Article(id=1311349996641940406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601067, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767542400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579802903, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579802903, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579802903, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579802903, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349984730116963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579800064, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588348354, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385838924169506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385838924169507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2524, endPage=2530, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311349996855849911, articleId=1311349996641940406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Influencing factors of suicidal behavior among patients with severe mental illness in western China, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore factors influencing suicidal behavior in patients with severe mental disorders.

Methods

Using cohort data from a western region of China (2006-2018), 332 298 patients were included. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to analyze factors associated with suicidal behavior (suicide death and suicide attempts).

Results

Among 332 298 individuals, 3 358 experienced the outcome event, with an incidence of 1.01%. Multilevel logistic regression showed that female sex (OR=1.142, 95%CI: 1.058-1.234), other ethnicities (OR=1.609, 95%CI: 1.220-2.122), and non married status (OR=1.169, 95%CI: 1.064-1.285) were associated with higher risk, while age ≥46 years (46-60: OR=0.754, 95%CI: 0.669-0.849; 61-90: OR=0.708, 95%CI: 0.615-0.814) was associated with lower risk. When analyzing suicide attempts and suicide death separately, gender, ethnicity, and marital status were associated only with suicide attempt, whereas urban/rural residence and family history were associated only with suicide death. Follow-up time showed opposite effects on the two outcomes.

Conclusion

Prevention efforts should target high-risk populations, including those with risk assessment levels 3-5, other ethnicities, adverse drug reactions, ongoing pharmacotherapy, and higher education levels. Maintaining follow-up and establishing an integrated prevention network combining clinical and social factors is essential.

, authors=Xiao-jing ZHANG1, Shao-li TIAN2, Xiao-li LEI1, Xian-mei YANG2, Yuan-yuan LIU1, Lei LEI2, authorsList=Xiao-jing ZHANG, Shao-li TIAN, Xiao-li LEI, Xian-mei YANG, Yuan-yuan LIU, Lei LEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei LEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311349997715682236, articleId=1311349996641940406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=西部某地社区严重精神障碍患者自杀行为影响因素研究, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨和寻找严重精神障碍患者发生自杀行为的影响因素。

方法

基于西部某地2006—2018年严重精神障碍患者队列数据,纳入患者332 298例,构建多水平logistic回归模型,研究患者发生自杀行为(包括自杀死亡和自杀未遂)的影响因素。

结果

本次研究共纳入332 298人,发生结局事件者共3 358人,发生率为1.01%。多水平logistic回归模型的结果提示:相较于各变量对照组,女性(OR=1.142,95%CI:1.058~1.234)、其他民族(OR=1.609,95%CI:1.220~2.122)、非已婚(OR=1.169,95%CI:1.064~1.285)等患者发生自杀行为的风险更高,年龄在46岁以上(46~60岁:OR=0.754,95%CI:0.669~0.849,61~90岁:OR=0.708,95%CI:0.615~0.814)等患者发生自杀行为的风险更低。进一步以自杀未遂与自杀死亡分别作为结局事件,分析结果提示,仅为自杀未遂的影响因素的指标有性别、民族、婚姻状况等,仅为自杀死亡的影响因素的指标有城乡、家族史,此外,随访时间在两结局之间呈现相反的效应。

结论

研究提示,在今后的防控工作中需重点把握危险性评估3~5级、其他民族、发生药物不良反应、进行药物治疗以及较高文化程度等高风险人群,坚持随访并构建临床与社会因素结合的综合防控网络。

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张晓婧(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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雷蕾,E-mail:
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Journal of Affective Disorders, 2025, 380(1): 545-551., articleTitle=The interplay between childhood trauma, hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and mental pain in a large sample of patients with severe mental disorders: a network analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311350002237142001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349996641940406, awardId=2025ZNSFSC0782, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省自然科学基金项目(2025ZNSFSC0782), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350002304250866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349996641940406, awardId=81903414, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(81903414), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350002362971123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349996641940406, awardId=2024082, language=CN, fundingSource=绵阳市卫健委项目(2024082), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311349997942174653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349996641940406, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311349997950563262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349996641940406, companyId=1311349997942174653, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311349997954757567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349996641940406, companyId=1311349997942174653, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病学与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311349998047032256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349996641940406, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311349998059615169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349996641940406, companyId=1311349998047032256, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.绵阳市第三人民医院.四川省精神卫生中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311350001679299563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349996641940406, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Forest plot of factors associated for different outcomes, figureFileSmall=1zIk9Bys2jZdgPAgXksmvg==, figureFileBig=4/MnQbXnd7Mw716sFH0sEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350001750602732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349996641940406, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同结局影响因素的森林图

注:A:以自杀未遂为结局;B:以自杀死亡为结局。

, figureFileSmall=1zIk9Bys2jZdgPAgXksmvg==, figureFileBig=4/MnQbXnd7Mw716sFH0sEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350001918374893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349996641940406, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of suicide behavior incidence rates among patients with different characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素总人数(n=332 298)自杀行为人数(n=3 358)χ2值P值
性别16.681<0.001
男168 2991 583(0.94)
女163 9991 775(1.08)
年龄(岁)143.723<0.001
18~3050 892627(1.23)
31~45112 1561 354(1.21)
46~60100 529881(0.88)
61~9068 721496(0.72)
民族16.056<0.001
汉族328 4203 294(1.00)
其他3 87864(1.65)
婚姻状况27.824<0.001
已婚102 646980(0.95)
非已婚218 3612 311(1.06)
不详11 29167(0.59)
文化程度119.875<0.001
文盲及半文盲105 172828(0.79)
小学119 1441 231(1.03)
初中及以上91 4041 161(1.27)
不详16 578138(0.83)
城乡26.863<0.001
农村253 8732 689(1.06)
城镇59 405521(0.88)
不详19 020148(0.78)
经济状况73.515<0.001
非贫困107 426875(0.81)
贫困197 7642 129(1.08)
不详27 108354(1.31)
家族史35.664<0.001
无308 7943 161(1.02)
有13 836156(1.13)
不详9 66841(0.42)
患病时间(年)79.098<0.001
0~10166 6921 806(1.08)
11~2080 566883(1.10)
21~3047 599442(0.93)
>3137 441227(0.61)
随访时间(年)505.348<0.001
0~166 646566(0.85)
2~3120 703761(0.63)
4~562 919700(1.11)
>682 0301 331(1.62)
基线时是否已进行抗精神病药物治疗133.233<0.001
无57 223327(0.57)
有275 0753 031(1.10)
随访期间治疗效果473.749<0.001
未发生恶化304 0782 723(0.90)
发生恶化28 220635(2.25)
随访期间服药依从性0.1700.680
不依从261 0262 628(1.01)
依从71 272730(1.02)
随访期间是否发生药物不良反应301.623<0.001
无302 0982 765(0.92)
有30 200593(1.96)
随访期间危险性评估2 879.352<0.001
0~2级316 1972 531(0.80)
3~5级16 101827(5.14)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350001989678062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349996641940406, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征患者自杀行为发生率比较[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素总人数(n=332 298)自杀行为人数(n=3 358)χ2值P值
性别16.681<0.001
男168 2991 583(0.94)
女163 9991 775(1.08)
年龄(岁)143.723<0.001
18~3050 892627(1.23)
31~45112 1561 354(1.21)
46~60100 529881(0.88)
61~9068 721496(0.72)
民族16.056<0.001
汉族328 4203 294(1.00)
其他3 87864(1.65)
婚姻状况27.824<0.001
已婚102 646980(0.95)
非已婚218 3612 311(1.06)
不详11 29167(0.59)
文化程度119.875<0.001
文盲及半文盲105 172828(0.79)
小学119 1441 231(1.03)
初中及以上91 4041 161(1.27)
不详16 578138(0.83)
城乡26.863<0.001
农村253 8732 689(1.06)
城镇59 405521(0.88)
不详19 020148(0.78)
经济状况73.515<0.001
非贫困107 426875(0.81)
贫困197 7642 129(1.08)
不详27 108354(1.31)
家族史35.664<0.001
无308 7943 161(1.02)
有13 836156(1.13)
不详9 66841(0.42)
患病时间(年)79.098<0.001
0~10166 6921 806(1.08)
11~2080 566883(1.10)
21~3047 599442(0.93)
>3137 441227(0.61)
随访时间(年)505.348<0.001
0~166 646566(0.85)
2~3120 703761(0.63)
4~562 919700(1.11)
>682 0301 331(1.62)
基线时是否已进行抗精神病药物治疗133.233<0.001
无57 223327(0.57)
有275 0753 031(1.10)
随访期间治疗效果473.749<0.001
未发生恶化304 0782 723(0.90)
发生恶化28 220635(2.25)
随访期间服药依从性0.1700.680
不依从261 0262 628(1.01)
依从71 272730(1.02)
随访期间是否发生药物不良反应301.623<0.001
无302 0982 765(0.92)
有30 200593(1.96)
随访期间危险性评估2 879.352<0.001
0~2级316 1972 531(0.80)
3~5级16 101827(5.14)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350002060981231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349996641940406, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Multilevel logistic regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素(对照组)回归系数标准误Z值P值OR值(95%CI)
截距-5.4390.108-50.340<0.0010.004(0.004~0.005)
性别(男)
女0.1330.0393.3790.0011.142(1.058~1.234)
年龄(18~30)
31~45-0.0930.053-1.7460.0810.912(0.822~1.011)
46~60-0.2830.061-4.657<0.0010.754(0.669~0.849)
>61-0.3460.071-4.841<0.0010.708(0.615~0.814)
民族(汉族)
其他0.4760.1413.3690.0011.609(1.220~2.122)
婚姻状况(已婚)
非已婚0.1560.0483.2460.0011.169(1.064~1.285)
不详-0.2650.136-1.9420.0520.768(0.588~1.003)
文化程度(文盲及半文盲)
小学0.1570.0473.3360.0011.170(1.067~1.284)
初中及以上0.3390.0526.519<0.0011.404(1.268~1.555)
不详0.1790.1001.7880.0741.197(0.983~1.456)
城乡(农村)
城镇-0.0620.053-1.1780.2390.940(0.848~1.042)
不详-0.1170.090-1.3040.1920.889(0.746~1.061)
家族史(无)
有0.0200.0830.2390.8111.020(0.866~1.201)
不详-0.6370.161-3.962<0.0010.529(0.386~0.725)
经济状况(非贫困)
贫困0.1390.0443.1850.0011.149(1.055~1.252)
不详0.5100.0677.612<0.0011.666(1.461~1.899)
患病时间(0~10年)
11~20年-0.0130.043-0.3070.7590.987(0.908~1.073)
21~30年-0.0920.055-1.6610.0970.912(0.818~1.017)
>31年-0.2530.075-3.3720.0010.777(0.670~0.900)
随访时间(0~1年)
2~3年-0.2960.057-5.218<0.0010.744(0.666~0.831)
4~5年0.1770.0592.9830.0031.193(1.062~1.340)
>6年0.3740.0556.782<0.0011.453(1.304~1.619)
基线时是否已进行抗精神病药物治疗(无)
有0.3250.0625.242<0.0011.384(1.226~1.563)
随访期间治疗效果(未发生恶化)
发生恶化0.3030.0506.052<0.0011.353(1.367~1.652)
随访期间服药依从性(不依从)
依从0.0450.0460.9810.3261.046(0.956~1.144)
随访期间有无药物不良反应(无)
有0.4070.0488.448<0.0011.503(1.367~1.652)
随访期间危险性评估(0~2级)
3~5级1.6220.04634.923<0.0015.064(4.623~5.546)
随机效应
水平2方差0.0620.0381.607<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1311350002140673008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349996641940406, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多水平logistic回归模型

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因素(对照组)回归系数标准误Z值P值OR值(95%CI)
截距-5.4390.108-50.340<0.0010.004(0.004~0.005)
性别(男)
女0.1330.0393.3790.0011.142(1.058~1.234)
年龄(18~30)
31~45-0.0930.053-1.7460.0810.912(0.822~1.011)
46~60-0.2830.061-4.657<0.0010.754(0.669~0.849)
>61-0.3460.071-4.841<0.0010.708(0.615~0.814)
民族(汉族)
其他0.4760.1413.3690.0011.609(1.220~2.122)
婚姻状况(已婚)
非已婚0.1560.0483.2460.0011.169(1.064~1.285)
不详-0.2650.136-1.9420.0520.768(0.588~1.003)
文化程度(文盲及半文盲)
小学0.1570.0473.3360.0011.170(1.067~1.284)
初中及以上0.3390.0526.519<0.0011.404(1.268~1.555)
不详0.1790.1001.7880.0741.197(0.983~1.456)
城乡(农村)
城镇-0.0620.053-1.1780.2390.940(0.848~1.042)
不详-0.1170.090-1.3040.1920.889(0.746~1.061)
家族史(无)
有0.0200.0830.2390.8111.020(0.866~1.201)
不详-0.6370.161-3.962<0.0010.529(0.386~0.725)
经济状况(非贫困)
贫困0.1390.0443.1850.0011.149(1.055~1.252)
不详0.5100.0677.612<0.0011.666(1.461~1.899)
患病时间(0~10年)
11~20年-0.0130.043-0.3070.7590.987(0.908~1.073)
21~30年-0.0920.055-1.6610.0970.912(0.818~1.017)
>31年-0.2530.075-3.3720.0010.777(0.670~0.900)
随访时间(0~1年)
2~3年-0.2960.057-5.218<0.0010.744(0.666~0.831)
4~5年0.1770.0592.9830.0031.193(1.062~1.340)
>6年0.3740.0556.782<0.0011.453(1.304~1.619)
基线时是否已进行抗精神病药物治疗(无)
有0.3250.0625.242<0.0011.384(1.226~1.563)
随访期间治疗效果(未发生恶化)
发生恶化0.3030.0506.052<0.0011.353(1.367~1.652)
随访期间服药依从性(不依从)
依从0.0450.0460.9810.3261.046(0.956~1.144)
随访期间有无药物不良反应(无)
有0.4070.0488.448<0.0011.503(1.367~1.652)
随访期间危险性评估(0~2级)
3~5级1.6220.04634.923<0.0015.064(4.623~5.546)
随机效应
水平2方差0.0620.0381.607<0.001
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西部某地社区严重精神障碍患者自杀行为影响因素研究
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张晓婧 1 , 田绍丽 2 , 雷小莉 1 , 杨先梅 2 , 刘元元 1 , 雷蕾 2
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2026,53(14): 2524-2530
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2026 , 53 (14) : 2524 -2530
西部某地社区严重精神障碍患者自杀行为影响因素研究
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张晓婧1, 田绍丽2, 雷小莉1, 杨先梅2, 刘元元1, 雷蕾2
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病学与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.绵阳市第三人民医院.四川省精神卫生中心
通讯作者:
雷蕾,E-mail:
作者简介:

张晓婧(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

Influencing factors of suicidal behavior among patients with severe mental illness in western China
Xiao-jing ZHANG1, Shao-li TIAN2, Xiao-li LEI1, Xian-mei YANG2, Yuan-yuan LIU1, Lei LEI2
Affiliations
  • Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601067
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目的

探讨和寻找严重精神障碍患者发生自杀行为的影响因素。

方法

基于西部某地2006—2018年严重精神障碍患者队列数据,纳入患者332 298例,构建多水平logistic回归模型,研究患者发生自杀行为(包括自杀死亡和自杀未遂)的影响因素。

结果

本次研究共纳入332 298人,发生结局事件者共3 358人,发生率为1.01%。多水平logistic回归模型的结果提示:相较于各变量对照组,女性(OR=1.142,95%CI:1.058~1.234)、其他民族(OR=1.609,95%CI:1.220~2.122)、非已婚(OR=1.169,95%CI:1.064~1.285)等患者发生自杀行为的风险更高,年龄在46岁以上(46~60岁:OR=0.754,95%CI:0.669~0.849,61~90岁:OR=0.708,95%CI:0.615~0.814)等患者发生自杀行为的风险更低。进一步以自杀未遂与自杀死亡分别作为结局事件,分析结果提示,仅为自杀未遂的影响因素的指标有性别、民族、婚姻状况等,仅为自杀死亡的影响因素的指标有城乡、家族史,此外,随访时间在两结局之间呈现相反的效应。

结论

研究提示,在今后的防控工作中需重点把握危险性评估3~5级、其他民族、发生药物不良反应、进行药物治疗以及较高文化程度等高风险人群,坚持随访并构建临床与社会因素结合的综合防控网络。

严重精神障碍患者  /  自杀行为  /  影响因素  /  多水平logistic回归
Objective

To explore factors influencing suicidal behavior in patients with severe mental disorders.

Methods

Using cohort data from a western region of China (2006-2018), 332 298 patients were included. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to analyze factors associated with suicidal behavior (suicide death and suicide attempts).

Results

Among 332 298 individuals, 3 358 experienced the outcome event, with an incidence of 1.01%. Multilevel logistic regression showed that female sex (OR=1.142, 95%CI: 1.058-1.234), other ethnicities (OR=1.609, 95%CI: 1.220-2.122), and non married status (OR=1.169, 95%CI: 1.064-1.285) were associated with higher risk, while age ≥46 years (46-60: OR=0.754, 95%CI: 0.669-0.849; 61-90: OR=0.708, 95%CI: 0.615-0.814) was associated with lower risk. When analyzing suicide attempts and suicide death separately, gender, ethnicity, and marital status were associated only with suicide attempt, whereas urban/rural residence and family history were associated only with suicide death. Follow-up time showed opposite effects on the two outcomes.

Conclusion

Prevention efforts should target high-risk populations, including those with risk assessment levels 3-5, other ethnicities, adverse drug reactions, ongoing pharmacotherapy, and higher education levels. Maintaining follow-up and establishing an integrated prevention network combining clinical and social factors is essential.

Severe mental disorders  /  Suicidal behavior  /  Influencing factors  /  Multilevel logistic regression
张晓婧, 田绍丽, 雷小莉, 杨先梅, 刘元元, 雷蕾. 西部某地社区严重精神障碍患者自杀行为影响因素研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (14) : 2524 -2530 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601067
Xiao-jing ZHANG, Shao-li TIAN, Xiao-li LEI, Xian-mei YANG, Yuan-yuan LIU, Lei LEI. Influencing factors of suicidal behavior among patients with severe mental illness in western China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (14) : 2524 -2530 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601067
自杀是重要的公共卫生问题之一[1]。据世界卫生组织2025年报道,每年有72.7万人自杀死亡,还有更多人自杀未遂[2]。在我国,纳入严重精神障碍(Severe Mental Illness,SMI)社区管理服务的主要包括精神分裂症、分裂情感性障碍、偏执性精神病、双相情感障碍、癫痫所致精神障碍和精神发育迟滞伴发精神障碍等6种疾病[3]。SMI患者具有患病率高、病程长、病情反复等特点,更易发生自杀行为[4-5]。有研究提到[6],精神分裂症患者和双相情感障碍患者的自杀风险分别高出常人20倍和19倍。截至2020年底,我国登记在册的SMI患者约有640万例,是社区管理的重点人群,给患者个人、家庭和社会带来巨大疾病负担[3]。
尽管如此,关于SMI患者自杀相关性的研究仍十分有限[7]。美国自杀预防资源中心(Suicide Prevention Resource Center,SPRC)提出[8],SMI患者自杀的风险因素包括:就业不足或失业、低收入、无家可归等。但在我国,此类研究不仅较少,还多集中在抑郁症[9-10]、精神分裂症[11-13]等单一病种,研究结局也多局限于自杀意念[9-10]、自杀未遂[14]或自杀死亡[12]等单一结局,研究对象多为当地某个医院[15-16],且多为小规模的病例对照研究[17]。本文将基于西部地区的一项大规模队列研究,研究上述6大病种的SMI患者的自杀行为影响因素,并进一步分别分析和比较自杀死亡和自杀未遂的影响因素。研究结果可为加深对SMI患者不同自杀行为类型影响因素的全面认识提供实证参考,并为社区开展防控工作提供理论依据。
本研究数据来源于2006—2018年西部某地的严重精神障碍综合管理信息平台的常规记录数据,是一项动态队列研究,随访频率由患者的病情决定,病情稳定的患者至少每3月随访一次,基本稳定的患者至少每1月随访一次,不稳定的患者至少每2周随访一次。研究的纳入标准:①符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断为精神分裂症、分裂情感性障碍、偏执性精神病、双相情感障碍、癫痫所致精神障碍和精神发育迟滞伴发精神障等六种疾病的确诊患者;②年龄在18~90岁的患者;③随访时间在180天以上的患者。排除标准:①数据出现缺失值、异常值,重复病例,或仅有基线数据者;②拒绝签署知情同意书、不同意参加社区网络管理者。最终共纳入332 298人。研究已获得四川大学伦理委员会的批准(编号:Gwll2024241)。
本研究的自变量包括①患者的一般人口学资料:年龄、性别、民族、婚姻状况、城乡、文化程度、经济状况,②病史及病情管理情况:家族史、患病时长、随访时长、药物治疗、治疗效果、服药依从性、药物不良反应、危险性评估。其中,药物治疗是指患者基线时是否已进行抗精神病药物治疗,治疗效果、药物不良反应、危险性评估分别是指在患者在整个随访期间的有无病情发生恶化、有无药物不良反应、有无根据《严重精神障碍管理治疗工作规范(2018年版)》判断危险性评估为3~5级的情况。
服药依从性的数据来源于计算患者在整个随访期间规律用药天数所占比例是否大于80%,若大于等于80%则视为依从。
研究结局为是否发生自杀行为(包括自杀未遂和自杀死亡),本文先以自杀行为作为总结局,再以自杀未遂和自杀死亡作为亚结局,探讨不同结局的影响因素异同。
采用IBM SPSS 26.0和R.Studio 2024.04.2软件对数据资料进行清理及统计分析。符合正态性分布的定量资料采用()表示,不符合正态性分布的定量资料采用M(P25, P75)表示,对定性资料采用频数(构成比)进行统计描述;采用卡方检验比较不同对象的结局发生率是否存在差异。考虑地区聚集性的可能,先拟合多水平零模型进行检验,后采用多水平logistic回归模型评估影响因素,同时检验多重共线性,用OR值及其95%CI评估关联强度。最后,进一步将结局划分为自杀未遂和自杀死亡进行影响因素异同比较,并绘制森林图。检验水准α=0.05,双侧检验。
本次研究共纳入332 298人,随访持续时间最短为181天,最长为4 512天,中位随访时间为1 344(885,2 182)天,其中男性168 299人,女性163 999人。共3 358人发生自杀行为,发生率为1.01%,其中发生自杀未遂者2 589人,发生自杀死亡者797人。
单因素分析结果提示:女性、年龄较低、非汉族、非已婚、文化程度较高、农民、贫困、有精神障碍家族史、患病时间较短、随访时长较长、基线时已进行抗精神病药物治疗、随访期间病情发生过恶化、药物不良反应、危险性评估3~5级的患者发生自杀行为的概率更高(P<0.05)。详见表1。
本研究采用了多水平logistic回归模型分析自杀行为影响因素。首先建立零模型,结果显示,随机效应方差为0.071,P<0.001,提示存在以市州为高水平的地区聚集性。进一步分析,以个体作为水平1,以市州为水平2,构建多水平logistic回归模型并进行多重共线性检验。结果显示,模型不存在多重共线性,其中女性、非汉族、非已婚、小学及以上文化程度、贫困或经济状况不详、随访时长4年以上、基线时已进行抗精神病药物治疗、随访期间出现过病情恶化、药物不良反应、危险性评估3~5级的患者发生自杀行为的风险更高(P<0.05),年龄在46岁以上、家族史不详、患病时长21年以上、随访时长2~4年的患者发生自杀行为的风险更低(P<0.05)。详见表2。
为进一步探究患者发生不同自杀行为结局的影响因素的异质性,在上述分析的基础上,分别建立结局事件为自杀未遂和自杀死亡的多水平logistic回归模型,模型设定与主分析一致。
结果显示,相较于各变量对照组而言,文化程度为初中及以上、经济状况不详、随访期间病情恶化以及基线时已接受抗精神病药物治疗的患者,其自杀未遂与死亡的风险均显著高于相应对照组;而高龄(≥61岁)与长病程(≥31年)患者的风险则较低。另外,部分因素呈现出结局特异性:女性、其他民族、非已婚及发生药物不良反应仅与自杀未遂风险升高相关,而城镇与文化程度不详则与自杀死亡风险升高相关;同时,年龄31~60岁及婚姻状况不详的患者自杀未遂风险较低,贫困、城乡不详及有精神疾病家族史的患者自杀死亡风险较低。尤为重要的是,随着随访时间延长,患者自杀未遂风险逐步上升,而自杀死亡风险却显著下降。详见图1。
本研究基于西部某地的一项SMI患者队列研究,共纳入332 298例患者,发生自杀行为者共3 358人,发生率为1.01%,其中发生自杀未遂者2 589人,发生率为0.78%,发生自杀死亡者797人,发生率为0.24%。美国一项针对140万男性精神疾病患者的研究报告[18],患者自伤和自杀未遂率为3.9%;一项意大利精神障碍患者的研究报告[19],有4.4%的患者死于自杀。而一项江苏省SMI患者的研究报告[20],该研究中的321 436例患者自杀死亡率为0.44%。本研究相较于以上研究之间的差异,除了源于病种和结局的不同外,可能还源于研究地区的人口学特征、社会环境、管理措施等不同,本研究的死亡率估值反映了在我国西部某地社区管理下的SMI患者群体的自杀风险整体较低。
本研究旨在探寻SMI患者发生自杀行为的影响因素,为防控工作的开展提供理论支持。相较其他研究而言,本研究纳入的病种更多、随访时间更长、涉及范围更广;在资料收集方面,收集了不同层次结构的数据,使用多水平模型进行分析,区分了个体与市州层面的变异。研究结果提示,女性、其他民族、非已婚、小学及以上文化程度、贫困或经济状况不详、随访时长4年以上、进行药物治疗、病情发生恶化、药物不良反应、危险性评估3~5级的患者发生自杀行为的风险更高,年龄在46岁以上、家族史不详、患病时长21年以上、随访时长2~4年的患者发生自杀行为的风险更低。受随访的实际条件限制,部分变量存在不详值,本研究选择将不详作为一个独立类别纳入分析[21],这种不详变量与结局风险之间的关联不能简单解释为因果关联,而是可能考虑为变量的信息完整性与患者其他状态有关,进而表现出在风险水平上的差异。
首先是性别和年龄因素。本研究结果显示,女性患者发生自杀行为的概率较大,与国内相关研究结论一致[22],另外,国外一项横跨17个国家的研究也指出[23],性别是自杀行为的一致跨国风险因素。但也有研究提出[12],性别在不同研究中呈现不同影响结果,这一问题在今后的研究中仍需进一步探讨。研究还指出,年龄较大的患者发生自杀行为的概率较低,这可能是由于相较于这部分人群,青壮年患者承担着多重角色的压力和责任[24],而精神障碍导致的认知功能缺陷、生活能力下降等症状,会驱动其更易走向自杀。研究也指出其他民族[11]、非已婚[15]的患者发生自杀行为的概率较大,与其他研究结论相符。
其次是文化程度,表现为随着文化程度的增高,自杀风险也逐渐增高。芬兰一项研究[25]也将文化程度作为SMI患者的自杀预测变量,这可能是由于高文化程度人群更容易产生强烈的病耻感和自我否定[26]。研究结果提示,贫困也是影响自杀行为的重要因素,与上海一研究结果相似[16],这可能是由于贫困患者常伴随更多的危险行为并接受更少的医疗保健[27]。而在进一步分析中,贫困患者发生自杀死亡的概率相较于对照组更低,这可能是在国家精神患者社区管理和本研究随访管理的双重作用下,贫困患者受到来自社区等团体的系统性保障,抵消了这部分风险。
此外,研究结果提示,进行药物治疗和出现药物不良反应是自杀行为的危险因素。药物治疗可以有效的降低精神疾病患者的自杀风险[28-29],但本研究显示,进行药物治疗的患者发生自杀行为的概率更高。这可能是由于这部分患者病情更严重,更易发生自杀行为。另外,抗精神病药物会造成诸多不良反应[30],导致患者暴力性加剧、甚至造成自杀等灾难性后果[31-32];还有文献指出[33],发生药物不良反应的患者更有可能遭受内化耻辱感,加剧自杀行为的发生。另外,危险性评估3~5级以及治疗过程中病情发生恶化也是自杀行为的显著危险因素,它们不仅会加剧患者心理痛苦,还反映了患者大脑认知和情绪调节功能的失调[34-35]。
最后,研究表明,随着患病时长的增加,自杀风险逐渐下降,其最高点出现在疾病初期,与其他研究结论相同[36],这可能是由于患者早期处于应激时期,疾病的痛苦和内心的恐惧共同造成了自杀风险的高峰期。随着疾病进入维持期,患者自杀风险随之下降。而随访时间呈现出先下降后上升的趋势,通过对不同结局进一步分析发现,这是由于随着随访时间的增加,自杀未遂行为的发生率增加,而自杀死亡行为的发生率降低。这可能是由于随访可以显著降低患者的自杀风险[37],阻止患者走向死亡这一严重结局,但随着随访时间的增加,患者开始产生治疗倦怠和不依从[38]、甚至绝望等精神疼痛[39],患者发生自杀行为的累计风险提高,这种风险的提高并不能简单理解为是由随访造成的,而是因为随访使患者的自杀行为被发现,而非被遗漏。
本研究也存在如下缺陷。第一,由于随访条件的限制,部分重要相关变量无法收集,以及部分研究变量的缺失值较多。第二,为避免因简单删除缺失数据导致的偏倚,我们将‘不详’作为独立类别纳入模型,无法从根本上解决因信息非随机缺失所导致的混杂。第三,本研究地点仅为西部某地,人群代表性存在一定局限性,未来将考虑扩大研究对象范围,以增大研究的外推性和可应用性。
  • 四川省自然科学基金项目(2025ZNSFSC0782)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(81903414)
  • 绵阳市卫健委项目(2024082)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601067
  • 接收时间:2026-01-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-05
基金
四川省自然科学基金项目(2025ZNSFSC0782)
国家自然科学基金项目(81903414)
绵阳市卫健委项目(2024082)
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    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病学与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041
    2.绵阳市第三人民医院.四川省精神卫生中心

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