Article(id=1311350021098926223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601462, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769529600000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579808734, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579808734, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579808734, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579808734, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349984730116963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579800064, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588348354, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385838924169506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385838924169507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2510, endPage=2517, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350022688567440, articleId=1311350021098926223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=A mendelian randomization study on the bidirectional causal relationship between arginine and colorectal cancer, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the causal relationship between plasma arginine (Arg) levels and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk using a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) approach, thereby providing genetic evidence for this association.

Methods

Based on publicly available large-scale Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) data, bidirectional MR analysis was conducted with Arg and CRC. In the forward analysis, genetic variants associated with plasma Arg levels were used as instrumental variables to estimate their causal effect on CRC risk. The reverse analysis assessed the effect of genetic predisposition to CRC on Arg levels. The primary causal estimate, derived via the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, was supplemented by the weighted median (WM) and MR-Egger approaches for sensitivity analyses. Robustness was evaluated through heterogeneity tests (Cochran Q), assessments of horizontal pleiotropy (MR-Egger intercept), and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses.

Results

The forward MR analysis revealed an inverse causal association between genetically predicted plasma Arg levels and CRC risk (OR=0.762, 95%CI: 0.589-0.986, P=0.039). Sensitivity analyses showed no significant heterogeneity (Cochran QP=0.222) or evidence of horizontal pleiotropy (MR-Egger intercept P=0.991). In the reverse direction, MR analysis found no significant causal effect of genetic liability for CRC on plasma Arg levels (P>0.05).

Conclusion

Genetically elevated plasma arginine levels are causally associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer, suggesting a potential protective role. No reverse causal relationship was found. This provides genetic evidence for further exploration of the potential role of arginine in the prevention or intervention of colorectal cancer.

, authors=Yu-ke WANG1, Yi-jin WANG2, Tao HAN1, Jue XU1, Wen-yong YANG2, Jing-wen JIANG1, Xia JIANG1, authorsList=Yu-ke WANG, Yi-jin WANG, Tao HAN, Jue XU, Wen-yong YANG, Jing-wen JIANG, Xia JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing-wen JIANG, Xia JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350024269820063, articleId=1311350021098926223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=精氨酸与结直肠癌之间的双向因果关联的孟德尔随机化研究, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

采用两样本双向孟德尔随机化(Mendelian Randomization, MR)研究探讨血浆精氨酸(Arginine,Arg)水平与结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)发病风险的因果关联,为血浆Arg与CRC发病关联提供遗传层面证据支持。

方法

基于公开的大型全基因组关联研究(Genome-Wide Association Study,GWAS)数据,分别以Arg与CRC作为暴露与结局进行双向MR分析。主要采用逆方差加权法(IVW)进行因果估计,以加权中位数法(weighted median method,WM)和MR-Egger法作为敏感性分析,并通过异质性检验、水平多效性检验、留一法分析等评估结果的稳健性。

结果

正向MR结果表明,血浆Arg与CRC发生风险之间存在负向因果关联(OR=0.762,95%CI:0.589~0.986,P=0.039),且未发现显著的异质性(Cochran QP=0.222)和水平多效性(MR-Egger截距P=0.991)。反向MR分析未发现CRC与Arg之间存在显著的因果关联(P>0.05)。

结论

血浆Arg水平与CRC发病风险呈现负向因果关联,提示Arg可能是CRC发病的保护因素,且未发现反向因果关系,为进一步探索Arg在CRC预防或干预中的潜在作用提供了遗传学依据。

, authors=王雨珂1, 王艺锦2, 韩韬1, 徐珏1, 杨文勇2, 蒋静文1, 姜侠1, authorsList=王雨珂, 王艺锦, 韩韬, 徐珏, 杨文勇, 蒋静文, 姜侠, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=蒋静文, 姜侠, authorNote=

王雨珂和王艺锦为共同第一作者。

王雨珂(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:肿瘤与免疫;

王艺锦(1996—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:癌症基因组学与生物信息学

, correspAuthorsNote=
姜侠和蒋静文为共同通讯作者。
姜侠,E-mail:
蒋静文,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=mEQSRzFMM11ASSL6yQ3ZJA==, magXml=onJiqtkaomlw+jh0fppICg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DFKYCEQ6s1uhAMk2NJT8aw==, pdfFileSize=1262209, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=w/5wnolM7nUw9+Br8iG3xQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=q3v55KrI53bEd00YQzzCWA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1311350024634724518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350021098926223, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311350024701833384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350021098926223, authorId=1311350024634724518, language=EN, stringName=Yu-ke WANG, firstName=Yu-ke, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311350024760553641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350021098926223, authorId=1311350024634724518, language=CN, stringName=王雨珂, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041, bio={"content":"

王雨珂(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:肿瘤与免疫;

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王雨珂(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:肿瘤与免疫;

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王艺锦(1996—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:癌症基因组学与生物信息学

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Primary analysis results and supplement results of the MR analysis

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ExposureOutcomeMethodnSNPBetaSEP
ArgCRCIVW14-0.2710.1310.039
WM14-0.2800.1720.104
MR Egger14-0.2740.2920.365
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MR分析的主要结果及补充结果

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ExposureOutcomeMethodnSNPBetaSEP
ArgCRCIVW14-0.2710.1310.039
WM14-0.2800.1720.104
MR Egger14-0.2740.2920.365
), ArticleFig(id=1311350029797912802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350021098926223, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

MR heterogeneity analysis results in the MR study

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ExposureOutcomeMethodQQ_dfP
ArgCRCMR Egger16.532120.168
IVW16.532130.222
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MR异质性分析结果

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ExposureOutcomeMethodQQ_dfP
ArgCRCMR Egger16.532120.168
IVW16.532130.222
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Horizontal pleiotropy analysis results in the MR study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ExposureOutcomeEgger_interceptSEP
ArgCRC0.000 30.0300.991
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MR水平多效性分析结果

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ExposureOutcomeEgger_interceptSEP
ArgCRC0.000 30.0300.991
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精氨酸与结直肠癌之间的双向因果关联的孟德尔随机化研究
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王雨珂 1 , 王艺锦 2 , 韩韬 1 , 徐珏 1 , 杨文勇 2 , 蒋静文 1 , 姜侠 1
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2026,53(14): 2510-2517
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2026 , 53 (14) : 2510 -2517
精氨酸与结直肠癌之间的双向因果关联的孟德尔随机化研究
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王艺锦(1996—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:癌症基因组学与生物信息学

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王雨珂1, 王艺锦2, 韩韬1, 徐珏1, 杨文勇2, 蒋静文1 , 姜侠1
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.西南交通大学医学院/附属医院(成都市第三人民医院)
通讯作者:
姜侠和蒋静文为共同通讯作者。
姜侠,E-mail:
蒋静文,E-mail:
作者简介:

王雨珂和王艺锦为共同第一作者。

王雨珂(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:肿瘤与免疫;

王艺锦(1996—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:癌症基因组学与生物信息学

A mendelian randomization study on the bidirectional causal relationship between arginine and colorectal cancer
Yu-ke WANG1, Yi-jin WANG2, Tao HAN1, Jue XU1, Wen-yong YANG2, Jing-wen JIANG1 , Xia JIANG1
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601462
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目的

采用两样本双向孟德尔随机化(Mendelian Randomization, MR)研究探讨血浆精氨酸(Arginine,Arg)水平与结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)发病风险的因果关联,为血浆Arg与CRC发病关联提供遗传层面证据支持。

方法

基于公开的大型全基因组关联研究(Genome-Wide Association Study,GWAS)数据,分别以Arg与CRC作为暴露与结局进行双向MR分析。主要采用逆方差加权法(IVW)进行因果估计,以加权中位数法(weighted median method,WM)和MR-Egger法作为敏感性分析,并通过异质性检验、水平多效性检验、留一法分析等评估结果的稳健性。

结果

正向MR结果表明,血浆Arg与CRC发生风险之间存在负向因果关联(OR=0.762,95%CI:0.589~0.986,P=0.039),且未发现显著的异质性(Cochran QP=0.222)和水平多效性(MR-Egger截距P=0.991)。反向MR分析未发现CRC与Arg之间存在显著的因果关联(P>0.05)。

结论

血浆Arg水平与CRC发病风险呈现负向因果关联,提示Arg可能是CRC发病的保护因素,且未发现反向因果关系,为进一步探索Arg在CRC预防或干预中的潜在作用提供了遗传学依据。

精氨酸  /  结直肠癌  /  孟德尔随机化  /  因果推断
Objective

To investigate the causal relationship between plasma arginine (Arg) levels and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk using a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) approach, thereby providing genetic evidence for this association.

Methods

Based on publicly available large-scale Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) data, bidirectional MR analysis was conducted with Arg and CRC. In the forward analysis, genetic variants associated with plasma Arg levels were used as instrumental variables to estimate their causal effect on CRC risk. The reverse analysis assessed the effect of genetic predisposition to CRC on Arg levels. The primary causal estimate, derived via the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, was supplemented by the weighted median (WM) and MR-Egger approaches for sensitivity analyses. Robustness was evaluated through heterogeneity tests (Cochran Q), assessments of horizontal pleiotropy (MR-Egger intercept), and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses.

Results

The forward MR analysis revealed an inverse causal association between genetically predicted plasma Arg levels and CRC risk (OR=0.762, 95%CI: 0.589-0.986, P=0.039). Sensitivity analyses showed no significant heterogeneity (Cochran QP=0.222) or evidence of horizontal pleiotropy (MR-Egger intercept P=0.991). In the reverse direction, MR analysis found no significant causal effect of genetic liability for CRC on plasma Arg levels (P>0.05).

Conclusion

Genetically elevated plasma arginine levels are causally associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer, suggesting a potential protective role. No reverse causal relationship was found. This provides genetic evidence for further exploration of the potential role of arginine in the prevention or intervention of colorectal cancer.

Arginine  /  Colorectal cancer  /  Mendelian randomization  /  Causal inference
王雨珂, 王艺锦, 韩韬, 徐珏, 杨文勇, 蒋静文, 姜侠. 精氨酸与结直肠癌之间的双向因果关联的孟德尔随机化研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (14) : 2510 -2517 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601462
Yu-ke WANG, Yi-jin WANG, Tao HAN, Jue XU, Wen-yong YANG, Jing-wen JIANG, Xia JIANG. A mendelian randomization study on the bidirectional causal relationship between arginine and colorectal cancer[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (14) : 2510 -2517 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601462
结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是全球第三大常见肿瘤,年新增病例接近200万,新增死亡人数也接近100万,其发病率和患病率居高不下,由此造成的疾病负担逐年增加[1]。尽管现代医学对于CRC已经有了一些诸如化疗、放疗、免疫检查点抑制剂疗法等治疗方案,但由于肿瘤异质性高,传统放化疗药物的毒性累积明显且易出现耐药性等问题,对于CRC治疗新方法的探索仍是当前研究的热点[2-3]。
面对传统治疗策略的瓶颈,研究视角正从直接杀伤肿瘤向调控肿瘤生存的微环境从而抑制肿瘤生长拓展[4-5]。越来越多研究显示,肿瘤细胞的增殖、转移及耐药并非独立发生,而是高度依赖于其所处的环境——肿瘤微环境(Tumor Microenvironment, TME)。在这一背景下,TME中的各类被肿瘤细胞与免疫细胞所争夺的营养素已经成为了肿瘤发生进展过程中的关键信号分子与代谢底物[6-8]。因此,精准调控肿瘤细胞与免疫细胞之间的营养争夺成为了可能的干预策略。流行病学研究显示,以高脂、低纤维、过量红肉及精制糖摄入为特点的西方饮食可使CRC发生风险升高,而以高海产品与不饱和脂肪酸摄入为特点的地中海式饮食或镁、钙、维生素D充足摄入则呈剂量依赖性保护趋势[9-11]。营养与代谢已不再是辅助支持,而是与基因突变同等重要的肿瘤发生进展相关因素[6,12]。更深入来看,饮食对CRC的影响是一种长期性的效应,其核心作用界面在于肠道。肠道不仅是营养吸收的主要场所,更是人体内规模最大的免疫组织——肠道相关淋巴组织和复杂的微生态系统所在[13]。特定的饮食模式通过改变肠道菌群结构、影响肠屏障功能、调节局部及全身免疫反应,并直接向肠道上皮细胞及TME提供特定的代谢底物与信号分子,从而影响CRC的发生发展。因此,饮食-营养-肠道-肿瘤这一代谢轴可能是决定CRC发生与进展的关键,精准调控营养素可用性,正成为破解CRC异质性、克服耐药的新视野。
在肿瘤细胞与宿主免疫细胞高度依赖同一微环境的代谢竞争模式下,有限的营养素与关键代谢中间产物成为决定细胞命运走向的核心资源,因而在面对相同的营养环境时,被双方激烈竞争的营养素与代谢物就成为了理想的干预靶点[14-15]。而在众多可干预的膳食氨基酸中,精氨酸(Arginine,Arg)因其独特的代谢特性与多重生物学功能而备受关注。作为一氧化氮、多胺与肌酸合成的共同前体,Arg可直接为核苷酸、蛋白质及生物膜合成提供氮源与碳骨架,支持肿瘤细胞的快速增殖与恶性进展,是驱动肿瘤发生发展的重要代谢底物[16]。此外,精氨酸可通过iNOS-NO、ARG-鸟氨酸-多胺以及PRMT介导的蛋白质甲基化三条关键代谢分支,深度调控免疫细胞活化、细胞因子分泌与肿瘤微环境重塑,进而启动或增强机体抗肿瘤免疫应答,发挥抑制肿瘤的生物学效应[17-18]。由于Arg在体内可通过不同代谢通路对肿瘤的发生发展产生截然相反的生物学效应,因此Arg在TME中兼具促癌与抑癌的双重潜在作用,其具体效应高度依赖代谢通路选择与细胞背景差异。这种双向、矛盾且尚未明确的代谢效应,使得Arg在CRC发生发展中的真实作用与调控机制,成为当前肿瘤代谢领域亟待阐明的关键科学问题。
在肿瘤与免疫系统双方营养竞争的这一复杂局面中,Arg代谢所展现出的双重调控特性,使其成为干预CRC的可能靶点。然而,传统流行病学研究往往难以完全避免混杂因素与反向因果关系的干扰,无法确认血浆Arg水平与CRC发病风险之间是否存在直接的因果关联。为明确这一核心问题,我们采用孟德尔随机化(Mendelian Randomization, MR)分析这一可靠的因果推断方法,利用与血浆Arg水平这一暴露因素密切关联的遗传变异作为工具变量,从遗传学角度系统评估血浆Arg水平与CRC发病风险之间的因果关联及潜在的双向性,从而为基于Arg代谢干预的CRC精准预防策略提供坚实的遗传学证据。
本研究采用两样本双向MR分析方法,分析血浆Arg与CRC之间的双向因果关系。分析流程见图1。该研究方法遵循以下三个基本假设:(1)工具变量与暴露显著相关;(2)工具变量与潜在混杂因素不相关;(3)工具变量不通过除暴露以外的其他途径影响结局。
本研究的暴露(血浆Arg水平)与结局(CRC)数据均来源于已发表的全基因组关联研究(Genome-Wide Association Study,GWAS)的汇总统计数据。
血浆Arg水平数据:Arg的遗传工具变量来源于一项总样本量为30 724的欧洲血统人群大规模的代谢组学GWAS荟萃分析[19],其中包括Twins-UK、KORA、Fenland、EPIC-Norfolk及INTERVAL数据,相关汇总统计数据可从公开资源(https://omicscience.org/apps/crossplatform/)获取。该研究已对人群分层、遗传背景等混杂因素进行严格控制,保证了遗传工具变量的可靠性。
CRC数据:CRC的GWAS汇总数据来源于两项大规模欧洲人群队列研究的泛癌症全基因组关联分析,分别为英国生物样本库(UK Biobank)和凯撒永久健康研究院成人健康与衰老遗传流行病学队列(GERA)。其中,英国生物样本库包含408 786名欧洲血统个体,其中癌症病例48 961例;凯撒永久队列包含66 526名欧洲血统个体,其中癌症病例16 001例。两项队列均基于人群设计,所有CRC病例(包含结肠癌病例与直肠癌病例)均经过严格的疾病登记与病理确诊,数据质量可靠,为后续孟德尔随机化分析提供了高质量的遗传数据[20]。本研究使用其公开的汇总统计数据进行分析。
为了确保血浆Arg与CRC之间的关联可靠性,我们提取了与血浆Arg水平显著相关的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs),采用P<1e-5的标准进行初步筛选。为进一步确保工具变量的独立性,我们使用PLINK软件进行了连锁不平衡(LD)聚类分析:以P<1e-8作为选择索引SNP的显著性阈值,并剔除在10 000 kb范围内与索引SNP的LD值(r2)大于0.1的其他SNP。最终,共纳入16个F值大于10的SNP作为工具变量,其F统计量的平均值=22.735。
反向MR分析以同样的标准(以P<1e-8作为选择索引SNP的显著性阈值,并剔除在10 000 kb范围内与索引SNP的LD值(r2)大于0.1的其他SNP)筛选了与CRC显著相关的SNPs,最终纳入48个F值大于10的SNP作为工具变量,其F统计量的平均值=22.760。
本研究以逆方差加权法(inverse variance weighted method, IVW)为主分析方法。在水平多效性为零的严格假设下,IVW 通过逆方差加权平均给出暴露对结局的因果估计,其统计期望等于真实效应量。同时也进行了加权中位数法(weighted median method,WM)和MR-Egger法分析作为IVW分析的补充,以检验结果的可靠性与稳定性。
为检验工具变量核心假设并评估结果稳健性,本研究实施系列敏感性分析,以Cochran Q检验量化各SNP估计值间的异质性(当P>0.05时,认为结果不存在异质性),并通过MR-Egger回归截距检验评估是否存在水平多效性(当P>0.05时,满足排他性假设),后进一步开展单SNP分析以看清各遗传变异对总估计的贡献,最后采用留一法(Leave-one-out)分析,评估总体结果是否受某一潜在多效性SNP主导,从而综合判定因果关联的稳健性。
本研究采用R语言(v 4.3.3)进行孟德尔随机化分析。期间使用ieugwasr包从IEU GWAS数据库提取全基因组关联研究数据;使用data.table包进行数据整理、清洗与格式转换;使用VariantAnnotation包对基因变异位点进行注释;使用MRInstruments包进行工具变量的筛选与预处理;最终通过TwoSampleMR包执行孟德尔随机化主分析及各项敏感性分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
以血浆Arg为暴露因素,CRC为结局变量进行正向MR分析,其IVW分析结果显示,较高的Arg水平与较低的CRC风险存在因果关联(OR=0.762,95%CI:0.589~0.986,P=0.039),提示Arg对CRC具有保护效应。尽管加权中位数法结果(OR=0.756,95%CI:0.545~1.048,P=0.104)与MR-Egger法结果(OR=0.760,95%CI:0.429~1.346,P=0.365)估计值未达到显著水平,但其均显示出与IVW分析方向一致的保护性趋势(图2~3,表1)。
Cochran Q检验提示筛选后的工具变量之间无显著异质性(P=0.222)(表2)。MR-Egger回归截距检验未发现水平多效性证据(截距=0.000 3,P=0.991)(表3)。单SNP分析显示,所有19个独立工具变量的效应方向高度一致(效应量β均为负值),其中rs28505379等位点达到名义显著性(P<0.05),表明正向关联并非由单一SNP驱动。用留一法敏感性分析进一步证实了结果的稳健性,在依次剔除任一SNP后,效应估计波动范围稳定在-0.314~-0.219,方向保持一致,且多数结果仍具有统计学显著性(图4)。综上,正向MR分析的主要结论不受异质性、多效性或单一强效工具变量的影响,结果稳健。
以CRC为暴露因素,血浆Arg为结局变量进行反向MR分析,其IVW分析结果显示,CRC对血浆Arg水平的影响没有显著差异(β=-0.005,P=0.743)(图5~6)。
Cochran Q检验显示,筛选后的SNP之间未发现显著异质性(P=0.126);MR-Egger截距检验未检测到显著多效性(截距=0.011,P=0.219),IVW结果稳健;单SNP分析结果显示,用于评估CRC对Arg水平因果效应的工具SNP并未呈现一致的效应方向,且整体上无显著意义(多数P>0.05)。尽管个别SNP在单独检验中达到名义显著性,但这些位点的效应方向相互抵消,未能形成统一的因果估计。这一结果进一步支持反向MR主分析的结论,即未发现CRC遗传易感性对血浆Arg水平存在显著因果效应的证据。经过留一法分析结果稳健性,在剔除任一SNP后,效应估计波动范围稳定在-0.011~0.003,且全部不显著,因而反向MR分析结果稳健可信(图7)。
尽管Arg在CRC中的代谢作用日益受到关注,但其在肿瘤微环境中展现的双刃剑效应及其调控网络仍有待系统揭示。本研究通过两样本双向MR分析研究了Arg与CRC在遗传层面的因果关联,结果显示Arg与CRC之间的负相关性且结果具有稳健性,提示Arg可能在CRC的发生进展过程中起到保护性作用。我们的发现也与部分临床及临床前证据相吻合,一项随机临床试验表明,相较于安慰剂组,口服L-Arg的患者肿瘤组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达增加,血清一氧化氮(NO)水平升高,从而抑制了CRC细胞的增殖,阻止了CRC的形成与发展[21];也有研究曾报道L-Arg补充能增强分泌免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)的产生,激活肠道先天免疫,增加肿瘤特异性CD8+ T细胞的比例,并提高肿瘤内浸润的T细胞比例[22]。而更深入的机制研究也表明,提升微环境中的L-Arg水平能够有效促进T细胞的代谢重编程,诱导T细胞从糖酵解转向氧化磷酸化,并促进具有更强生存能力和抗肿瘤潜力的中枢记忆样T细胞(TCM)的生成[23]。此外,多项体内外研究还证实,Arg及其代谢物能安全有效地抑制结肠隐窝细胞的过度增殖,而这一过程在CRC发生发展的中常被认为是关键的早期驱动事件[24]。这些机制共同为Arg的系统性保护作用提供了坚实的生物学解释。
然而,我们所发现的保护趋势也与部分体外及人群观察性研究的促癌证据相矛盾。多项体外实验发现,Arg剥夺(如使用无Arg培养基)可导致CRC细胞DNA复制停滞、细胞周期蛋白表达下调,从而抑制其生长[25];嵌套病例对照研究也提示,减少富含Arg食物的摄入可能与较低的CRC发病率相关[26],这些发现展现了Arg作为促癌细胞增殖的关键代谢物的另一面。之所以出现这样的矛盾,可能是人群观察性研究使用的数据为短期饮食Arg摄入,在饮食调查过程中可能存在回忆偏倚,且结直肠癌癌前病变所引发的饮食行为改变等因素可能反向干扰结果,而本研究通过MR分析,使用的Arg数据是遗传调控下人体终生生理水平Arg,且聚焦于结直肠癌发生的初始阶段。且体外实验仅以结直肠癌细胞为研究对象,体现的是肿瘤细胞增殖对Arg的代谢依赖,其抑癌效应是细胞层面的营养阻断结果,不能代表人体整体的免疫调控、黏膜保护等生理过程。而在各种生理过程中,Arg可通过修复肠道黏膜屏障、增强肠道局部免疫、维持肠上皮细胞增殖凋亡平衡等途径发挥保护作用,这与前者聚焦肿瘤增殖进展阶段的促癌效应形成阶段特异性差异。这些差异并非真正的结论冲突,而是从不同维度反映了Arg与结直肠癌之间复杂的代谢关联和阶段特异性作用特征。
之所以出现这样的双刃剑效应,是因为Arg在CRC发生发展过程中扮演的角色并非是一成不变的。其效应是TME中肿瘤细胞与免疫细胞对Arg的代谢竞争所决定的。在肿瘤发生的早期阶段(如隐窝细胞异常增生),或体外培养的孤立癌细胞模型中,Arg主要作为支持细胞生物合成与增殖的关键代谢底物。此时,其促癌的一面占主导,Arg剥夺可直接切断癌细胞的燃料供应,抑制其生长。然而,在体内复杂的免疫微环境中,尤其在肿瘤已建立之后,系统或局部提升的Arg水平,其生物学效应发生了根本性转变。此时,Arg的核心作用对象从肿瘤细胞转向了免疫系统。一方面,Arg通过代谢产生的一氧化氮(NO)可直接抑制肿瘤细胞增殖。另一方面,Arg对维持肠道屏障功能与激活先天免疫具有支持作用。尤其值得注意的是,Arg可调节T细胞的代谢状态,促进其向具有持久记忆特性和更强抗肿瘤潜力的TCM表型分化。换言之,在完整的生物系统中,充足的Arg可能增强了免疫系统,使其能够更有效地识别和清除癌细胞,其带来的免疫增益效应超越了直接促进癌细胞增殖的潜在风险。我们的MR分析所揭示的终身性遗传暴露与CRC风险之间的负相关关系,恰恰可能反映了这种系统性、长期的免疫监视增强效应。它捕捉了Arg在个体整个生命周期中,通过支持免疫稳态和功能(包括抑制早期病变),最终在统计学上体现出的净保护作用。这也解释了为何短期、局部的体外实验与长期、系统的人群遗传证据会得出不同结论。未来的研究核心,在于精确解析在肿瘤演进的不同时空节点上,肿瘤细胞与免疫细胞如何动态争夺并利用Arg,从而为开发阶段特异性的精准代谢干预策略奠定基础。
本研究也存在一定的局限性。本研究主要基于欧洲人群的遗传数据,结论向其他人群的外推性还需进一步验证,未来应扩展多种族的数据进行分析以跨种族验证相关结论,并开展多变量MR分析,以进一步校正饮食摄入、炎症因子、肠道菌群等潜在混杂因素的影响,更精准地描述Arg对结直肠癌的独立因果效应,避免因未观测混杂导致的效应估计偏倚。本研究所涉及的CRC数据未明确区分CRC各个亚型,即使F值远大于10,但无法表明血浆Arg对每一种CRC亚型的影响,因此未来需要运用更多细分到CRC亚型的数据进行相应的分析,以明确血浆Arg对每一种CRC亚型的影响。此外,MR分析反映的是基因预测的终身Arg暴露效应,无法直接阐明其发挥保护作用的具体生物学机制和时空动态,这有待未来结合实验研究进行深入探索。尽管如此,本研究在现有方法学框架内提供了相对稳健的遗传学证据,支持较高的Arg水平可能是CRC的一个保护性因素。
综上所述,本研究采用遗传学角度的双向孟德尔随机化分析,为Arg与CRC之间的双向关联提供了可靠的因果证据,证实了血浆Arg水平对CRC发生风险的因果效应,同时也明确了CRC对Arg代谢水平的反向因果影响。这一发现为理解CRC的代谢免疫调控提供了新视角。未来的研究需要进一步阐明Arg在肿瘤细胞与免疫细胞之间竞争摄取与代谢的精确动态,并探索基于Arg代谢干预的精准治疗策略。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82373336; 82303238)
  • 四川省科学技术厅(2025NSFJQ0035; 2024NSFSC1945)
  • 天府锦城实验室转化基金(2025ZH001)
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2026年第53卷第14期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601462
  • 接收时间:2026-01-28
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-28
基金
国家自然科学基金(82373336; 82303238)
四川省科学技术厅(2025NSFJQ0035; 2024NSFSC1945)
天府锦城实验室转化基金(2025ZH001)
作者信息
    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
    2.西南交通大学医学院/附属医院(成都市第三人民医院)

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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