Article(id=1311350059476808133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601040, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767542400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579817885, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579817885, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579817885, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579817885, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349984730116963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579800064, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588348354, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385838924169506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385838924169507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2668, endPage=2675, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350059703300550, articleId=1311350059476808133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Trends in disease burden and mortality attribution of HIV/AIDS, China, 1990-2023, columnId=1228016573156360233, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Disease Control and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the trends in disease burden of HIV/AIDS in China from 1990 to 2023 and conduct a death attribution analysis, providing evidence for refining national HIV prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023, the age-standardized incidence rate, mortality rate and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate were applied to assess the disease burden of HIV/AIDS in China. The Joinpoint regression model was used to calculate the annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC). The age-period-cohortmodel was applied to examine the effects of age, period, and birth cohort in disease burden. Death attribution analyses were performed for comorbidities such as tuberculosis (TB).

Results

The age-standardized incidence rate of HIV/AIDS in China increased from 0.69 per 100 000 in 1990 to 2.36 per 100 000 in 2023, with an AAPC of 3.78%. The age-standardized mortality rate rose from 0.14 per 100 000 in 1990 to 1.65 per 100 000 in 2023, with an AAPC of 7.71%. The age-standardized DALYs rate increased from 6.81 per 100 000 in 1990 to 78.21 per 100 000 in 2023, with an AAPC of 7.70%. Age-period-cohort model analysis revealed a “bimodal” age distribution in incidence, with peaks among the 20-34 and over-70 age groups. Compared with the period 2004-2008, the risk of incidence showed a declining trend after 2008, while the risk of mortality and DALYs increased. All indicators showed higher risks in males than in females. Compared with 1955-1959 birth cohort, the highest incidence risk was observed in the 1930-1934 birth cohort, while individuals born after 1960 showed increasing risks of death and DALYs. In terms of death attribution, deaths due to other diseases caused by HIV increased from 55.38% in 1990 to 93.33% in 2023. TB-related deaths continued to decline, predominantly involving HIV-drug-susceptible tuberculosis (HIV-DS-TB), with a higher proportion among males.

Conclusion

From 1990 to 2023, the disease burden of HIV/AIDS in China showed an upward trend. Young adults aged 20-34 yearsandthe elderly are key priority populations. Non-tuberculosis-related-diseases have become the leading cause of death. Future prevention and control strategies in China should focus on interventions targeting sexual transmission, early detection and treatment for young adults, the elderly, and male populations, as well as enhanced surveillance and management of non-tuberculosis-related-diseases.

, authors=Hui-hui XIAO, Jin ZHAO, Shui-lian CHEN, Pei-pei DENG, Yin-zhu ZHOU, Jin-song QIU, authorsList=Hui-hui XIAO, Jin ZHAO, Shui-lian CHEN, Pei-pei DENG, Yin-zhu ZHOU, Jin-song QIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jin-song QIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350061120975315, articleId=1311350059476808133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=1990—2023年中国HIV/AIDS疾病负担趋势及死亡归因分析, columnId=1228016573844226129, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=疾病预防控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析1990—2023年中国HIV/AIDS疾病负担趋势及死亡归因分析,为制定防治策略提供参考。

方法

利用全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease, GBD)2023数据库,采用标化发病率、死亡率和伤残调整生命年(disability-adjusted life years, DALYs)率评估中国HIV/AIDS疾病负担,利用Joinpoint回归模型分析指标年度变化百分比(annual percent change, APC)和平均年度变化百分比(average annual percent change, AAPC),年龄-时期-队列模型分析随年龄、时期和出生队列效应的变化,并对结核病(Tuberculosis, TB)等合并症进行死亡归因分析。

结果

中国HIV/AIDS标化发病率从1990年的0.69/10万上升至2023年的2.36/10万,AAPC=3.78%;标化死亡率从1990的0.14/10万上升至2023年的1.65/10万,AAPC=7.71%;标化DALYs率从1990年的6.81/10万上升到2023年的78.21/10万,AAPC=7.70%。年龄-时期-队列模型显示,发病年龄呈20~34岁及70岁以上“双峰”分布;以2004—2008年为对照,2008年后发病风险下降,而死亡及DALYs风险上升,且男性风险高于女性;以1955—1959出生队列为对照,1930—1934出生队列发病风险最高,1960年以后出生人群死亡及DALYs风险上升。死亡归因分析,HIV导致的其他疾病死亡从1990的55.38%上升至2023的93.33%;TB相关死亡占比持续下降,以HIV合并药物敏感型结核病为主,且男性居多。

结论

1990—2023年中国HIV/AIDS疾病负担呈上升趋势,20~34岁青年与老年男性是关键重点人群,非结核病相关疾病已成主要死因。我国未来防控策略需聚焦性传播干预,及青年与老年男性人群的早期检测与治疗,强化非结核病相关疾病的监测与管理。

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肖回回(1989—),男,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:传染病防控

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邱劲松,E-mail:
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Lancet HIV, 2019, 6(2): e93-e104., articleTitle=Contributions of traditional and HIV-related risk factors on non-AIDS-defining cancer, myocardial infarction, and end-stage liver and renal diseases in adults with HIV in the USA and Canada: a collaboration of cohort studies, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311350061330690516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350059476808133, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350061339079125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350059476808133, companyId=1311350061330690516, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Division of Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Changsha Health Inspection Bureau), Changsha, Hunan 410004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350061347467734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350059476808133, companyId=1311350061330690516, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=长沙市疾病预防控制中心(长沙市卫生综合监督执法局)传染病防制科,湖南 长沙 410004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311350064950374909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350059476808133, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Joinpoint regression anaysis of the age-standardized incidence, mortality, and DALYs rates of HIV/AIDS in China from 1990 to 2023, figureFileSmall=RtLjEtHqNrrW/lNCEkV96Q==, figureFileBig=GphTa9UEf2T3Sr+XR8Tjjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350065025872382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350059476808133, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1990—2023年中国HIV/AIDS标化发病率、死亡率及DALYs率的Joinpoint回归分析, figureFileSmall=RtLjEtHqNrrW/lNCEkV96Q==, figureFileBig=GphTa9UEf2T3Sr+XR8Tjjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350065218810367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350059476808133, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Age-Period-Cohort model analysis of the HIV/AIDS disease burden in China from 1994 to 2023, figureFileSmall=/KeMbIu2OoplmRcUgOSnmg==, figureFileBig=dmjlEGo9/Q45FrmG4mjUjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350065302696448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350059476808133, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1994—2023年中国HIV/AIDS疾病负担的年龄-时期-队列分析

注:A为发病年龄效应;B为发病时期效应;C为发病出生队列效应;D为死亡年龄效应;E为死亡的时期效应;F为死亡出生队列效应;G为DALYs年龄效应;H为DALYs时期效应;I为DALYs出生队列效应。

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AAPC in the age-standardized incidence, mortality, and DALYs rates of HIV/AIDS in China from 1990 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标人群平均年度变化百分比
(AAPC)%
95%CI%P值
标化发病率全人群3.78 3.56~3.95<0.001
男性4.02 3.83~4.17<0.001
女性2.78 2.62~3.00<0.001
标化死亡率全人群7.71 7.52~7.89<0.001
男性8.09 7.91~8.26<0.001
女性6.60 6.39~6.80<0.001
标化DALYs率全人群7.70 7.52~7.88<0.001
男性8.16 8.00~8.33<0.001
女性6.48 6.31~6.64<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1311350067437597194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350059476808133, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990—2023年中国HIV/AIDS标化发病率、死亡率及DALYs率的平均年度变化百分比(AAPC)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标人群平均年度变化百分比
(AAPC)%
95%CI%P值
标化发病率全人群3.78 3.56~3.95<0.001
男性4.02 3.83~4.17<0.001
女性2.78 2.62~3.00<0.001
标化死亡率全人群7.71 7.52~7.89<0.001
男性8.09 7.91~8.26<0.001
女性6.60 6.39~6.80<0.001
标化DALYs率全人群7.70 7.52~7.88<0.001
男性8.16 8.00~8.33<0.001
女性6.48 6.31~6.64<0.001
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1990—2023年中国HIV/AIDS疾病负担趋势及死亡归因分析
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肖回回 , 赵锦 , 陈水连 , 邓佩佩 , 周银柱 , 邱劲松
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2026,53(14): 2668-2675
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现代预防医学 |疾病预防控制 2026 , 53 (14) : 2668 -2675
1990—2023年中国HIV/AIDS疾病负担趋势及死亡归因分析
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肖回回, 赵锦, 陈水连, 邓佩佩, 周银柱, 邱劲松
作者信息
  • 长沙市疾病预防控制中心(长沙市卫生综合监督执法局)传染病防制科,湖南 长沙 410004
通讯作者:
邱劲松,E-mail:
作者简介:

肖回回(1989—),男,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:传染病防控

Trends in disease burden and mortality attribution of HIV/AIDS, China, 1990-2023
Hui-hui XIAO, Jin ZHAO, Shui-lian CHEN, Pei-pei DENG, Yin-zhu ZHOU, Jin-song QIU
Affiliations
  • Division of Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Changsha Health Inspection Bureau), Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601040
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目的

分析1990—2023年中国HIV/AIDS疾病负担趋势及死亡归因分析,为制定防治策略提供参考。

方法

利用全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease, GBD)2023数据库,采用标化发病率、死亡率和伤残调整生命年(disability-adjusted life years, DALYs)率评估中国HIV/AIDS疾病负担,利用Joinpoint回归模型分析指标年度变化百分比(annual percent change, APC)和平均年度变化百分比(average annual percent change, AAPC),年龄-时期-队列模型分析随年龄、时期和出生队列效应的变化,并对结核病(Tuberculosis, TB)等合并症进行死亡归因分析。

结果

中国HIV/AIDS标化发病率从1990年的0.69/10万上升至2023年的2.36/10万,AAPC=3.78%;标化死亡率从1990的0.14/10万上升至2023年的1.65/10万,AAPC=7.71%;标化DALYs率从1990年的6.81/10万上升到2023年的78.21/10万,AAPC=7.70%。年龄-时期-队列模型显示,发病年龄呈20~34岁及70岁以上“双峰”分布;以2004—2008年为对照,2008年后发病风险下降,而死亡及DALYs风险上升,且男性风险高于女性;以1955—1959出生队列为对照,1930—1934出生队列发病风险最高,1960年以后出生人群死亡及DALYs风险上升。死亡归因分析,HIV导致的其他疾病死亡从1990的55.38%上升至2023的93.33%;TB相关死亡占比持续下降,以HIV合并药物敏感型结核病为主,且男性居多。

结论

1990—2023年中国HIV/AIDS疾病负担呈上升趋势,20~34岁青年与老年男性是关键重点人群,非结核病相关疾病已成主要死因。我国未来防控策略需聚焦性传播干预,及青年与老年男性人群的早期检测与治疗,强化非结核病相关疾病的监测与管理。

HIV/AIDS  /  疾病负担  /  Joinpoint回归模型  /  年龄-时期-队列模型
Objective

To analyze the trends in disease burden of HIV/AIDS in China from 1990 to 2023 and conduct a death attribution analysis, providing evidence for refining national HIV prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023, the age-standardized incidence rate, mortality rate and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate were applied to assess the disease burden of HIV/AIDS in China. The Joinpoint regression model was used to calculate the annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC). The age-period-cohortmodel was applied to examine the effects of age, period, and birth cohort in disease burden. Death attribution analyses were performed for comorbidities such as tuberculosis (TB).

Results

The age-standardized incidence rate of HIV/AIDS in China increased from 0.69 per 100 000 in 1990 to 2.36 per 100 000 in 2023, with an AAPC of 3.78%. The age-standardized mortality rate rose from 0.14 per 100 000 in 1990 to 1.65 per 100 000 in 2023, with an AAPC of 7.71%. The age-standardized DALYs rate increased from 6.81 per 100 000 in 1990 to 78.21 per 100 000 in 2023, with an AAPC of 7.70%. Age-period-cohort model analysis revealed a “bimodal” age distribution in incidence, with peaks among the 20-34 and over-70 age groups. Compared with the period 2004-2008, the risk of incidence showed a declining trend after 2008, while the risk of mortality and DALYs increased. All indicators showed higher risks in males than in females. Compared with 1955-1959 birth cohort, the highest incidence risk was observed in the 1930-1934 birth cohort, while individuals born after 1960 showed increasing risks of death and DALYs. In terms of death attribution, deaths due to other diseases caused by HIV increased from 55.38% in 1990 to 93.33% in 2023. TB-related deaths continued to decline, predominantly involving HIV-drug-susceptible tuberculosis (HIV-DS-TB), with a higher proportion among males.

Conclusion

From 1990 to 2023, the disease burden of HIV/AIDS in China showed an upward trend. Young adults aged 20-34 yearsandthe elderly are key priority populations. Non-tuberculosis-related-diseases have become the leading cause of death. Future prevention and control strategies in China should focus on interventions targeting sexual transmission, early detection and treatment for young adults, the elderly, and male populations, as well as enhanced surveillance and management of non-tuberculosis-related-diseases.

HIV/AIDS  /  Disease burden  /  Joinpoint regression model  /  Age-period-cohort model
肖回回, 赵锦, 陈水连, 邓佩佩, 周银柱, 邱劲松. 1990—2023年中国HIV/AIDS疾病负担趋势及死亡归因分析. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (14) : 2668 -2675 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601040
Hui-hui XIAO, Jin ZHAO, Shui-lian CHEN, Pei-pei DENG, Yin-zhu ZHOU, Jin-song QIU. Trends in disease burden and mortality attribution of HIV/AIDS, China, 1990-2023[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (14) : 2668 -2675 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601040
HIV/AIDS至今仍是全球公共卫生领域重大挑战之一,尽管近年来抗逆转录病毒治疗(antiretroviral therapy, ART)的普及显著改善感染者的生存率和生活质量,然疾病负担仍居高不下,尤其在低收入和中等收入国家[1]。根据全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease, GBD)研究数据,截至2024年上半年,中国HIV感染者已达132.9万人,累计死亡47.4万人[2],且这一疾病负担呈持续增长趋势[3]。同时ART时代HIV感染者死亡谱转变已成为国际研究焦点,患者预期寿命接近普通人群,心血管疾病、肿瘤、慢性肝肾疾病等超越肺孢子菌肺炎、结核病(Tuberculosis, TB)等传统机会性感染[4]。尽管现有研究已对中国HIV/AIDS的流行病学特征和死亡进行多维度分析,但对疾病长期变化趋势与防控政策耦合解读以及死亡谱转变背景下死亡归因量化分析研究仍不足。本研究利用GBD数据库,分析1990—2023年我国HIV/AIDS长期疾病负担变化趋势,量化结核病等合并症的死亡归因,明确优先干预方向,为我国防控策略的动态调整提供科学依据。
数据来源于由健康指标与评估研究所(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluatio,IHME)发布的GBD 2023数据库。该数据库提供了1980—2023年全球204个国家或地区,按照年龄、性别等分组的375种疾病和损伤、292种死亡原因以及88种风险因素的疾病负担数据,数据源于各国官方疾病监测网络、全国健康调查、同行评审文献等多源异构数据[5]。采用贝叶斯元回归模型(DisMod-MR 2.1模型)对疾病各项指标参数进行标准化合成和校正,实现不同地区、时间和人群间的可比性[6]。
HIV-药物敏感型结核病(HIV-drug-susceptible-Tuberculosis, HIV-DS-TB)是将死亡归因于药物敏感型结核病,但其发生和死亡的根本原因是HIV感染;HIV-耐多药结核病(HIV-multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis, HIV-MDR-TB)是将死亡归因于耐多药结核病,但对广泛耐药结核病药物仍敏感;HIV-广泛耐药结核病(HIV-extensively drug-resistant Tuberculosis, HIV-XDR-TB)将死亡归因于广泛耐药结核病;HIV导致其他疾病指由HIV感染导致但未被前面列出的特定结核病类别所涵盖的其他所有疾病(如卡波西肉瘤、肺孢子菌肺炎、其他细菌性感染等)。本研究按照病因,提取1990—2023年中国HIV/AIDS的发病、死亡及伤残调整生命年(disability-adjusted life years, DALYs)相关数据;同时提取HIV感染导致TB及其他疾病的死亡数据,由于部分死亡率极低,为准确反映其流行病学特征,对低于0.01/10万的指标保留3位小数,其余保留2位小数。
利用Joinpoint 5.3.0软件[7]对1990—2023年中国HIV/AIDS的标化发病率、死亡率和DALYs率的变化趋势进行分析,计算年度变化百分比(annual percent change, APC)、平均年度变化百分比(average annual percent change, AAPC)及其95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI)。APC>0,表示逐年递增;APC<0,表示逐年递减;当无连接点时,即APC=AAPC时,表示单调递增或递减趋势。
采用年龄-时期-队列模型从年龄效应、时期效应和出生队列效应3个维度探讨疾病趋势变化[8],本研究使用Holford 提出的估计函数法进行模型解释[9],其中年龄效应代表疾病随年龄增长相关风险变化,时期效应代表疾病在不同时期中相关风险变化,队列效应代表具有相同出生年份的队列间疾病相关风险变化。该模型要求完整、连续的年龄别数据,然GBD2023数据库中5~9岁、10~14岁及80岁以上年龄组数据存在缺失。为保障模型参数估计的可靠性与结果的内部有效性,本研究将年龄限定于15~79岁以连续5年为一组进行划分,1994—2023年以连续5年为一个时期进行划分,共划分为6个时期。设置中心年龄组、时期和出生队列作为参照组,计算各组的RR值。采用Wald χ2检验参数估计,双侧检验,检验水准α=0.05。
1990—2023年中国HIV/AIDS的疾病负担整体呈上升趋势。标化发病率从1990年的0.68/10万上升至2023年的2.36/10万,AAPC=3.78%(95%CI:3.56%~3.95%),详见表1。其中,1990—2004年呈上升趋势(APC>0, P<0.001),2004年达到高峰,2004—2014年下降(APC=-6.96%, P<0.05),2014年后平稳(APC=0.47%, P>0.05),详见图1A。标化死亡率从1990年的0.14/10万上升至2023年1.65/10万,AAPC=7.71%(95%CI:7.52%~7.89%)。1990—2005年呈上升趋势(APC>0, P<0.001),2005—2013年下降(APC=-1.04%, P=0.014),2013—2020年上升(APC>0, P<0.05),2020年达到高峰,2020—2023年开始下降(APC=-3.71%, P<0.001),详见图1B。标化DALYs率从1990年的6.81/10万上升至2023年的78.21/10万,AAPC=7.70%(95%CI:7.52%~7.88%)。趋势变化与标化死亡率高度相似,2020年达到高峰,详见图1C。男性标化发病率、死亡率及DALYs率各年均高于女性,趋势变化与全人群相同,详见图1。
发病率年龄组呈“双峰”分布,20~34岁第一个高峰,70~79岁第二高峰。男性与全人群年龄分布相同,女性年龄组呈“单峰”分布,仅20~34岁高峰,详见图2A。死亡率和DALYs率年龄组呈现“J型”分布,60岁开始呈快速增长,男性除15~24岁年龄组外均高于女性,详见图2D、2G。
以2004—2008年时期为对照组(RR=1),发病风险从1994—1999年时期组上升至2004—2008年时期组最高,随后呈现下降,2019—2023年时期组最低(RR=0.38, 95%CI: 0.34~0.42)。男性风险变化与全人群相同,女性在1999—2003年时期组达到最高(RR=1.07,95%CI:0.99~1.16),随后呈现下降,详见图2B。死亡及DALYs风险随时期呈上升趋势,在2019—2023年时期达到最高(RR=1.65, 95%CI:1.56~1.73; RR=1.61, 95%CI:1.31~1.71),男性及女性与全人群风险变化趋势相同,详见图2E、2H。
以1955—1959出生队列组为对照组(RR=1),发病风险在1930—1934出生队列组最高(RR=2.96, 95%CI:2.34~3.74),男性风险变化与全人群相同,女性在1925—1929年出生队列时期最高(RR=4.32, 95%CI:2.28~5.69),详见图2C。死亡及DALYs风险随出生队列呈上升趋势,1960年以后出生队列组的风险高于对照组(RR>1),男性及女性与全人群风险变化趋势相同,详见图2F、2I。
1990—2023年中国HIV导致的其他疾病死亡率从1990年的0.07/10万上升至2023年的1.96/10万。其中,男性HIV导致的其他疾病占比上升,从1990年的36.93%上升至2023年的72.49%,女性较平稳。构成比中,HIV导致的其他疾病占比从1990年的55.38%上升至2023年的93.33%;TB相关死亡占比从1990年的44.62%下降至2023年的6.67%,详见图3~4。
1990—2023年中国HIV/AIDS合并TB相关死亡率呈“上升-下降”变化趋势。HIV-DS-TB、HIV-MDR-TB及HIV-XDR-TB死亡率于2005年前后达到高峰,随后下降,2023年分别降至0.12/10万、0.01/10万和0.002/10万。构成比中,HIV-DS-TB一直占比较高,2023年为88.29%,HIV-MDR-TB为9.86%,HIV-XDR-TB为1.85%。男性一直高于女性,以男性HIV-DS-TB为主,占比59.00%,详见图5~6。
本研究发现,1990—2023年我国HIV/AIDS疾病负担总体呈显著上升趋势,标化发病率、死亡率及DALYs分别以平均年度百分比3.78%、7.71%和7.70%速度增长,但其演变过程呈明显的阶段性波动,与我国不同时期的防控政策高度耦合。具体而言,发病率在2004年达到高峰,随后逐步下降,2014年以后进入平台期。这“先升-后降-再平”趋势,见证了我国防控策略和疫情形势里程碑式的转变。2003年底全面推行“四免一关怀”政策[10],系统性地扩大了HIV/AIDS的检测、ART治疗、预防母婴传播以及高危人群干预的覆盖面,防治工作取得显著进展[11],从而驱动2004—2014年间发病率快速下降。2014年以后进入平台期,主要是我国HIV传播动力机制改变,血液制品、注射吸毒与母婴传播途径得到有效阻断,转而以性接触传播为主且以异性性接触主导的特征,进入“一般人群传播”的新阶段[12]。有研究表明,2022年我国HIV新报告病例中经性接触传播比例达97.60%,其中异性性接触传播为72.00%[13]。这些意味我国HIV感染正从传统高危人群加速向普通大众中持续、隐蔽地扩散,既往防控技术手段效果有限,提示未来需针对性传播途径构建新的有效防控策略。
年龄-时期-队列模型分析显示,我国HIV/AIDS发病率的年龄分布呈现“双峰”特征,即20~34岁的青年及老年人群,男性高于女性。青年人群高发病率主要与其处于性活跃期、高危行为暴露机会增加相关,其中男男性行为是青年男性发病风险重要因素[14]。其次,老年人群发病率峰值的出现,反映我国HIV/AIDS感染迎来一个深刻的结构性转变。自2011年以来,中国新报告的HIV/AIDS病例中,60岁及以上男性的比例急剧上升[15],主要通过异性性行为感染,提示防控需关注老年男性群体。时期效应进一步印证性别差异的动态演变,本研究发现男性发病死亡风险随着时间推移风险逐渐增高,特别是2008年以后及1960年以后出生队列风险都高于女性现象。这与男性在健康需求行为消极倾向密切相关。以广西地区研究为例,男性HIV感染者的诊断延迟程度通常比女性更高[16],导致其“发现即晚期”的比例风险更高。在队列效应层面,本研究发现1930—1934年出生队列人群发病风险最高,这可能与该出生队列人群与我国HIV/AIDS流行两个关键阶段[12]—即既往血浆捐献者暴发期(1995—2005年)以及性传播主导期(2006—2014年)的早期阶段—发生高度重叠。1995年该队列已进入老年初期,恰好处于既往采供血传播时间的高风险年龄段,在河南省早期接受ART治疗的人群就主要为年龄较大的男性[17]。随着该队列年龄增长,因丧偶、孤独、社会流动性增加等因素,可能发生婚外或商业性行为[18],再次经历性传播为主的早期阶段。该现象揭示了历史事件对特定出生队列累积风险的深远影响,提示防控策略可能需结合出生队列精准干预。
死亡归因分析显示,1990—2023年我国HIV感染者死于结核病的比例显著下降,从1990的44.62%下降至2023年的6.67%,而其他疾病导致的死亡从1990年的55.38%上升至2023年的93.33%。结核病死亡占比持续下降,于2005年达峰后尤为显著,其主要原因为国家结核病防治规划与艾滋病防治项目的整合,HIV/TB双向筛查与结核病规范化抗结核病治疗,为早期诊断和及时治疗创造了制度性基础[19]。其次,2003年全国免费ART项目覆盖率逐步扩大[4],有效控制了HIV复制并改善免疫功能,从而显著降低了结核病等机会性感染的死亡风险。尽管耐多药结核病(MDR-TB)仍是全球威胁,但本研究发现HIV-DS-TB占死亡绝对主导,这与GBD数据库中DS-TB占结核病总负担90%以上的结论一致[20]。WHO数据显示,全球仅5-7%的新发TB病例为MDR-TB,而HIV感染并不独立增加耐药风险[21]。这一特征提示我国公共卫生策略应不仅关注耐结核病的管理,更应优化DS-TB的早期发现、快速启动规范化治疗以及ART结合策略。另一方面,其他疾病导致死亡占比持续上升,标志随着ART的普及与患者生存期延长,感染者的死因谱正从传统的机会性感染向非艾滋病定义性疾病(non-AIDS-defining diseases,NADDs)转变[22]。这一趋势与国际研究一致,表明心血管疾病、恶性肿瘤、肝病及慢性肾病等已成为长期存活HIV感染者的主要死亡原因[4,23]。值得注意的是,本研究发现其他疾病导致死亡构成比在男性中上升尤为显著,而女性相对稳定。这种性别差异可能源于多重因素:首先,男性HIV感染者的ART依从性及随访持续性通常低于女性,导致其免疫重建不充分,NADDs风险升高[24]。其次,男性较高的吸烟率、饮酒率及代谢综合征患病率,进一步加剧了心血管疾病与恶性肿瘤的负担[25]。上述发现提示,未来HIV/AIDS综合管理需从单一抗病毒治疗扩展至NADDs的长期监测和多病共防。
本研究的局限性。一是在APC模型分析中,由于采用数据间隔为5年,出生队列和时期效应未能完全与已知的社会重大历史事件一一对应,可能影响结论的稳健性。二是GBD2023数据中HIV/AIDS死亡归因数据维度有限,未能进一步区分TB以外具体死亡原因,未来需结合中国本土的前瞻性队列数据,对导致死亡其他具体病种及其危险因素展开深入分析,为制定针对性的综合干预策略提供证据。
综上所述,1990—2023年我国HIV/AIDS疾病负担整体呈现上升趋势,呈阶段性波动,与不同时期防控政策密切相关。发病人群主要集中于20~34岁青年及老年人群,男性风险显著高于女性。死亡归因分析表明,结核病相关死亡占比持续下降,而非结核病相关疾病已上升主要死因。反映我国HIV/AIDS防治面临传播模式转变,青年与老年人及男性为关键重点人群,非结核病相关疾病负担日益上升等挑战。未来防控策略应进一步聚焦性传播途径的综合防控,提高重点人群的早期检测与ART治疗同步覆盖,并强化非结核病疾病的长期监测与管理,以达到降低疾病负担、改善患者生存质量防治目标。

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2026年第53卷第14期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601040
  • 接收时间:2026-01-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-05
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    长沙市疾病预防控制中心(长沙市卫生综合监督执法局)传染病防制科,湖南 长沙 410004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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