Article(id=1311349802563109144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349802038821144, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1770048000000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579756632, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1783612800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579756632, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579756632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579756632, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349802038821144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='13', pageStart='2305', pageEnd='2496', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783612800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579756507, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588376143, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385955492258162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349802038821144, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385955496452467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349802038821144, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2371, endPage=2378, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311349802768630041, articleId=1311349802563109144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Contamination characteristics and dietary risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in commercially available mutton and its by-products in Lanzhou, columnId=1228016572783063333, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Food Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the contamination characteristics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in mutton and its by-products sold in Lanzhou and assess the associated health risks through dietary exposure.

Methods

A total of 88 samples of mutton and sheep offal were collected. The presence of 25 PFAS was systematically analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and dietary exposure risks were evaluated using the hazard ratio (HR).

Results

The overall detection rate of PFAS was 79.54%, with the most significant contamination observed in sheep liver, where the detection rate reached 100%. PFBA and PFOS were the predominant monomers detected. Under the current consumption pattern, the HRs for PFBA, PFOS, and PFDS in mutton and its by-products were all less than 1. The exposure risk of PFOS in sheep liver was significantly higher than that in other tissues, and the HR in children was approximately 2.4 times that in adults due to their lower body weight.

Conclusion

A total of 14 PFAS monomers were detected in the 88 mutton and sheep offal samples analyzed in this study. The overall contamination level was low, and the dietary risk assessment indicated no significant health risk to humans.

, authors=Zhi-heng XIA1, Yan CHENG1, Xiang-na GAO1, Dong-mei LI1, Si-wei ZHANG2, Hui-juan WANG1, authorsList=Zhi-heng XIA, Yan CHENG, Xiang-na GAO, Dong-mei LI, Si-wei ZHANG, Hui-juan WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hui-juan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311349804282773800, articleId=1311349802563109144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=兰州市售羊肉及其副产品中全氟及多氟烷基物质的污染特征与膳食风险评估, columnId=1228016573034721597, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=营养与食品卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解兰州市售羊肉及其副产品中全氟及多氟烷基物质(per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFAS)的污染特征,并评估其膳食暴露健康风险。

方法

采集羊肉及羊内脏样品88份,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测,系统分析25种PFAS检出情况并使用风险比对膳食风险暴露情况进行评估。

结果

PFAS总体检出率为79.54%,其中羊肝污染最为显著,检出率达100%,且PFBA与全氟辛烷磺酸为主要检出单体。在现有消费模式下,羊肉及其副产品中全氟丁酸、全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟癸烷磺酸的风险比均小于1。羊肝中全氟辛烷磺酸的暴露风险显著高于其他组织,且儿童因体重较轻,其风险比约为成人的2.4倍。

结论

本研究检测的88份羊肉及羊内脏样品中,共检出14种单体。总体污染水平较低,通过膳食风险评估显示,不会对人体造成健康危害。

, authors=夏智恒1, 程妍1, 高向娜1, 李东梅1, 张思维2, 王慧娟1, authorsList=夏智恒, 程妍, 高向娜, 李东梅, 张思维, 王慧娟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王慧娟, authorNote=

夏智恒(1993—),男,主管技师,研究方向:卫生检验与检疫

, correspAuthorsNote=
王慧娟,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=YFE8yZNZ067eAG0fUd4rNQ==, magXml=azRQ+kjyEn8sbUX8/bxBLQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=OH6JnnhfMzr5ID7KA7mOyQ==, pdfFileSize=1113246, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=4C1lLRKZIa/JhXNiNvxx+w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/NauiN9A24NHN1NuoZ7YRQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1311349804727370031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311349804807061809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, authorId=1311349804727370031, language=EN, stringName=Zhi-heng XIA, firstName=Zhi-heng, middleName=null, lastName=XIA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Gansu Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine), Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311349806451228978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, authorId=1311349804727370031, language=CN, stringName=夏智恒, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.甘肃省疾病预防控制中心(甘肃省预防医学科学院),甘肃 兰州 730020, bio={"content":"

夏智恒(1993—),男,主管技师,研究方向:卫生检验与检疫

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Pollution analysis and health risk assessment of perfluorinated compounds in commercially available pork and its by-products, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311349811777995110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, awardId=23JRRA1258, language=CN, fundingSource=甘肃省自然科学基金项目(23JRRA1258), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311349804551209257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311349804563792170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, companyId=1311349804551209257, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Gansu Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine), Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311349804572180779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, companyId=1311349804551209257, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.甘肃省疾病预防控制中心(甘肃省预防医学科学院),甘肃 兰州 730020)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311349804647678252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311349804656066861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, companyId=1311349804647678252, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.天津市疾病预防控制中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311349808468689236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Chromatogram, figureFileSmall=lg/lCEWaJcBvFj/kdnJo9A==, figureFileBig=4C1lLRKZIa/JhXNiNvxx+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349808573546837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=CN, label=图1, caption=色谱分离图

注:1全氟丁酸;2全氟戊酸;3全氟丁烷磺酸;4全氟己酸、全氟戊烷磺酸;5全氟庚酸、全氟己烷磺酸;6全氟庚烷磺酸、全氟辛酸;7全氟壬酸、全氟辛烷磺酸;8 6:2氯代多氟烷基醚磺酸盐;9全氟壬烷磺酸、全氟癸酸;10全氟癸烷磺酸;11全氟十一烷酸;12 8:2氯代多氟烷基醚磺酸盐;13全氟十二酸、N-甲基全氟辛烷磺酰胺乙酸;14全氟十二磺酸钠;15全氟十三酸;16全氟十四烷酸、N-乙基全氟辛烷磺酰胺乙酸;17全氟十六烷酸;18全氟十八酸。

, figureFileSmall=lg/lCEWaJcBvFj/kdnJo9A==, figureFileBig=4C1lLRKZIa/JhXNiNvxx+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349808892313942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=PFAS content in mutton and its by-products, figureFileSmall=la0oHq8SvsP1WiIu6r6xSw==, figureFileBig=Ku/c5bDA3LYCz6LXpOuk8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349808963617111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=CN, label=图2, caption=羊肉及其副产品中PFAS含量

注:仅显示中位数浓度>0.15 μg/kg的化合物。

, figureFileSmall=la0oHq8SvsP1WiIu6r6xSw==, figureFileBig=Ku/c5bDA3LYCz6LXpOuk8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349809047503192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Composition ratio of PFAS in mutton and its by-products, figureFileSmall=kvkFhQpATtqyKIDJqnRZbg==, figureFileBig=4hvQc8vWUApvXeHt9iQHkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349809123000665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=CN, label=图3, caption=羊肉及其副产品中PFAS含量构成比

注:仅显示中位数浓度>0.15 μg/kg的化合物。

, figureFileSmall=kvkFhQpATtqyKIDJqnRZbg==, figureFileBig=4hvQc8vWUApvXeHt9iQHkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349809185915226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Correlation coefficients of PFAS content in sheep liver, figureFileSmall=wDWwdGLvkYc5nGjjQimU4g==, figureFileBig=8IKgBicY0HA8swvrEpvneA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349809261412699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=CN, label=图4, caption=羊肝中PFAS含量相关系数

注:化合物名称见表1。

, figureFileSmall=wDWwdGLvkYc5nGjjQimU4g==, figureFileBig=8IKgBicY0HA8swvrEpvneA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349810884608348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Hazard ratios for adults and children, figureFileSmall=3CfS7npK7sYtOvMnxeQQLg==, figureFileBig=nkZS1aZQET6/vpQnp/AKpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349810968494429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=CN, label=图5, caption=成人和儿童的HR, figureFileSmall=3CfS7npK7sYtOvMnxeQQLg==, figureFileBig=nkZS1aZQET6/vpQnp/AKpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349811090129246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristic ion pairs and corresponding collision energies for PFAS monomers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称特征性离子对碰撞电压(V)
前体离子(m/z)产物离子(m/z)
N-乙基全氟辛烷磺酰胺乙酸
(N-ETFOSAA)
584.0418.822
N-甲基全氟辛烷磺酰胺乙酸
(N-MEFOSAA)
570.0419.016
全氟丁酸(PFBA)213.0169.08
全氟丁烷磺酸(PFBS)298.979.926
全氟癸酸(PFDA)512.9468.910
全氟十二酸(PFDoA)612.9568.912
全氟十二磺酸钠(PFDOS)699.080.030
全氟癸烷磺酸(PFDS)598.979.952
全氟庚酸(PFHpA)362.9318.910
全氟庚烷磺酸(PFHpS)448.979.928
全氟己酸(PFHxA)312.9268.910
全氟十六烷酸(PFHxDA)812.9768.914
全氟己烷磺酸(PFHxS)398.979.936
全氟壬酸(PFNA)462.9418.910
全氟壬烷磺酸(PFNS)548.579.848
全氟辛酸(PFOA)412.9368.910
全氟十八酸(PFODA)912.9868.914
全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)498.979.942
全氟戊酸(PFPeA)262.9218.98
全氟戊烷磺酸(PFPeS)348.679.928
全氟十四烷酸(PFTeDA)712.9618.912
全氟十三酸(PFTrDA)662.9618.910
全氟十一烷酸(PFUdA)562.9518.910
6:2氯代多氟烷基醚磺酸盐(6:2 CL-PFESA)530.982.934
8:2氯代多氟烷基醚磺酸盐(8:2 CL-PFESA)630.982.928
), ArticleFig(id=1311349811157238111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PFAS各单体的定量离子对及对应的碰撞能量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称特征性离子对碰撞电压(V)
前体离子(m/z)产物离子(m/z)
N-乙基全氟辛烷磺酰胺乙酸
(N-ETFOSAA)
584.0418.822
N-甲基全氟辛烷磺酰胺乙酸
(N-MEFOSAA)
570.0419.016
全氟丁酸(PFBA)213.0169.08
全氟丁烷磺酸(PFBS)298.979.926
全氟癸酸(PFDA)512.9468.910
全氟十二酸(PFDoA)612.9568.912
全氟十二磺酸钠(PFDOS)699.080.030
全氟癸烷磺酸(PFDS)598.979.952
全氟庚酸(PFHpA)362.9318.910
全氟庚烷磺酸(PFHpS)448.979.928
全氟己酸(PFHxA)312.9268.910
全氟十六烷酸(PFHxDA)812.9768.914
全氟己烷磺酸(PFHxS)398.979.936
全氟壬酸(PFNA)462.9418.910
全氟壬烷磺酸(PFNS)548.579.848
全氟辛酸(PFOA)412.9368.910
全氟十八酸(PFODA)912.9868.914
全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)498.979.942
全氟戊酸(PFPeA)262.9218.98
全氟戊烷磺酸(PFPeS)348.679.928
全氟十四烷酸(PFTeDA)712.9618.912
全氟十三酸(PFTrDA)662.9618.910
全氟十一烷酸(PFUdA)562.9518.910
6:2氯代多氟烷基醚磺酸盐(6:2 CL-PFESA)530.982.934
8:2氯代多氟烷基醚磺酸盐(8:2 CL-PFESA)630.982.928
), ArticleFig(id=1311349811249512800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detection range and detection rate of 14 PFAS in mutton and its by-products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PFAS检出范围(μg/kg)检出率(%)
PFBA<0.60~8.9651.14
PFPeA<0.60~1.8614.77
PFHXA<0.30~0.587.95
PFHPA<0.30~0.586.82
PFOA<0.30~3.046.82
PFNA<0.30~7.509.09
PFDA<0.30~0.562.27
PFDOA<0.30~0.732.27
PFTEDA<0.30~0.451.37
PFODA<0.30~0.856.82
PFPES<0.30~0.521.37
PFOS<0.30~9.8051.14
PFNS<0.30~9.0930.68
PFDOS<0.30~0.311.37
PFAS总量<4.80~17.5879.54
), ArticleFig(id=1311349811325010273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

羊肉及其副产品中14种PFAS检出范围及检出率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PFAS检出范围(μg/kg)检出率(%)
PFBA<0.60~8.9651.14
PFPeA<0.60~1.8614.77
PFHXA<0.30~0.587.95
PFHPA<0.30~0.586.82
PFOA<0.30~3.046.82
PFNA<0.30~7.509.09
PFDA<0.30~0.562.27
PFDOA<0.30~0.732.27
PFTEDA<0.30~0.451.37
PFODA<0.30~0.856.82
PFPES<0.30~0.521.37
PFOS<0.30~9.8051.14
PFNS<0.30~9.0930.68
PFDOS<0.30~0.311.37
PFAS总量<4.80~17.5879.54
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PFAS content in mutton and its by-products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品总PFAS检出范围(μg/kg)检出率(%)
羊肉(n=8)<2.40~6.3137.50
羊肚(n=9)<2.40~9.5466.67
羊大肠(n=9)<2.40~11.7866.67
羊肺(n=9)<2.40~10.1888.89
羊肝(n=33)<2.40~17.58100.00
羊心(n=11)<2.40~8.7072.73
羊肾(n=9)<2.40~10.3066.67
), ArticleFig(id=1311349811467616611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

羊肉及其副产品中PFAS含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品总PFAS检出范围(μg/kg)检出率(%)
羊肉(n=8)<2.40~6.3137.50
羊肚(n=9)<2.40~9.5466.67
羊大肠(n=9)<2.40~11.7866.67
羊肺(n=9)<2.40~10.1888.89
羊肝(n=33)<2.40~17.58100.00
羊心(n=11)<2.40~8.7072.73
羊肾(n=9)<2.40~10.3066.67
), ArticleFig(id=1311349811551502692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

EDI of PFAS in mutton and its by-products [μg/(kg·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PFAS羊大肠羊心羊肉羊肚羊肝羊肺羊肾
成人
全氟丁酸2.98×10-51.05×10-42.98×10-52.98×10-51.20×10-42.98×10-58.46×10-5
PFOS1.49×10-51.49×10-51.49×10-51.49×10-52.98×10-45.70×10-51.49×10-5
PFDS1.49×10-51.49×10-51.49×10-51.49×10-52.32×10-41.49×10-51.49×10-5
总PFAS5.96×10-51.35×10-45.96×10-55.96×10-56.50×10-41.02×10-41.14×10-4
儿童PFAS
全氟丁酸7.20×10-52.53×10-47.20×10-57.20×10-52.90×10-47.20×10-52.04×10-4
PFOS3.60×10-53.60×10-53.60×10-53.60×10-57.20×10-41.38×10-43.60×10-5
PFDS3.60×10-53.60×10-53.60×10-53.60×10-55.59×10-43.60×10-53.60×10-5
总PFAS1.44×10-43.25×10-41.44×10-41.44×10-41.57×10-32.46×10-42.76×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1311349811660554597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349802563109144, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

PFAS在羊肉及其副产品中的EDI [μg/(kg·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PFAS羊大肠羊心羊肉羊肚羊肝羊肺羊肾
成人
全氟丁酸2.98×10-51.05×10-42.98×10-52.98×10-51.20×10-42.98×10-58.46×10-5
PFOS1.49×10-51.49×10-51.49×10-51.49×10-52.98×10-45.70×10-51.49×10-5
PFDS1.49×10-51.49×10-51.49×10-51.49×10-52.32×10-41.49×10-51.49×10-5
总PFAS5.96×10-51.35×10-45.96×10-55.96×10-56.50×10-41.02×10-41.14×10-4
儿童PFAS
全氟丁酸7.20×10-52.53×10-47.20×10-57.20×10-52.90×10-47.20×10-52.04×10-4
PFOS3.60×10-53.60×10-53.60×10-53.60×10-57.20×10-41.38×10-43.60×10-5
PFDS3.60×10-53.60×10-53.60×10-53.60×10-55.59×10-43.60×10-53.60×10-5
总PFAS1.44×10-43.25×10-41.44×10-41.44×10-41.57×10-32.46×10-42.76×10-4
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兰州市售羊肉及其副产品中全氟及多氟烷基物质的污染特征与膳食风险评估
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夏智恒 1 , 程妍 1 , 高向娜 1 , 李东梅 1 , 张思维 2 , 王慧娟 1
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2026,53(13): 2371-2378
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现代预防医学 |营养与食品卫生 2026 , 53 (13) : 2371 -2378
兰州市售羊肉及其副产品中全氟及多氟烷基物质的污染特征与膳食风险评估
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夏智恒1, 程妍1, 高向娜1, 李东梅1, 张思维2, 王慧娟1
作者信息
  • 1.甘肃省疾病预防控制中心(甘肃省预防医学科学院),甘肃 兰州 730020
  • 2.天津市疾病预防控制中心
通讯作者:
王慧娟,E-mail:
作者简介:

夏智恒(1993—),男,主管技师,研究方向:卫生检验与检疫

Contamination characteristics and dietary risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in commercially available mutton and its by-products in Lanzhou
Zhi-heng XIA1, Yan CHENG1, Xiang-na GAO1, Dong-mei LI1, Si-wei ZHANG2, Hui-juan WANG1
Affiliations
  • Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Gansu Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine), Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
出版时间: 2026-07-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602023
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目的

了解兰州市售羊肉及其副产品中全氟及多氟烷基物质(per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFAS)的污染特征,并评估其膳食暴露健康风险。

方法

采集羊肉及羊内脏样品88份,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测,系统分析25种PFAS检出情况并使用风险比对膳食风险暴露情况进行评估。

结果

PFAS总体检出率为79.54%,其中羊肝污染最为显著,检出率达100%,且PFBA与全氟辛烷磺酸为主要检出单体。在现有消费模式下,羊肉及其副产品中全氟丁酸、全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟癸烷磺酸的风险比均小于1。羊肝中全氟辛烷磺酸的暴露风险显著高于其他组织,且儿童因体重较轻,其风险比约为成人的2.4倍。

结论

本研究检测的88份羊肉及羊内脏样品中,共检出14种单体。总体污染水平较低,通过膳食风险评估显示,不会对人体造成健康危害。

羊肉及其副产品  /  风险评估  /  全氟化合物  /  污染特征
Objective

To investigate the contamination characteristics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in mutton and its by-products sold in Lanzhou and assess the associated health risks through dietary exposure.

Methods

A total of 88 samples of mutton and sheep offal were collected. The presence of 25 PFAS was systematically analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and dietary exposure risks were evaluated using the hazard ratio (HR).

Results

The overall detection rate of PFAS was 79.54%, with the most significant contamination observed in sheep liver, where the detection rate reached 100%. PFBA and PFOS were the predominant monomers detected. Under the current consumption pattern, the HRs for PFBA, PFOS, and PFDS in mutton and its by-products were all less than 1. The exposure risk of PFOS in sheep liver was significantly higher than that in other tissues, and the HR in children was approximately 2.4 times that in adults due to their lower body weight.

Conclusion

A total of 14 PFAS monomers were detected in the 88 mutton and sheep offal samples analyzed in this study. The overall contamination level was low, and the dietary risk assessment indicated no significant health risk to humans.

Mutton and its by-products  /  Risk assessment  /  Perfluoroalkyl substances  /  Contamination characteristics
夏智恒, 程妍, 高向娜, 李东梅, 张思维, 王慧娟. 兰州市售羊肉及其副产品中全氟及多氟烷基物质的污染特征与膳食风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (13) : 2371 -2378 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602023
Zhi-heng XIA, Yan CHENG, Xiang-na GAO, Dong-mei LI, Si-wei ZHANG, Hui-juan WANG. Contamination characteristics and dietary risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in commercially available mutton and its by-products in Lanzhou[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (13) : 2371 -2378 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602023
全氟及多氟烷基物质(per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFAS)是一类环境持久性有机污染物,是工业发展中人为制造产生,具有非常出色的热稳定性和疏水疏油的特性,广泛应用于化工、纺织、电镀及食品包装等多个行业。随着生产与使用的增加,PFAS已在血液、水体、土壤及各类食品中被频繁检出,由此引发的环境污染与健康问题备受关注[1]。PFAS主要包括两大类,全氟羧酸类(perfluorocarboxylic acids,PFCA)与全氟磺酸类(perfluorosulfonic acids,PFSA),其中最典型的是全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonic acid,PFOS)。由于潜在的危害性,在2009和2019年,PFOS与全氟辛酸先后两次被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》环境持久性有机污染物的管控清单。我国已实施相关管理措施,不仅限制了PFOS及其盐类的生产与应用,还在稳步推进其淘汰进程,显示出对PFAS污染问题日益提升的重视。
膳食摄入是人体暴露于PFAS的主要途径。当前针对肉类的PFAS研究多集中于牛、羊、鸡、鱼等品类,例如张妍等[2]在上海市售水产品中检出10种PFAS同系物;黄洁慧[3]报道我国部分地表水体中5种全氟化合物的暴露特征与生态风险;王戈慧[4]则研究了新疆产地牛羊肉中全氟烷基物质的污染特征与区域分异及摄食风险;白润叶[5]曾对中国若干主产区的鸡肉与羊肉中全氟化合物残留状况进行分析。尽管肉类中普遍存在PFAS残留,但目前关于不同区域羊肉及其副产品中该类物质的污染状况数据仍较缺乏,污染分布特点及其经食物摄入的健康风险仍有待深入评估。
本研究将兰州市售羊肉及相应副产品作为分析样品,通过测定兰州市售羊肉及其副产品中25种PFAS的含量,并结合膳食风险评估,旨在阐明其污染现状与分布特征,目的是为地方性羊肉类食品中PFAS的风险管理研判及政策制定提供参考数据。
2024年,本研究随机采集兰州市的羊肉销售市场、大型购物超市及个体肉店的销售样品,共采集样品88份,其中羊肚、羊腰(肾)、羊肺和羊肠各9份,羊肉8份,羊心11份,羊肝33份。所有样品在采集后当天送到检测实验室进行粉碎处理,然后再用锡纸包裹,以防污染。统一编号后,外层用聚乙烯密封袋密封,冷冻避光保存待检测。
液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪(1290 Infinity II-6470B,美国Agilent公司);高速多功能粉碎机(SHENGSHEN,武义海纳电器有限公司);高速冷冻离心机(3-30KS,德国Sigma公司);涡旋振荡器(VM-3B,常德比克曼生物科技有限公司);振荡混匀仪(DMR-300,德国Heidolph公司);超声波恒温水浴振荡器(JCSZ-300,青岛聚创世纪环保有限公司);超纯水仪(Milli-Q,美国Millipore公司);天平(ME204/02,精度0.000 1 g,梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司);固相萃取小柱(酯除300 mg/3ml,美国ThermoFisher公司);乙腈中8:2 CL-PFESA(浓度为50 μg/ml);乙腈中N-MEFOSAA(浓度为50 μg/ml);乙腈中21种PFAS混合标准溶液(浓度为2 000 ng/ml);乙腈中6:2 CL-PFESA标准溶液(浓度为50 μg/ml,);乙腈中N-ETFOSAA(浓度为50 μg/ml);乙腈中13种PFAS混合同位素内溶液(浓度为2 000 ng/ml);乙腈中N-MEFOSAA-D3(浓度为50 μg/ml);乙腈中N-ETFOSAA-D5(浓度为50 μg/ml),上述标准物质和对应内标都购买于加拿大Wellington公司;甲醇、乙腈(都是色谱纯,德国Merck公司);乙酸铵(分析纯,上海麦克林生物科技股份有限公司)。
准确称取已均质试样3.0 g(精确至0.001 g)置于15 ml聚乙烯离心管中。依次向管内添加2.0 ml超纯水及80.0 μl浓度为20 ng/ml的同位素内标工作液,加盖后经涡旋振荡混匀3 min后,准确加入8.0 ml乙腈。盖紧盖子,置于超声波振荡器中恒温提取30 min,随后于4 ℃、离心半径10 cm,10 000 r/min条件下离心10 min。取约3ml上清液加入经活化后的固相萃取小柱进行净化,弃去初始流出液约1ml,收集剩余流出液。所得净化液经0.22 μm有机针式过滤头过滤,准确吸取0.5 ml滤液于2 ml进样小瓶中,加入0.5 ml超纯水混匀后上机测定。
液相色谱条件:采用T3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm);柱温维持在35 ℃;流动相由乙酸铵溶液(2 mmol/l,A相)与甲醇(B相)组成,流速设定为0.2 ml/min。进样体积5 μl。梯度洗脱程序设置为:0~0.5 min内,B相保持30%初始比例;0.5~8.0 min内,B相线性增至100%;8.0~10.0 min内,B相线性回落至30%。
质谱条件:离子源类型为电喷雾电离源,检测模式为多反应监测负离子模式。质谱仪器参数参照仪器要求调整到最佳。
使用Excel 2016、Origin 2021和R语言对检测数据进行统计分析和可视化呈现。由于所得数据为非正态分布,本研究选用Spearman秩相关分析法进行相关性检验。对于未检出(即低于检出限,LOD)的样本数据,在统计分析时统一按1/2LOD赋值计算,其中全氟丁酸和全氟戊酸的检出限为0.6 μg/kg,其他均为0.3 μg/kg。检验水准α=0.05。
依据本研究检测的兰州市售羊肉及其副产品中PFAS的含量数据,对全氟丁酸、PFOS、全氟癸烷磺酸(perfluorodecanesulfonic acid,PFDS)及PFAS总量进行膳食风险评估,运用公式(1)进行估算居民PFAS日均摄入量(estimated daily intake,EDI):
式中,C为羊肉及其副产物中PFAS的含量(μg/kg);IR为甘肃省居民日均摄入羊肉量(0.006 6 kg/d),该消费量数据来源于《中国统计年鉴2024》[6];BW为居民平均体重(成人按66.4 kg计,儿童按27.5 kg计)[7-8]。
PFAS暴露所致健康风险采用风险比(hazard ratio,HR)评价,其计算公式见公式(2)。HR的判定标准为:若HR>1,表明PFAS含量可能对人体健康产生潜在危害;若HR<1,则认为当前暴露水平尚在安全范围内,未构成明显健康影响。HR按公式(2)计算:
式中:RfD为参考剂量(reference dose)。PFOS的参考剂量参考美国环保署的推荐值,定为0.02 μg/(kg·d);全氟丁酸的参考剂量参考美国明尼苏达州卫生部的推荐值,定为2.9 μg/(kg·d)。由于目前尚无任何国家制定PFDS的参考剂量,本研究采用PFOS的参考剂量进行计算[9]。
在样品前处理阶段,使用锡纸包裹,以防污染;在检测阶段,选用同位素内标法,减少检测过程中的仪器误差,检测时采用每10个样品进行一个平行样测定,每20个样品进行一个加标回收实验;数据处理和录入时采用双人同时处理,确保实验结果的准确性。
为实现PFAS各单体及其对应内标的准确测定,本研究依据目标化合物的分子量、碎片特征及质谱裂解规律,为每种待测物及其内标筛选并优化了特征性离子对(母离子与子离子组合)。通过该特异性离子对进行多反应监测,确保了分析过程的选择性与灵敏度,从而实现可靠的定性与定量分析。具体各单体的定量离子对及对应的碰撞能量等质谱参数见表1,典型色谱分离图参见图1。该方法的特异性、灵敏度与准确性能够满足污染特征分析与膳食风险评估。
在对样本进行的25种PFAS检测中,共检出14种单体,总体检出率达79.54%,表明该区域羊肉及其副产品普遍处于PFAS暴露状态。PFAS总浓度范围为<2.40~17.58 μg/kg,显示部分样本存在复合污染现象,结果见表2。具体来看,短链羧酸全氟丁酸检出率最高,为51.14%,浓度范围为<0.30~8.96 μg/kg,反映其在环境中赋存广泛;而典型长链污染物PFOS同样具有较高检出率,为51.14%,且浓度最高(<0.15~9.80 μg/kg),提示其因历史使用持续在生物体内蓄积。其他中长链化合物如全氟壬酸、全氟丁酸等检出率较低(≤9.09%),但个别样本中浓度水平仍较高,如全氟壬酸最高达7.50 μg/kg,可能指向局部点源污染或特定暴露途径。此外,新兴短链替代物如PFPeA(检出率14.77%,最高浓度1.86 μg/kg)也已检出,表明其环境释放逐渐增多。综上,PFOS与全氟丁酸在检出率与浓度上均显著高于其他单体,可视为本研究区域羊肉及其副产品的主要PFAS污染物,其中PFOS的高浓度与其强生物蓄积性有关,而全氟丁酸的广泛检出则可能与短链替代品的环境释放增加相关。与既有研究[10-12]对比,本研究PFOS浓度范围与国内外报道相近,但全氟丁酸检出率高于早期文献,暗示短链PFAS的环境赋存趋势正在上升。值得关注的是,部分样本中PFOS浓度已接近欧盟针对肉类的推荐限值,提示存在一定食品安全风险。需指出的是,本研究样本均来自同一区域,未覆盖不同养殖环境与地理来源的差异,且受限于饲料、饮水及环境介质数据的缺乏,结果主要侧重于污染现状描述,污染源解析与传递途径有待结合多介质调查进一步开展。
本研究共采集羊肉和6只羊的内脏组织对PFAS含量进行检测,不同组织的PFAS检出率及含量构成存在差异。具体结果见表3、图2和3。羊肝样品中PFAS的检出率最高,为100%,羊肉中PFAS的检出率最低,为37.5%,其他内脏中均有不同程度的检出。总PFAS检出含量最高的样品来源于羊肝,最高含量为17.58 μg/kg,其余样品由高到低依次为羊大肠>养肾>羊肺>羊肚>羊心>羊肉,羊肝中总PFAS含量明显高于其他组织,由此说明羊肝中PFAS污染情况相较于其他组织更严重[13]。
在PFAS中,检出最多的单体为全氟丁酸、全氟戊酸、PFOS和PFDS。全氟丁酸在所有组织中均有不同程度的检出,且检出率最高。羊肝中PFOS和PFDS的检出率远高于其他组织,这与文献[14-22]的报道相符,进一步证实了PFAS在肝脏中的蓄积特性,这可能是由于PFAS的结合靶点更多,因此PFAS大量蓄积于肝脏中。不同组织中总PFAS的检出含量及单体构成有显著差异,肝脏中总PFAS的含量明显高于其他组织,检出率也最高。同样表明PFAS主要蓄积于肝脏中。羊肝、羊肾、羊心、羊大肠、羊肺、羊肚、羊肉分别检出11、7、5、5、4、4和2种PFAS,表明不同PFAS单体在内脏组织中的分布不同,与Cheng Y等[15]的研究结果一致。
由于本研究受样本采集的限制,羊肝的样本数量较大并且PFAS的检出率相对较高,因此本研究选择对羊肝中检出率比较高的8种PFAS单体,两两之间进行相关性分析,计算斯皮尔曼等级相关系数(Spearman rank correlation coefficient)。统计分析使用R语言(版本4.5.2)完成,并借助corrplot和ggplot2包绘制了相关性热图,见图4。全氟十八酸、全氟己酸、PFOS、PFDS、全氟癸烷磺酸的主要用于表面活性剂[16]。因此可以说明这些物质两两之间存在一定的关联性的原因是可能来源于相同的污染源,值得注意的是全氟丁酸和PFDS之间存在一定的负相关性,这在本研究中是首次发现,由于受样本数量和检出率的影响暂时无法解释这种现象,期待后续对其更深入的研究。
膳食暴露是人体接触PFAS的重要途径,其中动物源性食品的摄入是主要暴露方式[17-18]。随着经济水平的持续提升,羊肉等畜肉消费量也呈现逐年增长趋势。由于羊肉脂肪含量较低,日益受到消费者青睐。因此,为明确通过食用羊肉及其副产品所带来的健康效应,本研究针对该类食品开展膳食暴露评估与风险评估。鉴于当前统计年鉴资料中未对羊肉消费量进行详细区分,对于羊肚、羊心、羊肾、羊肺、羊大肠及羊肝这6类副产物,其日均摄入量计算均参照羊肉的消费量数据进行估算。在此假设条件下,成人与儿童通过食用上述样品摄入PFAS的EDI范围如表4所示,分别为5.96×10-5~6.50×10-4 μg/(kg·d)和1.44×10-4~1.57×10-3 μg/(kg·d),EDI最大的组织是羊肝,最小的是羊肉、羊大肠和羊肚。羊肝的EDI明显高于其他组织。在7种组织中全氟丁酸对EDI的贡献最大。因此,EDI的差异性与不同组织中PFAS的含量直接相关[19]。
评估结果显示,所检7类组织中全氟丁酸、PFOS及PFDS的HR均低于1,结果见图5,表明在当前膳食摄入水平下,兰州市售羊肉及其副产物中的PFAS对一般人群不构成明显的健康风险。然而,各组织中HR值最高者为羊肝中的PFOS,且儿童的HR约为成人的2.4倍。这一差异主要归因于儿童体重较轻,单位体重的暴露量相对较高,使其对污染物的健康效应更为敏感。尽管总体风险可控,羊肝作为污染物易蓄积的组织,其潜在风险仍需引起重视。对于经常食用羊杂(尤其是肝脏)的特定消费人群,长期摄入可能带来累积性健康影响。建议后续研究加强对高消费人群的暴露评估,并开展针对肝源性PFAS的针对性监测,为食品安全管理与风险交流提供科学依据[20-21]。
本研究对兰州市售羊肉及羊副产品中PFAS的污染状况及其经膳食摄入的健康风险进行了系统分析。结果表明,PFAS在当地市售样品中普遍检出,总体检出率达79.54%,其中羊肝为PFAS的主要蓄积部位,全氟丁酸与PFOS是检出率和浓度较高的单体。膳食风险评估显示,在常规消费模式下,所有受检组织中全氟丁酸、PFOS及PFDS的HR均低于1,一般人群通过摄入此类食品所面临的健康风险总体处于可接受范围。然而,羊肝中PFOS的HR值显著高于其他组织,且儿童由于单位体重暴露量较高,其HR约为成人的2.4倍,儿童及经常食用动物内脏的特定消费群体具有更高的潜在暴露风险。因此在今后的研究中建议进一步开展污染来源解析,并加强对高风险食品及敏感人群的监测与膳食指导,以保障食品安全与公众健康。
由于受样本数量、检测水平和统计学方法及作者水平的影响,本研究得出的结论可能存在一定的局限性和不确定性,期待相关学者对其进行更深入的研究。
  • 甘肃省自然科学基金项目(23JRRA1258)
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2026年第53卷第13期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602023
  • 接收时间:2026-02-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-03
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甘肃省自然科学基金项目(23JRRA1258)
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    1.甘肃省疾病预防控制中心(甘肃省预防医学科学院),甘肃 兰州 730020
    2.天津市疾病预防控制中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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