Article(id=1311350315174159346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601465, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769616000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579878847, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579878847, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579878847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579878847, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349984730116963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579800064, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588348354, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385838924169506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385838924169507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2553, endPage=2562, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350315400651763, articleId=1311350315174159346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The role of reduced BNIP3 degradation mediated by NEDD4/PSMB5 in arsenic-induced autophagic flux impairment and damage in HepG2 Cells, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the mechanism by which reduced degradation of Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B-19-kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) mediated by neural precursor cell expression developmental downregulation protein 4 (NEDD4) and proteasome β5 subunit (PSMB5) contributes to impaired autophagy flux and cellular damage in arsenic-induced human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2).

Methods

The cytotoxic effects of different doses of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) treated HepG2 cells over varying time periods were evaluated by analyzing cell morphology, ultrastructure, cell viability, and hepatic injury enzyme levels (ALT, AST). Immunoprecipitation blotting (Western blot) was used to detect the expression levels of NEDD4, PSMB5, BNIP3, and autophagy-related proteins. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments were conducted to analyze the interactions among NEDD4, PSMB5, and BNIP3. Specific inhibitors including cycloheximide (CHX), chloroquine (CQ), and proteasome inhibitor (MG132) were employed to inhibit protein synthesis, lysosomal function, and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, respectively, to investigate the roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and autophagy in arsenic-induced HepG2 cell damage.

Results

As the concentration and duration of NaAsO2 exposure increased, the viability of HepG2 cells decreased and morphogenesis exhibited significant changes. Additionally, autophagy flux was impaired, and cellular damage worsened in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Different concentrations and durations of NaAsO2 exposure down - regulated NEDD4 and PSMB5 protein expression while up - regulating BNIP3, Beclin-1, P62, and LC3II/LC3I protein expression, showing time - effect and dose - effect relationships (P<0.05). CQ intervention exacerbated NaAsO2 - induced autophagy flux obstruction and cellular damage (P<0.05). Co-IP and CHX experiments demonstrated that NaAsO2 exposure reduced the interaction between NEDD4 and PSMB5 with BNIP3, thereby decreasing BNIP3 degradation (P<0.05). MG132 intervention downregulated PSMB5 protein expression and up - regulated BNIP3, P62, Beclin-1, and LC3II/LC3I protein expression, with all differences being statistically significant (P<0.05).

Conclusion

NaAsO2 exposure can reduce the expression of NEDD4 and PSMB5 in HepG2 cells in a time - and dose - dependent manner, pregulate BNIP3 protein levels, and impair autophagy flux, ultimately leading to cellular damage. The mechanism may involve reduced binding of NEDD4 and PSMB5 to BNIP3, leading to decreased BNIP3 degradation and consequent cumulative accumulation.

, authors=Chun-yan DU1, 2, Zheng-hai YANG1, Hua-li FENG1, Yong HU1, authorsList=Chun-yan DU, Zheng-hai YANG, Hua-li FENG, Yong HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yong HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350319888556049, articleId=1311350315174159346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=NEDD4/PSMB5介导的BNIP3降解减少在砷致HepG2细胞自噬通量受阻与损伤中的作用, columnId=1228016571273113811, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=环境与职业卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨神经前体细胞表达发育下调蛋白4(NEDD4)和蛋白酶体β5亚基(PSMB5)介导的Bcl-2/腺病毒E1B-19-kDa相互作用蛋白3(BNIP3)降解减少在砷诱导人肝癌细胞(HepG2)自噬通量受阻及细胞损伤中的作用机制。

方法

采用不同剂量亚砷酸钠(NaAsO2)处理HepG2细胞不同时间,结合细胞形态、超微结构、细胞活力及肝损伤指标丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)活性,评价其细胞损伤效应;免疫印记(Western blot)检测NEDD4、PSMB5、BNIP3及自噬相关蛋白(Beclin-1、P62、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ)表达水平;免疫共沉淀(Co-IP)检测NEDD4、PSMB5与BNIP3的作用;以特异性抑制剂环己酰亚胺(CHX)、氯喹(CQ)、和蛋白酶体抑制剂(MG132)分别抑制蛋白质合成、溶酶体功能和泛素-蛋白酶体活性,探索泛素蛋白酶体途径和自噬在砷致HepG2细胞损伤中的作用。

结果

随着NaAsO2暴露浓度增加和时间延长,HepG2细胞活力降低,形态发生显著变化,自噬通量受阻和细胞损伤程度加重;NaAsO2暴露可下调NEDD4和PSMB5蛋白表达,上调BNIP3、Beclin-1、P62、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ蛋白表达(P<0.05),且呈现一定时间-效应和剂量-效应关系;CQ干预可加重NaAsO2暴露引起的自噬通量受阻及细胞损伤(P<0.05);Co-IP和CHX实验结果表明,NaAsO2暴露可减少NEDD4和PSMB5与BNIP3的相互作用,使BNIP3降解减少(P<0.05);MG132干预可加剧NaAsO2暴露所致的PSMB5蛋白表达下调,并上调BNIP3、P62、Beclin1、LC3II/I蛋白表达(P<0.05)。

结论

NaAsO2暴露可时间和剂量依赖性降低HepG2细胞NEDD4、PSMB5蛋白表达,上调BNIP3蛋白,并引起自噬通量受阻,最终导致细胞损伤;其机制可能与NEDD4、PSMB5结合BNIP3减少,引起BNIP3降解减少而累积性增多有关。

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杜春艳(1994—),女,硕士在读,讲师,研究方向:环境毒理

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胡勇,E-mail:
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注:ABC为不同浓度NaAsO2暴露后HepG2细胞的活力、ALT和AST活性,a:与同时间段空白组相比,P<0.05;b:与同时间段8 μmol/LNaAsO2暴露组相比,P<0.05;c:与同时间段16 μmol/LNaAsO2暴露组相比,P<0.05;DEF为NaAsO2暴露不同时间后HepG2细胞的活力、ALT和AST活性,d:与同剂量NaAsO2暴露12 h相比,P<0.05;e:与同剂量NaAsO2暴露24 h相比,P<0.05;G为NaAsO2暴露后HepG2细胞超微结构改变及自噬改变(×15 000):细胞核(N)、线粒体(Mi)、粗面内质网(RER)、脂滴(LD)、常染色质丢失()、线粒体()、粗面内质网()、膜穿孔破裂()、自噬溶酶体(↑)、自噬小体()。

, figureFileSmall=fVWVVTgC6w2ExW2E2o1jCA==, figureFileBig=0pGIY0dwq1cjA2ili/l13g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350324342906940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350315174159346, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Expression levels of NEDD4, PSMB5, BNIP3, and autophagy-related proteins in HepG2 cells after 48-hour exposure to different concentrations of NaAsO2, figureFileSmall=FlvEX+bai5JN1YjQ7D48ZQ==, figureFileBig=FnGqOzTwpeAmRl6+kScCgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350324410015805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350315174159346, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同浓度NaAsO2暴露HepG2细胞48 h后NEDD4、PSMB5、BNIP3及自噬相关蛋白表达水平

注:A为Western blot检测不同浓度NaAsO2暴露后NEDD4、PSMB5、BNIP3及自噬相关蛋白表达;BCDEFG为相应蛋白表达的差异比较,a:与空白组相比,P<0.05;b:与8 μmol/L NaAsO2暴露组相比,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=FlvEX+bai5JN1YjQ7D48ZQ==, figureFileBig=FnGqOzTwpeAmRl6+kScCgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350324472930366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350315174159346, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Expression levels of NEDD4, PSMB5, BNIP3, and autophagy-related proteins in HepG2 cells exposed to 16 μmol/L NaAsO2 at different time points, figureFileSmall=6zF6B5xPW5eHlHuLweH5yA==, figureFileBig=lWxQGQ1pj3Css5MkxxGF2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350324548427839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350315174159346, language=CN, label=图5, caption=16 μmol/L NaAsO2暴露不同时间后HepG2细胞NEDD4、PSMB5、BNIP3以及自噬相关蛋白表达水平

注:O:空白组;As:NaAsO2暴露组;1:作用12 h;2:作用24 h;3:作用48 h。A为Western blot检测NaAsO2暴露不同时间后NEDD4、PSMB5、BNIP3及自噬相关蛋白表达,BCDEFG为相应蛋白表达的差异比较,a:与同时间段空白组相比,P<0.05;b:与NaAsO2暴露12 h相比,P<0.05;c:与NaAsO2暴露24 h相比,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=6zF6B5xPW5eHlHuLweH5yA==, figureFileBig=lWxQGQ1pj3Css5MkxxGF2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350324615536704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350315174159346, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of CQ intervention on HepG2 cell injury and related protein expression, figureFileSmall=C6RYPvBE62Jj3oFd02Edsw==, figureFileBig=Akt0hvlhatX/b1H2mjkVlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350324695228481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350315174159346, language=CN, label=图6, caption=CQ干预对HepG2细胞损伤及相关蛋白表达影响

注:A为CQ干预后各组HepG2细胞超微结构及自噬改变(×20 000);BCD为CQ干预后各组HepG2细胞活力和ALT、AST活性;EFGHI为CQ干预后各组HepG2细胞BNIP3及自噬相关蛋白表达水平,a:与空白组相比,P<0.05;b:与NaAsO2组相比,P<0.05;c:与CQ组相比,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=C6RYPvBE62Jj3oFd02Edsw==, figureFileBig=Akt0hvlhatX/b1H2mjkVlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350324791697474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350315174159346, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of CHX intervention on the expression of BNIP3 protein in HepG2 cells, figureFileSmall=KGy6mP558C/P9PjCvmPqjQ==, figureFileBig=hYu8D9FMSQl+28cFgMhtZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350324871389251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350315174159346, language=CN, label=图7, caption=CHX干预对HepG2细胞BNIP3蛋白表达影响

注:A为Western blot检测CHX干预后各组BNIP3蛋白表达情况;B为CHX干预后各组BNIP3蛋白表达的差异比较,a:与空白组相比,P<0.05;b:与NaAsO2组相比,P<0.05;c:与CHX组相比,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=KGy6mP558C/P9PjCvmPqjQ==, figureFileBig=hYu8D9FMSQl+28cFgMhtZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350324959469636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350315174159346, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Validation of NEDD4, PSMB5, and BNIP3 interactions by immunoprecipitation, figureFileSmall=ndRniGBbhkEGT/FmjaiA1g==, figureFileBig=hzEMczm1EsOqt8ry+YtcZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350325055938629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350315174159346, language=CN, label=图8, caption=免疫共沉淀检测NEDD4、PSMB5与BNIP3的作用

注:A为NaAsO2暴露后NEDD4、PSMB5、BNIP3蛋白的阳性对照;B为NaAsO2暴露后BNIP3沉淀NEDD4、PSMB5结果;C为NaAsO2暴露后NEDD4、PSMB5与BNIP3结合水平的差异比较,a:与空白组相比,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=ndRniGBbhkEGT/FmjaiA1g==, figureFileBig=hzEMczm1EsOqt8ry+YtcZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350325114658886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350315174159346, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Expression levels of NEDD4, PSMB5, BNIP3, and autophagy-related proteins in HepG2 cells after MG132 intervention in each group, figureFileSmall=KgdtO0Eg0QOVqqZ/1gUn5g==, figureFileBig=Rp84fOLOoogrhoxImpMmrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350325185962055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350315174159346, language=CN, label=图9, caption=MG132干预后各组HepG2细胞NEDD4、PSMB5、BNIP3和自噬相关蛋白表达水平

注:A为Western blot检测MG132干预后各组HepG2细胞NEDD4、PSMB5、BNIP3及自噬相关蛋白表达情况;BCDEFG为相应蛋白表达的差异比较,a:空白组相比,P<0.05;b:与NaAsO2组相比,P<0.05;c:与MG132组相比,P<0.05。

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NEDD4/PSMB5介导的BNIP3降解减少在砷致HepG2细胞自噬通量受阻与损伤中的作用
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杜春艳 1, 2 , 杨正海 1 , 封华丽 1 , 胡勇 1
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2026,53(14): 2553-2562
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现代预防医学 |环境与职业卫生 2026 , 53 (14) : 2553 -2562
NEDD4/PSMB5介导的BNIP3降解减少在砷致HepG2细胞自噬通量受阻与损伤中的作用
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杜春艳1, 2, 杨正海1, 封华丽1, 胡勇1
作者信息
  • 1.贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院/环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 2.毕节医学高等专科学校医学技术系
通讯作者:
胡勇,E-mail:
作者简介:

杜春艳(1994—),女,硕士在读,讲师,研究方向:环境毒理

The role of reduced BNIP3 degradation mediated by NEDD4/PSMB5 in arsenic-induced autophagic flux impairment and damage in HepG2 Cells
Chun-yan DU1, 2, Zheng-hai YANG1, Hua-li FENG1, Yong HU1
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601465
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目的

探讨神经前体细胞表达发育下调蛋白4(NEDD4)和蛋白酶体β5亚基(PSMB5)介导的Bcl-2/腺病毒E1B-19-kDa相互作用蛋白3(BNIP3)降解减少在砷诱导人肝癌细胞(HepG2)自噬通量受阻及细胞损伤中的作用机制。

方法

采用不同剂量亚砷酸钠(NaAsO2)处理HepG2细胞不同时间,结合细胞形态、超微结构、细胞活力及肝损伤指标丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)活性,评价其细胞损伤效应;免疫印记(Western blot)检测NEDD4、PSMB5、BNIP3及自噬相关蛋白(Beclin-1、P62、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ)表达水平;免疫共沉淀(Co-IP)检测NEDD4、PSMB5与BNIP3的作用;以特异性抑制剂环己酰亚胺(CHX)、氯喹(CQ)、和蛋白酶体抑制剂(MG132)分别抑制蛋白质合成、溶酶体功能和泛素-蛋白酶体活性,探索泛素蛋白酶体途径和自噬在砷致HepG2细胞损伤中的作用。

结果

随着NaAsO2暴露浓度增加和时间延长,HepG2细胞活力降低,形态发生显著变化,自噬通量受阻和细胞损伤程度加重;NaAsO2暴露可下调NEDD4和PSMB5蛋白表达,上调BNIP3、Beclin-1、P62、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ蛋白表达(P<0.05),且呈现一定时间-效应和剂量-效应关系;CQ干预可加重NaAsO2暴露引起的自噬通量受阻及细胞损伤(P<0.05);Co-IP和CHX实验结果表明,NaAsO2暴露可减少NEDD4和PSMB5与BNIP3的相互作用,使BNIP3降解减少(P<0.05);MG132干预可加剧NaAsO2暴露所致的PSMB5蛋白表达下调,并上调BNIP3、P62、Beclin1、LC3II/I蛋白表达(P<0.05)。

结论

NaAsO2暴露可时间和剂量依赖性降低HepG2细胞NEDD4、PSMB5蛋白表达,上调BNIP3蛋白,并引起自噬通量受阻,最终导致细胞损伤;其机制可能与NEDD4、PSMB5结合BNIP3减少,引起BNIP3降解减少而累积性增多有关。

砷  /  自噬  /  肝损伤  /  蛋白酶体β5亚基  /  BNIP3
Objective

To investigate the mechanism by which reduced degradation of Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B-19-kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) mediated by neural precursor cell expression developmental downregulation protein 4 (NEDD4) and proteasome β5 subunit (PSMB5) contributes to impaired autophagy flux and cellular damage in arsenic-induced human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2).

Methods

The cytotoxic effects of different doses of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) treated HepG2 cells over varying time periods were evaluated by analyzing cell morphology, ultrastructure, cell viability, and hepatic injury enzyme levels (ALT, AST). Immunoprecipitation blotting (Western blot) was used to detect the expression levels of NEDD4, PSMB5, BNIP3, and autophagy-related proteins. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments were conducted to analyze the interactions among NEDD4, PSMB5, and BNIP3. Specific inhibitors including cycloheximide (CHX), chloroquine (CQ), and proteasome inhibitor (MG132) were employed to inhibit protein synthesis, lysosomal function, and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, respectively, to investigate the roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and autophagy in arsenic-induced HepG2 cell damage.

Results

As the concentration and duration of NaAsO2 exposure increased, the viability of HepG2 cells decreased and morphogenesis exhibited significant changes. Additionally, autophagy flux was impaired, and cellular damage worsened in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Different concentrations and durations of NaAsO2 exposure down - regulated NEDD4 and PSMB5 protein expression while up - regulating BNIP3, Beclin-1, P62, and LC3II/LC3I protein expression, showing time - effect and dose - effect relationships (P<0.05). CQ intervention exacerbated NaAsO2 - induced autophagy flux obstruction and cellular damage (P<0.05). Co-IP and CHX experiments demonstrated that NaAsO2 exposure reduced the interaction between NEDD4 and PSMB5 with BNIP3, thereby decreasing BNIP3 degradation (P<0.05). MG132 intervention downregulated PSMB5 protein expression and up - regulated BNIP3, P62, Beclin-1, and LC3II/LC3I protein expression, with all differences being statistically significant (P<0.05).

Conclusion

NaAsO2 exposure can reduce the expression of NEDD4 and PSMB5 in HepG2 cells in a time - and dose - dependent manner, pregulate BNIP3 protein levels, and impair autophagy flux, ultimately leading to cellular damage. The mechanism may involve reduced binding of NEDD4 and PSMB5 to BNIP3, leading to decreased BNIP3 degradation and consequent cumulative accumulation.

Arsenic  /  Autophagy  /  Liver injury  /  Proteasome β5 subunit  /  BNIP3
杜春艳, 杨正海, 封华丽, 胡勇. NEDD4/PSMB5介导的BNIP3降解减少在砷致HepG2细胞自噬通量受阻与损伤中的作用. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (14) : 2553 -2562 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601465
Chun-yan DU, Zheng-hai YANG, Hua-li FENG, Yong HU. The role of reduced BNIP3 degradation mediated by NEDD4/PSMB5 in arsenic-induced autophagic flux impairment and damage in HepG2 Cells[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (14) : 2553 -2562 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601465
砷是自然界广泛存在的类金属元素,属I类致癌物,全球约2亿人受到砷暴露威胁[1-2]。砷可导致肝脏发生病变[3-4],但具体机制不清,且无特效治疗药物。因此,深入研究砷致肝损伤的毒作用机制,是亟待解决的关键问题。
自噬可通过形成自噬溶酶体来降解目的蛋白质,从而维持细胞内稳态[5-6]。自噬早期,肌球蛋白样BCL2结合蛋白(myosin-like BCL2 interacting protein,Beclin-1)参与自噬体形成,其高表达可刺激自噬发生;自噬中期,微管相关蛋白 1 轻链 3(microtubule- associated protein 1 light chain 3, LC3Ⅰ)转化为 LC3Ⅱ并协助自噬体膜延伸,LC3Ⅱ增加与自噬体数量增加有关;自噬晚期,自噬受体蛋白(Sequestosome 1,P62)随底物一同被降解,其数量随自噬增强而减少。因此 Beclin-1、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、P62常被选做评估自噬通量的指标[7-8]。当自噬发生障碍,无法完成正常的“生成—降解”循环,即称为自噬通量受阻。研究表明,自噬通量受阻会引起细胞损伤和疾病发生[9-10]。自噬和泛素-蛋白酶体系统(Ubiquitin-Proteasome System, UPS)是真核细胞承担物质降解与循环利用功能的两大核心途径,可互相调节[11-12]。UPS的程序是底物蛋白质泛素化后被蛋白酶体识别和降解,该系统由泛素、泛素活化酶(E1)、泛素转移酶(E2)、泛素连接酶(E3)、26S蛋白酶体和去泛素化酶等组成[13]。神经前体细胞表达发育下调蛋白4(neural precursor cell-expressed develop- mentally downregulated gene 4, NEDD4)是E3酶,可泛素底物蛋白[14-15],被泛素化的蛋白可被26S蛋白酶体水解;蛋白酶体β5亚单位(proteasome subunitbeta type-5, PSMB5)是26S蛋白酶体的活性中心,在发挥蛋白质水解功能中起主导作用[16]。研究显示,NEDD4、PSMB5可通过降解自噬相关蛋白发挥调节作用[17-18]。Bcl-2/腺病毒E1B-19-kDa相互作用蛋白3(Bcl-2/adenovirus EIB- 19kD ainteracting protein 3, BNIP3)是调节自噬的关键蛋白,其增加可引发自噬通量受阻,导致肝损[19-20],砷也可阻断自噬通量和损伤肝细胞[21]。然而,有关NEDD4、PSMB5、BNIP3、自噬通量受阻与砷致肝细胞损伤的关系,目前尚未见报道。本实验通过构建NaAsO2暴露的人肝癌细胞(HepG2)损伤模型,并利用氯喹(Chloroquine,CQ)、环己酰亚胺(Cycloheximide,CHX)和蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132等特异性抑制剂,共同探讨NEDD4、PSMB5与BNIP3降解在砷致HepG2细胞自噬通量受阻及损伤中的作用。
特级胎牛血清(美国Gibco公司);HepG2细胞(中国科学院);NaAsO2试剂(美国Sigma公司);BNIP3 和LC3抗体(英国Abcam公司);NEDD4、PSMB5、P62、Beclin-1、β-actin和对照IgG抗体(中国武汉三鹰公司);Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK8)试剂盒(日本同仁化学研究所);丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine amino- transferase,ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶试剂盒(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST)(中国上海碧云天公司);CQ、CHX、MG132(美国MCE公司)。
取对数生长期HepG2细胞,胰酶消化后,以5×105个/皿浓度接种至培养皿,37℃、5%CO2 培养,每隔24 h胰酶消化计数,连续计数7天。
将HepG2细胞培养至对数生长期,以0、4、8、16、32、64、128 μmol/L NaAsO2作用细胞12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h,显微镜观察细胞形态特征。
将HepG2细胞培养至对数生长期,以0、8、16、32 μmol/L NaAsO2作用细胞12 h、24 h、48 h,CCK8法检测细胞活力;荧光分光光度法检测ALT、AST活性;透射电镜观察细胞超微结构及自噬变化。
检测细胞活力的具体操作:弃培养基,PBS洗涤,每孔加入100 μl(含10 μl CCK8溶液)完全培养基,孵育2 h,使用酶标仪于490 nm测定各孔的吸光度值,以对照组为基准进行归一化计算得到细胞相对活力。
检测ALT、AST活性的具体操作:吸取20 μl细胞培养液于全黑96孔板,根据试剂盒说明书分别配置标准曲线孔和反应工作液,以荧光酶标仪(激发波长 560 nm,发射波长590 nm)检测荧光强度。酶活性为荧光强度和孵育时间之比,根据标准曲线,以对照组为基准进行归一化计算得到相对酶活性。
观察细胞超微结构及自噬变化的具体操作:弃培养基,PBS洗涤,胰酶消化得到细胞,以戊二醛液固定后离心,弃上清,加入1% OsO4固定液回,随后按照梯度程序,依次用30%、50%、70%、80%、90%、95%、100%的丙酮液逐级脱水。按程序选用包埋剂进行包埋,静置过夜后置于37 ℃、45 ℃和60 ℃烘箱中持续固化。用超薄切片机切片后,以3%的醋酸铀-枸椽酸铅染液进行双染,结束后将样本置于透射电子显微镜下观察并采片保存记录。
将HepG2细胞培养至对数生长期,选择16 μmol/L NaAsO2作用细胞12 h、24 h、48 h,0、8、16、32 μmol/L NaAsO2作用细胞48 h,Western blot法测定NEDD4、PSMB5、BNIP3及自噬相关蛋白表达水平。
将HepG2细胞培养至对数生长期,CQ(20 μmol/L)处理 6 h后,16 μmol/L NaAsO2作用细胞48 h,CCK8法检测细胞活力;荧光分光光度法检测ALT、AST活性;透射电镜观察细胞超微结构及自噬变化;Western blot检测各组BNIP3和自噬相关蛋白表达水平,以验证BNIP3与自噬通量受阻和肝细胞损伤的关系。
将HepG2细胞培养至对数生长期,CHX(200 μmol/L)处理6 h后,16 μmol/L NaAsO2作用细胞48 h,Western blot检测各组BNIP3蛋白表达水平,以验证BNIP3降解与NaAsO2作用的关系。
将HepG2细胞培养至对数生长期,以16 μmol/L NaAsO2作用细胞48 h后,胰酶消化后离心得到细胞沉淀,加入1 mL的 Lysis Buffer,漩涡搅拌,用15%超声充分裂解,离心收集上清液作为细胞裂解物,并吸取50 μl细胞裂解物用做阳性对照(Input)。在新的微量离心管中加入 0.7 mL 细胞裂解物,7 μl PMSF和1 μg的BNIP3抗体或IgG抗体,4°C 孵育过夜后,转移至已洗涤过的 Protein A-Agarose柱中,4 ℃孵育过夜后,离心弃上清,以IP缓冲液洗涤和沉淀,加入 1×Loading Buffer,95 ℃加热 5 min,离心后所得的免疫沉淀物可通过Western blot 检测蛋白表达,以验证NEDD4、PSMB5与BNIP3的作用关系。
将HepG2细胞培养至对数生长期,MG132(2 μmol/L)处理6 h后,16 μmol/L NaAsO2作用细胞48 h,Western blot检测相关NEDD4、PSMB5、BNIP3和自噬相关蛋白表达水平,以验证BNIP3的降解途径。
采用GraphPad Prism 10.0软件进行绘图,以SPSS 25.0对数据进行分析,计量资料经正态性检验后符合正态分布,结果以表示。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD 法;检验水准α=0.05。
细胞对数生长期为2~4天,结果见图1。
显微镜结果显示:4μmol/L NaAsO2作用后,与空白组HepG2细胞形态无明显区别,细胞均呈椭圆形或不规则形,贴壁生长,分布均匀,随着时间延长细胞形态无明显变化,直至作用时间达72 h后,细胞增殖至培养孔承载上限,视野内细胞密集,已接近铺满孔底。随着NaAsO2暴露浓度增加和时间延长,HepG2细胞形态发生改变,细胞延展性降低,贴壁能力减弱,聚团现象加剧,细胞皱缩变圆甚至溶解,高浓度64、128 μmol/L NaAsO2暴露24 h及更长时间后,细胞大量漂浮死亡,具体见图2。因此,后续实验,不再选择72 h作用时间以及4、64、128 μmol/L NaAsO2的作用浓度。
CCK8结果显示,与空白组相比,8、16、32 μmol/L NaAsO2作用24 h和48 h后,HepG2细胞活力下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),详情见图3(A、D)。
荧光分光光度法结果显示,在作用时间为48 h时,细胞培养液中ALT和AST活性随NaAsO2暴露浓度增加而增高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);在NaAsO2作用浓度为16、32 μmol/L 时,与作用12 h相比,作用48 h后细胞培养液中ALT和AST活性均增高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),如图3(B、C、E、F)所示。
透射电镜结果显示:空白组HepG2细胞结构完整,染色质分布均匀核膜连续完整,胞浆中线粒体形态结构较正常,嵴清晰平直,基质电子密度均匀,呈灰色,粗面内质网正常,胞浆中未见明显自噬小体和自噬溶酶体。NaAsO2暴露后,细胞结构发生改变,随着暴露浓度增加和时间延长,线粒体肿胀加重,自噬小体和自噬溶酶体增多,粗面内质网扩张,出现嵴减少和断裂,基质不同程度溶解,电子密度降低,部分暴露组出现脂滴,32 μmol/L NaAsO2暴露24 h和48 h后,细胞膜出现穿孔破裂现象。详情见图3G。
综上,后续剂量-效应选择8、16、32 μmol/L NaAsO2作用细胞48 h;时间-效应选择16 μmol/L NaAsO2作用细胞12 h、24 h、48 h。
8、16、32 μmol/L NaAsO2暴露HepG2细胞48 h后,Western blot结果显示,与空白组和8 μmol/L NaAsO2比较,16、32 μmol/L NaAsO2组NEDD4和PSMB5蛋白表达水平降低,BNIP3蛋白表达水平增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与空白组比较,16、32 μmol/L NaAsO2组P62、Beclin-1、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ蛋白表达水平增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。详情见图4。
16μmol/L NaAsO2暴露HepG2细胞12 h、24 h、48 h后,Western blot结果显示,随着NaAsO2暴露时间延长,BNIP3、Beclin-1、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ 蛋白表达水平逐步增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与空白组和NaAsO2暴露12 h组相比,NaAsO2暴露24 h、48 h组NEDD4和PSMB5蛋白表达水平降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与空白组、NaAsO2暴露12 h组、NaAsO2暴露24 h组相比,NaAsO2暴露48 h组 P62蛋白表达水平升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),空白组上述蛋白表达水平随时间变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),详情见图5。
与空白组相比较,NaAsO2、CQ、CQ +NaAsO2组HepG2细胞活力降低,ALT、AST活性升高;与NaAsO2组和CQ组相比较,CQ +NaAsO2组HepG2细胞活力进一步降低,ALT、AST活性进一步升高,且差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),结果见图6(B、C、D)。
电镜结果显示,空白组和二甲基亚砜(Dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)组细胞形态结构较正常:染色质分布均匀,核膜连续完整,线粒体形态结构正常,嵴清晰平直,基质电子密度均匀,粗面内质网正常,胞浆中可见少量自噬小体和自噬溶酶体。NaAsO2组和CQ组形态结构出现异常:大量线粒体肿胀,嵴减少或断裂,大量溶解呈絮状甚至空泡状,电子密度降低,胞浆中可见较多的自噬小体和自噬溶酶体以及少量的脂滴和空泡。CQ+NaAsO2组形态结构明显异常:常染色质部分丢失,异染色质散在分布,核膜破裂,大量线粒体已发生明显肿胀,嵴减少、断裂或消失,基质大量溶解呈絮状甚至空泡状,电子密度降低,部分线粒体外膜破裂,粗面内质网扩张呈囊状,双层膜之间的间隙增宽,表面核糖体有脱粒,胞浆中还可见大量的自噬小体和自噬溶酶体,且细胞膜出现穿孔破裂现象,结果见图6A。
与空白组比较,NaAsO2组、CQ组、CQ +NaAsO2组BNIP3、P62、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、Beclin-1蛋白表达增加,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与单独CQ组比较,CQ +NaAsO2组BNIP3、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、P62蛋白进一步增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。具体见图6(E、F、G、H、I)。
与空白组相比,NaAsO2组BNIP3蛋白表达升高,CHX组BNIP3蛋白表达降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与NaAsO2组比较,CHX+NaAsO2组BNIP3蛋白表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与CHX组相比,CHX+NaAsO2组BNIP3蛋白表达升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),具体见图7。
Co-IP结果显示,NEDD4和PSMB5均与BNIP3有作用,与空白组相比,NaAsO2暴露后,NEDD4和PSMB5均与BNIP3的结合减少,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),具体见图8。
与空白组比较,NaAsO2组、 MG132组、 MG132 +NaAsO2组PSMB5蛋白表达降低,BNIP3、P62、Beclin-1、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ蛋白表达增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与NaAsO2组比较,MG132 + NaAsO2组PSMB5蛋白表达水平进一步降低,BNIP3、Beclin-1、P62、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ蛋白表达进一步增加,且差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),与空白组相比,MG132干预后NEDD4蛋白表达无统计学差异(P>0.05),具体见图9。
砷中毒致肝损伤病情较严重,且砷的毒作用复杂,发病机制不清,已成为其防控工作的难点和瓶颈。本研究通过构建不同浓度、不同时间NaAsO2暴露的HepG2细胞损伤模型,聚焦NEDD4/PSMB5介导BNIP3降解的角度,探讨自噬在亚砷酸钠致HepG2细胞损伤中的作用,旨在为砷致肝损伤机制研究提供新视角。
HepG2细胞损伤可表现为细胞增殖抑制、形态改变、超微结构破坏及酶活性指标异常等多种形式[22-23]。本研究显示:NaAsO2暴露后,细胞形态发生改变,且随着暴露浓度增加和时间延长,细胞贴壁能力下降、聚团皱缩甚至死亡。ALT和AST是肝功能检测中反映肝细胞损伤的关键指标,当细胞受损时释放入培养液[24]。本研究发现,在一定范围内,随着NaAsO2暴露浓度增高和时间延长,细胞培养液ALT和AST活性逐渐升高,该结果提示NaAsO2暴露可引起HepG2细胞损伤。透射电镜是观察肝细胞损伤的金指标,为了验证NaAsO2暴露后细胞损伤情况,本研究采用透射电镜检查了肝细胞的超微结构,结果显示:NaAsO2暴露后,细胞线粒体肿胀,粗面内质网扩张呈囊状结构,自噬小体和自噬溶酶体数量增加;随着暴露浓度增加和时间延长,上述变化更明显,且出现了细胞膜穿孔、破裂等不可逆损伤,细胞损伤程度进一步加重。该结果进一步证实了NaAsO2暴露可以引起HepG2细胞损伤,且具有一定的剂量-效应和时间-效应关系。
研究表明,自噬通路的紊乱可能是介导肝细胞损伤的重要分子机制[25-26]。本研究结果显示:NaAsO2暴露后,HepG2细胞BNIP3和自噬相关蛋白(Beclin-1、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、P62)表达水平显著升高,提示NaAsO2暴露所致损伤与自噬通量受阻密切相关。前面电镜结果也发现,NaAsO2暴露后自噬小体和自噬溶酶体数量增加,进一步证实了NaAsO2暴露可引起自噬通量受阻。CQ作为自噬通量抑制剂,可抑制自噬小体与溶酶体结合以及后续自噬溶酶体的降解,从而阻断自噬流的完成,导致细胞内受损的细胞器、异常蛋白等自噬底物不能及时被降解,进而引发机体功能紊乱[27-28]。因此,本研究利用CQ干预联合NaAsO2处理,探索自噬在砷致HepG2细胞损伤中的作用。结果发现:CQ可显著加重NaAsO2暴露引起的HepG2细胞损伤和自噬通量受阻程度。
BNIP3是调控自噬的关键蛋白,其异常过表达可诱发自噬通量受阻导致细胞损伤[29-30],低表达BNIP3可一定程度上缓解自噬异常引起的疾病进展[31]。本研究发现BNIP3 蛋白表达水平随 NaAsO2暴露剂量增加和时间延长而升高,且单独使用蛋白质合成抑制剂CHX干预后,BNIP3降解增多,而CHX联合NaAsO2作用缓解了这一降解效应。上述结果提示:砷暴露可能通过抑制BNIP3蛋白降解,进而引起自噬通量阻滞和细胞损伤。
UPS是细胞内蛋白质降解的主要途径,NEDD4作为E3泛素连接酶,可识别底物蛋白并介导其泛素修饰,泛素化的底物蛋白被26S蛋白酶体识别和降解,PSMB5作为26S蛋白酶体的关键活性亚基,其表达与活性可限制整个蛋白酶体系统的降解效率[32-33]。本研究显示,NaAsO2暴露后,HepG2细胞NEDD4、PSMB5蛋白表达降低,BNIP3蛋白表达增高;免疫共沉淀结果证实了NEDD4与PSMB5可与BNIP3发生相互作用,且砷暴露后NEDD4和PSMB5均与BNIP3结合减少。以上结果提示BNIP3 的异常蓄积可能与 NEDD4 和 PSMB5 依赖的蛋白酶体降解功能受抑密切相关。为此,本研究选用蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132联合NaAsO2处理HepG2细胞。结果发现,MG132干预可加剧NaAsO2诱导的PSMB5蛋白表达降低并使BNIP3和自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、Beclin-1、P62表达进一步升高。该结果提示,当PSMB5下调、蛋白酶体功能受损时,BNIP3的降解途径受到明显抑制,且自噬通量受阻程度加重。以上结果表明,砷可引起NEDD4和PSMB5表达降低,从而对BNIP3降解减少,导致BNIP3累积性增多和自噬通量受阻。
综上,本研究结果表明,砷暴露可时间和剂量依赖性降低HepG2细胞NEDD4、PSMB5蛋白表达,上调BNIP3蛋白,并引起自噬通量受阻,最终导致细胞损伤;其机制可能与NEDD4、PSMB5结合BNIP3减少,引起BNIP3降解减少而累积性增多有关。
尽管本研究进一步揭示了砷暴露通过抑制泛素蛋白酶体系统中NEDD4和PSMB5的功能并上调BNIP3表达的潜在机制,但NEDD4、PSMB5、BNIP3三者之间的具体调控关系及其与自噬过程的相互作用机制仍有待进一步阐明。后续将构建基因过表达或敲低细胞模型、开展BNIP3泛素化水平等实验进一步探讨。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82460628)
  • 贵州医科大学国家自然科学基金培育项目(24NSFCP08)
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2026年第53卷第14期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601465
  • 接收时间:2026-01-29
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-29
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国家自然科学基金(82460628)
贵州医科大学国家自然科学基金培育项目(24NSFCP08)
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    1.贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院/环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550025
    2.毕节医学高等专科学校医学技术系

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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