在省份i和时间t的观测值;X表示选取的社会与自然环境影响因素;μik表示空间回归系数(SCs),反映第k个因素在省份i的空间异质影响(空间非平稳);γit为时间回归系数(TCs),反映第k个因素在年份t的时间异质影响(时间非平稳);εit为残差项。空间随机效应(SCs)通过iCAR潜在高斯模型估算,时间随机效应(TCs)通过RW潜在高斯模型拟合。
(3)时空方差分割指标:时空方差分解指标(STVPI)旨在量化不同时空异质影响因素的贡献度。基于BSTVC模型的后验参数,STVPI能够将每个解释变量的总方差拆解为空间非平稳效应与时间非平稳效应两部分,从而揭示数据变异的主要来源。单个影响因素的时空贡献度计算公式为:
式中,ρk是第k个解释因素对目标变量的时空可解释百分比;σμk和σγk分别为第k个解释因素的空间和时间方差组分;σε是残差项的方差组分。STVPI通过后验抽样理念同步输出50%和95%的贝叶斯可信区间,可直接用于不确定性评价。
图1(A)显示,我国各省孕产妇保健服务综合指数存在明显的空间差异:北京、江苏、浙江等省份的综合指数持续保持高水平;西藏、新疆、青海等西部省份则长期处于低水平;安徽、河南、海南等省的综合指数增长显著,综合指数的空间分布整体呈现“东部与北部沿海高、西部低、中部逐步提升”的非均衡格局。
空间基尼系数分析结果(图1B)表明,省级层面空间不公平性整体下降,但其演变呈现两阶段特征:2010—2015年呈现协同改善,各指标公平性同步提升;2016年后呈现分化波动,其中系统管理率波动最显著,建卡率也在2018年出现回升。而产前检查率与住院分娩率的基尼系数始终保持低位并呈稳步下降态势,其公平性已进入巩固阶段。
局部空间自相关分析结果(图2)显示了我国孕产妇保健“北高西低、中部崛起”的空间分异格局。高-高集聚区长期稳定分布于北方沿海及东北地区,低-低集聚区锁定于新疆、西藏等西部地区。河北、安徽、山西等省份在2014—2018年间呈现低-高异常类型。
为克服变量间多重共线性对模型稳定性的干扰,采用VIF进行初步筛选,剔除了夜间灯光指数。随后使用随机森林回归,进一步剔除相对湿度与PM10两个环境因子。最终保留了13个核心变量,包括7个社会经济因子和6个环境因子,依次命名为X1—X13。
图3展示了2010—2020年间各因子的时间回归系数(TCs)的变化趋势,两类因子对孕产妇保健服务综合指数的影响在时间维度上表现出显著的年份差异。社会经济因子中,人均GDP的正向影响强度随时间减弱;人均政府卫生支出由2011—2013年的微弱正向影响转为2014年后的稳定负向影响;文盲率和生育保险参保率呈稳定负向影响。在环境因子中,NDVI保持稳定的正向影响;气温和单位面积旅客周转量表现为稳定的负向影响;NO2的影响强度呈线性下降趋势。
图4表明两类因子对孕产妇保健服务的影响存在明显的空间异质性。人均政府卫生支出、生育保险参保率、文盲率、气温及单位面积旅客周转量在大多数省份呈正向影响,表明这些因素加剧了省际间的服务不公平。而个人卫生支出占比、妇产科床位数、妇幼保健人员数、人均GDP、降水量、日照时数、NO2与NDVI普遍呈现负向影响,起到缓解不公平的作用。部分因子的影响方向存在省际差异,如文盲率在青海省呈负向影响,NDVI在天津与西藏呈正向影响。
STVPI结果(图5)显示:BSTVC模型的解释度达98.36%(图5A),可信度良好。方差分解中,空间贡献率(77.22%)远高于时间贡献率(21.11%)(图5B)。社会经济因子的总贡献(59.66%)高于环境因子的总贡献(35.26%)(图5C)。
空间尺度上,贡献率排名前三的因子依次为文盲率(29.85%)、NDVI(15.85%)和单位面积旅客周转量(8.07%)(图5D);时间尺度上(图5E)解释力最高的因子为文盲率(6.33%),其次为人均政府卫生支出(2.56%)和人均GDP(1.90%);在时空尺度上(图5F),文盲率解释力最高(36.69%),其后依次为NDVI(16.75%)、单位面积旅客周转量(9.40%)和人均GDP(8.19%)。
2010—2020年间,我国孕产妇保健服务的空间不公平性整体呈下降趋势,反映出国家妇幼卫生投入增加与基本公共卫生服务均等化推进的成效[20]。2016年后的分化波动标志着服务公平性改善进入后期巩固阶段,单纯依靠资源总量扩张的边际效益递减,结构性问题开始凸显[21]。具体来看,建卡率的波动提示孕早期基础服务的可及性仍需加强;系统管理率波动最为显著,说明在产前检查、住院分娩等单次或节点性服务已实现高覆盖与高公平后,提供贯穿孕产期的全过程服务已成为新短板。这可能与传统属地化、分段式的管理模式难以适应流动人口跨机构就医有关[22],应从依赖资源总量扩张转向优化服务连续性与管理体系。
局部空间自相关分析表明,“高-高”与“低-低”集聚区的长期锁定与我国社会经济发展和医疗资源呈东、中、西部依次递减的分布梯度高度吻合[23]。若缺乏精准化干预,低值聚集地区与全国平均水平的差距将持续扩大,加剧“马太效应”[24]。低-高异常值省份提示在高水平集聚区域内部仍存在发展滞后。故应着力于打破低值区域的锁定效应,同时优化高值区域的内部不均衡。
时空方差分解表明,空间维度的贡献率远高于时间维度,说明服务不公平主要源于长期的空间固化格局,因此政策重心须置于缩小区域差异上。文盲率作为最关键的抑制因子,凸显了提升孕产妇健康素养的核心作用[25]。NDVI的正向影响印证了自然环境的积极作用,旅客周转量和气温的负向影响提示交通拥堵、人口流动与气象条件可能削弱服务的可及性[26]。因此孕产妇保健服务的提升不应局限于传统的社会经济因素改善,而应纳入区域发展规划、交通基础设施建设和生态环境保护的整体框架中。
基于上述时空不公平格局及关键影响因子分析,本研究提出以下政策建议:(1)提升系统管理率和建卡率。将系统管理率纳入重点考核,建立跨机构衔接机制;对流动孕产妇推行“一站式”早孕建卡。(2)依据空间格局精准干预。对西部低值区加强资源与人才帮扶,推广远程医疗;促进中部新晋省份经验共享,对河北、安徽等加强省内薄弱县区能力建设。(3)推动跨部门协同治理。在文盲率高地区结合健康教育开展扫盲宣教;将优质生态环境作为健康资源;在交通密集区优化就诊流程并推行预约与远程服务。上述聚焦时空特征、区域差异与关键因子的组合策略,旨在推动孕产妇保健服务从普遍覆盖迈向精准公平,助力“健康中国2030”在妇幼健康领域的实质性落地。
  • 四川省自然科学基金项目(2026NSFSC0215)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42071379)
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2026年第53卷第16期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602099
  • 接收时间:2026-02-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-09
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四川省自然科学基金项目(2026NSFSC0215)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42071379)
作者信息
    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
    2.四川大学健康城市发展研究中心、西部农村卫生发展研究中心
    3.西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院、油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室
    4.主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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