Article(id=1311350073242509653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349919793905738, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601126, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767801600000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579821167, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579821167, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579821167, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579821167, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349919793905738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='2113', pageEnd='2304', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579784582, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588408144, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311386089701597565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349919793905738, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311386089701597566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349919793905738, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2226, endPage=2231, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350073464807766, articleId=1311350073242509653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Thoughts on the dilemmas and optimization strategies for the collaborative development of medical institution disease control supervisors based on the SFIC model, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study is based on the current status of the construction of a team of disease control supervisors in medical institutions, analyzes the difficulties in building a team of disease control supervisors in medical institutions, and proposes optimization strategies accordingly to provide reference for the collaborative construction of a team of disease control supervisors in medical institutions.

Methods

Based on the SFIC model, the dilemma of collaborative construction of the disease control supervisor team in medical institutions was analyzed from four aspects: starting conditions, catalytic leadership, system design, and collaborative process.

Results

The resource endowment of the starting conditions is unbalanced and the foundation of collaboration is weak, the overall authority of the catalytic leadership is missing and the driving mechanism fails, the rule system of the institutional design is fragmented and operable, and the interactive mechanism of the collaborative process is blurred and closed-loop management is missing.

Conclusion

It is recommended to consolidate the resource base and reconstruct collaborative motivation, establish overall coordination authority and improve professional incentives, build a unified framework and clear rules, deepen trust interaction and realize closed-loop operation as strategies for collaboratively building a team of disease control supervisors in medical institutions.

, authors=Xiao-yun ZHANG, authorsList=Xiao-yun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiao-yun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350075029283162, articleId=1311350073242509653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=基于SFIC模型的医疗机构疾控监督员队伍协同建设的困境及优化策略思考, columnId=1228016568014139551, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=卫生政策与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

本研究基于当前医疗机构疾控监督员队伍建设现状,分析建设医疗机构疾控监督员队伍建设的困境,并据此提出优化策略,为医疗机构疾控监督员队伍的协同建设提供参考。

方法

基于SFIC模型,从起始条件、催化领导、制度设计、协同过程4个方面分析医疗机构疾控监督员队伍协同建设困境。

结果

起始条件的资源禀赋失衡与协同基础薄弱,催化领导的统筹权威缺失与驱动机制失灵,制度设计的规则体系碎片化与操作性不足,协同过程的互动机制虚化与闭环管理缺失。

结论

建议将夯实资源基础与重构协同动机,确立统筹权威与健全职业激励,构建统一框架与清晰规则,深化信任互动与实现闭环运行等作为协同建设医疗机构疾控监督员队伍的策略。

, authors=张晓云, authorsList=张晓云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张晓云, authorNote=

张晓云(1994—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:卫生管理与卫生政策

, correspAuthorsNote=
张晓云,E-mail:
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张晓云(1994—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:卫生管理与卫生政策

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张晓云(1994—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:卫生管理与卫生政策

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基于SFIC模型的医疗机构疾控监督员队伍协同建设的困境及优化策略思考
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张晓云
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2026,53(12): 2226-2231
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现代预防医学 |卫生政策与管理 2026 , 53 (12) : 2226 -2231
基于SFIC模型的医疗机构疾控监督员队伍协同建设的困境及优化策略思考
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张晓云(1994—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:卫生管理与卫生政策

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张晓云
作者信息
  • 苏州市吴中区疾病预防控制中心,江苏 苏州 215104
通讯作者:
张晓云,E-mail:
作者简介:

张晓云(1994—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:卫生管理与卫生政策

Thoughts on the dilemmas and optimization strategies for the collaborative development of medical institution disease control supervisors based on the SFIC model
Xiao-yun ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Suzhou Wuzhong District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215104, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601126
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目的

本研究基于当前医疗机构疾控监督员队伍建设现状,分析建设医疗机构疾控监督员队伍建设的困境,并据此提出优化策略,为医疗机构疾控监督员队伍的协同建设提供参考。

方法

基于SFIC模型,从起始条件、催化领导、制度设计、协同过程4个方面分析医疗机构疾控监督员队伍协同建设困境。

结果

起始条件的资源禀赋失衡与协同基础薄弱,催化领导的统筹权威缺失与驱动机制失灵,制度设计的规则体系碎片化与操作性不足,协同过程的互动机制虚化与闭环管理缺失。

结论

建议将夯实资源基础与重构协同动机,确立统筹权威与健全职业激励,构建统一框架与清晰规则,深化信任互动与实现闭环运行等作为协同建设医疗机构疾控监督员队伍的策略。

医疗机构疾控监督员  /  协同建设困境  /  优化策略  /  SFIC模型
Objective

This study is based on the current status of the construction of a team of disease control supervisors in medical institutions, analyzes the difficulties in building a team of disease control supervisors in medical institutions, and proposes optimization strategies accordingly to provide reference for the collaborative construction of a team of disease control supervisors in medical institutions.

Methods

Based on the SFIC model, the dilemma of collaborative construction of the disease control supervisor team in medical institutions was analyzed from four aspects: starting conditions, catalytic leadership, system design, and collaborative process.

Results

The resource endowment of the starting conditions is unbalanced and the foundation of collaboration is weak, the overall authority of the catalytic leadership is missing and the driving mechanism fails, the rule system of the institutional design is fragmented and operable, and the interactive mechanism of the collaborative process is blurred and closed-loop management is missing.

Conclusion

It is recommended to consolidate the resource base and reconstruct collaborative motivation, establish overall coordination authority and improve professional incentives, build a unified framework and clear rules, deepen trust interaction and realize closed-loop operation as strategies for collaboratively building a team of disease control supervisors in medical institutions.

Disease control supervisors in medical institutions  /  Dilemma of collaborative construction  /  Optimization strategy  /  SFIC model
张晓云. 基于SFIC模型的医疗机构疾控监督员队伍协同建设的困境及优化策略思考. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (12) : 2226 -2231 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601126
Xiao-yun ZHANG. Thoughts on the dilemmas and optimization strategies for the collaborative development of medical institution disease control supervisors based on the SFIC model[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (12) : 2226 -2231 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601126
在深化“医防融合”的背景下,建设医疗机构疾控监督员队伍是破解“医防脱节”的重要制度创新。当前,该队伍建设已从试点迈向全面深化,各地探索出多种模式,在强化医疗机构疾控责任方面取得初步成效。然而,其发展仍面临双重挑战:一是队伍自身在人员、能力与激励等方面尚未成熟;二是如何真正打破医防系统间的长期壁垒,实现权责与资源的深度融合[1-3]。因此,必须通过多元主体的系统性协作,使监督员队伍从外部监督力量内化为驱动“医防融合”的关键枢纽。本文运用SFIC模型,旨在剖析其协同建设的困境,并提出可操作的优化策略。
协同治理指不同部门通过建立正式密切关系共同解决社会问题,并共担责任[4]。SFIC框架是经典协同治理模型,包含起始条件(Starting Conditions)、催化领导(Facilitative Leadership)、制度设计(Institutional Design)和协同过程(Collaborative Process)四要素[5-6]。起始条件涵盖主体间权力、资源等差异;催化领导指政府通过授权等方式激发参与;制度设计包括透明规则等保障;协同过程为核心,涵盖对话、信任建立至取得成果等环节。
基于SFIC框架分析,医疗机构疾控监督员队伍建设与该模型高度契合。外部环境如“医防融合”战略构成起始动力,需弥合医防部门资源与权限差异。政府通过派驻授权体现催化领导,明确职责与考核等制度设计提供协作基础。监督员通过一线对话、建立互信、共同投入等协同过程,推动防控共识与阶段成效,实现制度到常态化实践的转化。该框架系统性揭示了协同建设的内在逻辑[7-8],证明其作为分析工具的适用性,详见图1。
起始条件是协同治理发起时各方所面临的既有状态,直接影响协作的意愿与可能性。当前,监督员队伍建设的起始条件呈现出显著的“先天不足”。
各方参与主体在权力、资源和能力上存在明显不对称。一是资源分配的结构性倾斜,削弱了监督员的权力支撑。政府对医疗与公共卫生两大体系投入不均衡,医疗服务体系在“重治轻防”惯性下占据核心地位[9]。疾控机构及其派驻监督员的专业性权威相对弱势,权力来源模糊,开展工作缺乏权威支撑。二是人员配置的结构性割裂,加剧了监督员的人才短板。临床与公卫人员分属不同体系,合作受限。专职疾控监督员编制核定不足,兼具临床与公卫知识的复合型人才严重匮乏[4]。三是信息与经费的结构性壁垒,制约了监督员的工作效能。公卫机构、各级医院与基层之间数据互联互通存在障碍,信息化监测平台建设滞后,多数医疗机构未设立专项工作经费,物力财力支持薄弱,监督员缺乏必要的基础资源支撑[9-10]。
协同的历史经验和初始动机深刻影响信任建立。一方面,合作(或冲突)历史遗留问题:长期存在的“医防脱节”导致疾控系统与医疗系统之间存在无形的组织文化与目标隔阂[11]。疾控机构过往的督导可能被医疗机构视为行政检查而非专业协作,这种历史记忆削弱了初始信任。另一方面,参与动机不一致且激励不足:国家政策的推动构成了医疗机构“被动参与”的外部动机,但其内在经济动机不足——在现有医保支付与医院绩效考核体系下,投入资源于预防工作往往无法带来直接的经济收益或业绩提升,导致医院管理层支持动力不强[12-13]。对于疾控机构而言,派驻人员也可能面临“指挥不动”的尴尬。各方动机未能通过有效机制整合为共同的强烈意愿,为协同过程埋下了不确定性。
催化领导是启动并推动协同进程走向深入的关键力量,当前却面临领导力分散与激励缺位的双重挑战。
有效的催化领导需要一个得到各方认可、具有足够权威的牵头主体来设定议程、协调矛盾、提供支持。然而在实践中,存在“多头领导、权责模糊”的问题。卫生健康行政部门、疾控中心、医疗机构管理层乃至医院内多个科室都涉及监督员的管理与工作对接[14],但缺乏一个强有力的顶层协调机制来统合各方指令与资源。这导致政策要求可能不一致,监督员在工作中遇到跨部门问题时,常常求助无门或陷入部门间的“踢皮球”困境。领导力的分散,使得无人能够有力地为协同进程“保驾护航”,也难以系统性解决资源投入、权限界定等根本问题。
催化领导的核心任务之一是激发并维持各方的参与投入。目前,针对关键行动者,尤其是疾控监督员自身的激发机制严重缺位。在职业发展激励上,监督员的职称晋升路径不清晰,专业成果认定困难,缺乏明确的职业上升通道;在绩效激励上,其工作质量、风险发现与处置成效未能与个人收入、评优评先有效挂钩,“干好干坏一个样”的现象普遍存在[1];在工作保障上,权限不足与责任压力并存,职业风险防范与履职保障措施不完善。培训体系上,针对监督员的培训内容系统性与实用性不足,缺乏实操演练与继续教育的评估机制[10]这些因素共同导致岗位吸引力不足、人员流动性高、工作积极性难以持续,从根本上消解了领导意图的落实效果。
制度设计为协同治理提供稳定的规则基础与程序保障,当前的制度设计在系统性、清晰度和约束力上均有欠缺[15]。
顶层制度框架缺失,主要体现在两方面:一是国家层面政策供给不足,专门性文件缺失,对监督员的遴选、职责、激励等关键环节缺乏系统规定,弱化了制度的合法性与指导性;二是疾控监督管理沿袭旧有办法,标准不具体、覆盖面窄,新标准体系尚未健全,导致监管依据不足。地方化碎片则表现为试点地区政策解释模糊,虽在人员来源、智力支持等方面有所探索,但督查考核、管理机制等具体配套措施缺位,未形成统一、明晰的工作机制,致使政策执行力大打折扣[16]。这种顶层设计缺失和地方化碎片,使得制度建设缺乏准则遵循,影响了制度的权威性和规范性。
即使在一些已有制度安排的地区,协同运作的具体规则也往往模糊不清。首先,权责边界交叉重叠:对于兼职监督员,其业务接受疾控指导、行政隶属医院的“双重管理”模式,缺乏清晰的责任清单和冲突解决程序,容易产生责任推诿。其次,核心流程缺乏标准:信息如何在不同系统间共享、发现问题后的联合处置流程、监督结果的运用与反馈机制等,大多缺乏明确、可操作的规定[17]。协同工作高度依赖个人能力和临时协调,未能形成稳定、可预期的制度化运行模式。最后,准入与考核标准不一:选拔渠道单一,标准过于僵化,专业结构不平衡,对工作能力评估不足,导致人员能力参差不齐[10],工作质量难以衡量和比较
协同过程是各方通过面对面互动建立信任、共同投入、产出成果的动态核心环节,当前该过程存在“形式化”倾向和关键环节断裂。
信任是协同的基石,需通过持续、真诚的互动来构建。然而,基层实践中的互动往往陷入困境:一方面,监督员被定位为“执法警察”,工作重心停留在合规性检查和事后追责上,这种“查错纠弊”模式使其在临床科室眼中成为“挑刺者”,专业建议易被防御性对待,难以融入诊疗流程;另一方面,互动多局限于例行检查与表格报送,缺乏对具体病例、防控环节的深度专业探讨机制。疾控机构与医疗机构管理层之间的战略对话也往往次数有限、议题空泛,未能就资源分配、绩效联动等实质性问题达成深层共识。
当前,疾控监督员在协同履职中面临“共同投入”不足的现实困境,这个直接影响中间成果产出。投入保障层面,监督员普遍面临人员配备与履职保障的双重制约。部分监督员存在“多头兼顾影响履职”问题,工作多处于“8小时以外”状态,江西省试点推进会亦指出“人力资源欠缺”是主要挑战之一。工作保障机制尚不健全,办公场所、设施配备等基本条件有待落实。信息开放方面,监督员获取数据渠道不畅,“信息共享与工作衔接壁垒”普遍存在。成果产出层面,监督工作停留在查错纠弊的警察角色,虽能确保不出事,却难以真正提升防疫能力。
一个健康的协同过程应包含“行动-评估-学习-调整”的闭环。目前,评估与反馈环节是突出的短板。一方面,由于考核评价体系不健全,考核指标不全面,结果应用机制不完善,缺乏长期跟踪评估[10]。另一方面,疾控监督员制度的协同机制评估与个人履职考核普遍流于形式,指标设置不科学,结果反馈与运用不足,难以支撑制度优化与个人能力提升。学习机制缺失,监督员多停留在“查错纠弊”的警察角色,经验教训难以转化为改进动力,制约了制度的自我进化与成熟。
由国家卫健委牵头制定《医疗机构疾控监督员管理办法》,以部门规章形式明确其开展现场调查、数据调阅、风险提示及建议整改的法定职权,确立其专业权威。省级层面据此核定专职人员编制比例(如按床位数或机构级别),并在公立医院编制总量内优先落实。设立中央与地方财政共担的“医防融合”专项经费,强制要求医疗机构配套,专项用于人员薪酬、信息系统互联互通及必要设备配置,破解资源结构性失衡。
改革医疗机构绩效考核,提高“疾控职责履行情况”(如监督员报告质量、问题整改率)的权重占比,并与医院等级评审、院长年薪等直接挂钩。协同医保部门,试点将“传染病早期发现报告率”、“规范处置率”等公共卫生指标,转化为医保基金总额预算的加成因子或设立“预防效能奖励金”,使预防行为产生直接经济收益。通过制度设计,将外部政策压力转化为医疗机构及医务人员主动协作的内生经济动力,重塑协同初始动机。
在各级卫生健康行政部门内部,明确指定一个实体科室(如医政医管局/处)作为疾控监督员工作的唯一归口管理单位,全权负责政策制定、标准统一、跨部门协调与最终考核,终结“多头指挥”。在区域医联体或三级医院层面,推广设立“首席公共卫生官”或类似高级别岗位,赋予其统筹院内公卫资源、直接领导监督员并协调临床科室的明确行政职权,解决院内管理碎片化问题。
短期,实施荣誉性与发展性激励:开展国家级和省级“优秀疾控监督员”评选表彰;打通其职称晋升通道,允许其在公共卫生职称序列中单列评审,或制定临床与公卫复合型人才的特殊评价标准。中长期,推动物质激励制度化:将监督员履职的量化考核结果,与其绩效工资总额强制关联,并探索实施岗位津贴。同时,为其设计“专业深耕”(向资深疾控专家发展)与“管理晋升”(向医院管理岗位发展)的双通道职业路径,增强岗位长期吸引力与队伍稳定性。
由国家卫健委发布具有强制性的《医疗机构疾控监督员工作规范》,核心是以“权力清单、责任清单、负面清单”形式,精确界定三方权责:疾控机构(业务指导、技术考核权)、派驻医疗机构(人事管理、日常保障责任)、监督员本人(具体职责与履职边界)。特别须规定,当跨部门指令冲突时,由归口管理科室(见3.2.1)进行最终裁决,解决责任推诿。
制定国家统一的任职资格标准(如学历、专业、工作年限)与核心能力模型。编制《疾控监督员日常工作手册》与《典型场景监督指引》,统一检查流程、文书模板及风险评估工具。建立国家级的“必修+选修”课程库与考核题库,将培训学时与认证作为上岗和续聘的必要条件。探索建立“公共卫生医师(疾控监督方向)”的专业技术资格认证,提升队伍专业化与职业公信力。
强制推行疾控机构与医疗机构管理层间的季度联席会议制度,聚焦具体协同案例、资源分配与阶段目标,形成决议并督办落实。建立人员双向嵌入机制,如安排医院管理人员至疾控中心挂职,邀请疾控专家定期参与医院感控委员会。设计与实施“短平快”联合演练项目(如院内感染暴发模拟处置),通过共同成功实践快速积累信任。
要求疾控机构与派驻医院每年共同制定《医防协同年度重点任务清单》,明确双方在联合监测、风险评估、流程优化等项目中的具体资源投入(人力、数据、经费等)与预期产出(如指南、指标改进成果)。将清单完成情况同步纳入对疾控机构的业务考核及医院的年度绩效考核,并设置相应的权重,以任务绑定与成果导向确保实质投入与持续产出。
省级统一建设“医防协同信息平台”,强制医疗机构开放HIS、LIS等系统数据接口,实现关键数据自动抓取与实时共享。平台嵌入监督员工作模块,对接年度任务清单,实现从“任务发布-监督上报-整改复核-效果评价”的全流程线上闭环管理,各环节均有时限与责任人记录。基于平台数据量化评估协同任务完成度、监督员履职效能与机制运行效率,定期生成评估报告,用于系统优化与政策调整,形成“实践-评估-优化”的持续学习闭环。
  • 2024年度苏州市吴中区科技计划项目(医疗卫生领域)(WZYW2024018)
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2026年第53卷第12期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601126
  • 接收时间:2026-01-08
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-08
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2024年度苏州市吴中区科技计划项目(医疗卫生领域)(WZYW2024018)
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    苏州市吴中区疾病预防控制中心,江苏 苏州 215104

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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