Article(id=1311350364780192150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767456000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579890674, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579890674, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579890674, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579890674, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349984730116963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579800064, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588348354, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385838924169506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385838924169507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2599, endPage=2605, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350364973130135, articleId=1311350364780192150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Temporal relationship between peak physical fitness development velocity and peak height velocity in children and adolescents, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To examine the temporal relationship between the peak velocity of physical fitness development and peak height velocity (PHV) in children and adolescents, and to explore sex differences in this relationship.

Methods

This longitudinal study included 13 513 primary and secondary school students from Shiyan, China, with six consecutive years of complete measurements between 2015 and 2024, yielding 101 969 observations. Annual height growth velocity and physical fitness development velocity were calculated. Locally weighted regression was used to identify peak ages and to compute the temporal difference between peak physical fitness velocity and PHV. Linear mixed-effects models were applied to evaluate the effects of fitness type and sex on the temporal difference.

Results

The mean age at PHV was 12.07±1.46 years for boys, significantly later than 11.07±1.46 years for girls (P<0.001). The peak ages of physical fitness development velocity were mainly concentrated between 12 and 13 years, and all occurred after PHV (all P<0.001). Linear mixed-effects modeling indicated that girls exhibited an overall delay of 0.598 years compared with boys (95%CI: 0.511-0.685, P<0.001). The peak velocities of physical fitness development were delayed relative to PHV by approximately 0.52-0.64 years in boys and 1.13-1.22 years in girls, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.001).

Conclusion

Peak physical fitness development velocity generally lags behind PHV in children and adolescents, with a significantly greater delay observed in girls than in boys.

, authors=Pei-dong YANG1, 2, Liang ZHAO2, Wei-dong HE2, Rong-mei WAN2, Fei-jia CHEN2, Jun ZHAO1, 3, authorsList=Pei-dong YANG, Liang ZHAO, Wei-dong HE, Rong-mei WAN, Fei-jia CHEN, Jun ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350365732299164, articleId=1311350364780192150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=儿童青少年体能发展速率与生长突增期的时序关系, columnId=1228016570031604578, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=儿少卫生与妇幼保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨儿童青少年各体能素质发展速率峰值与生长突增期(PHV)的时序关系及其性别差异。

方法

基于2015—2024年十堰市13 513名具有连续6年完整测量记录的中小学生,共101 969条纵向观测数据,计算身高生长速率及各体能指标发展速率,采用局部加权回归法识别峰值年龄并计算时序差,通过线性混合效应模型分析不同体能类型及性别对时序差的影响。

结果

男生PHV年龄为12.07±1.46岁,显著晚于女生11.07±1.46岁(P<0.001)。各体能素质发展速率峰值年龄主要集中于12~13岁区间,且均晚于PHV(均P<0.001)。线性混合效应模型结果显示,女生体能发展速率峰值整体较男生延迟0.598年(95%CI:0.511~0.685,P<0.001),男生各体能素质发展速率峰值较PHV延迟约0.52~0.64年,女生延迟约1.13~1.22年,差异均具有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。

结论

儿童青少年各体能素质发展速率峰值普遍滞后于PHV,且女生延迟程度显著高于男生。

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杨培东(1970—),男,本科,主任医师,研究方向:儿童保健

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赵军,E-mail:
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Developmental patterns and sports health promotion of physical fitness during adolescence and different maturity status[J]. Journal of Tianjin University of Sport, 2023, 38(2): 178-184.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Developmental patterns and sports health promotion of physical fitness during adolescence and different maturity status, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311350369763025370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, awardId=2025YB004, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北省普通高等学校人文社科重点研究基地开放基金(2025YB004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350369830134235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, awardId=25Y188, language=CN, fundingSource=2025年度十堰市引导性科研项目(25Y188), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311350366000734621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350366017511838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, companyId=1311350366000734621, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Center of Health Administration and Development Studies, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350366038483359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, companyId=1311350366000734621, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湖北医药学院卫生管理与卫生事业发展研究中心,湖北 十堰 442000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350366118175136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350366126563745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, companyId=1311350366118175136, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.湖北省十堰市妇幼保健院儿童保健部)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350366197866914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350366206255523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, companyId=1311350366197866914, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 湖北医药学院公共卫生与健康学院流行病与生物统计学教研室)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311350368668312014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes in physical fitness indicators with age among schoolchildren aged 7-17 years, figureFileSmall=hxbXtXihqQu1Kp+R+YhpqQ==, figureFileBig=CxT97NPPVs9vFt3vpUoniw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350368752198095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, language=CN, label=图1, caption=7~17岁中小学生各项体能指标随年龄变化的发展轨迹, figureFileSmall=hxbXtXihqQu1Kp+R+YhpqQ==, figureFileBig=CxT97NPPVs9vFt3vpUoniw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350368940941776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Age trends in height growth velocity and development rates of physical fitness components among schoolchildren aged 7-17 years, figureFileSmall=chuuiLJnvOlr2J0e5Uw96Q==, figureFileBig=/bbE/oTii5hy3hsagGP7jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350369062576593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, language=CN, label=图2, caption=7~17岁中小学生身高生长速率和各项体能素质发展速率年龄趋势, figureFileSmall=chuuiLJnvOlr2J0e5Uw96Q==, figureFileBig=/bbE/oTii5hy3hsagGP7jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350369150656978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical fitness indicators and physiological basis by school stage

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身体素质维度测试项目生理基础
小学生中学生
速度50米跑50米跑神经肌肉协调性
柔韧性坐位体前屈坐位体前屈关节灵活性
耐力1分钟跳绳800米跑(女生)/1 000米跑(男生)心肺功能
力量1分钟仰卧起坐1分钟仰卧起坐(女生)/引体向上(男生)肌肉力量
), ArticleFig(id=1311350369209377235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同学段学生体能测试指标与生理基础

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
身体素质维度测试项目生理基础
小学生中学生
速度50米跑50米跑神经肌肉协调性
柔韧性坐位体前屈坐位体前屈关节灵活性
耐力1分钟跳绳800米跑(女生)/1 000米跑(男生)心肺功能
力量1分钟仰卧起坐1分钟仰卧起坐(女生)/引体向上(男生)肌肉力量
), ArticleFig(id=1311350369284874708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution and sex differences in PHV age, peak age of physical fitness development, and timing gaps among school children aged 6-17 years

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指标合计(n=13 513)男(n=7 689)女(n=5 824)t值P值
PHV年龄(岁)11.67±1.5412.07±1.4611.07±1.4625.145<0.001
速度素质峰值年龄(岁)12.61±2.1612.68±2.1612.50±2.163.0310.002
柔韧性素质峰值年龄(岁)12.63±1.9912.74±1.9812.47±1.995.010<0.001
耐力素质峰值年龄(岁)12.63±2.1612.67±2.1812.58±2.131.5720.116
力量素质峰值年龄(岁)12.80±2.0412.88±2.0112.67±2.083.777<0.001
速度素质时序差(年)0.94±2.480.61±2.461.43±2.4412.349<0.001
柔韧性素质时序差(年)1.13±2.440.81±2.391.60±2.4312.099<0.001
耐力素质时序差(年)0.96±2.380.67±2.361.40±2.3511.395<0.001
力量素质时序差(年)0.97±2.520.60±2.531.51±2.4313.435<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1311350369351983573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

6~17岁中小学生PHV年龄、体能发展速率峰值年龄与时序差的分布及性别差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标合计(n=13 513)男(n=7 689)女(n=5 824)t值P值
PHV年龄(岁)11.67±1.5412.07±1.4611.07±1.4625.145<0.001
速度素质峰值年龄(岁)12.61±2.1612.68±2.1612.50±2.163.0310.002
柔韧性素质峰值年龄(岁)12.63±1.9912.74±1.9812.47±1.995.010<0.001
耐力素质峰值年龄(岁)12.63±2.1612.67±2.1812.58±2.131.5720.116
力量素质峰值年龄(岁)12.80±2.0412.88±2.0112.67±2.083.777<0.001
速度素质时序差(年)0.94±2.480.61±2.461.43±2.4412.349<0.001
柔韧性素质时序差(年)1.13±2.440.81±2.391.60±2.4312.099<0.001
耐力素质时序差(年)0.96±2.380.67±2.361.40±2.3511.395<0.001
力量素质时序差(年)0.97±2.520.60±2.531.51±2.4313.435<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1311350369435869654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fixed-effect estimates from the linear mixed-effects model

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固定效应项β(95%CI)标准误t值P值
截距(男生速度)0.556(0.500~0.613)0.02919.386<0.001
体能类型(vs.速度)
柔韧性0.079(0.020~0.139)0.0302.6050.009
耐力-0.033(-0.093~0.026)0.030-1.1170.264
力量0.018(-0.041~0.078)0.0300.5980.550
性别(女生 vs. 男生)0.598(0.511~0.685)0.04413.471<0.001
交互效应(性别×体能)
柔韧性×女生-0.012(-0.105~0.080)0.047-0.2640.791
耐力×女生0.008(-0.084~0.100)0.0470.1640.870
力量×女生0.011(-0.081~0.103)0.0470.2400.810
), ArticleFig(id=1311350369498784215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

混合效应模型固定效应估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
固定效应项β(95%CI)标准误t值P值
截距(男生速度)0.556(0.500~0.613)0.02919.386<0.001
体能类型(vs.速度)
柔韧性0.079(0.020~0.139)0.0302.6050.009
耐力-0.033(-0.093~0.026)0.030-1.1170.264
力量0.018(-0.041~0.078)0.0300.5980.550
性别(女生 vs. 男生)0.598(0.511~0.685)0.04413.471<0.001
交互效应(性别×体能)
柔韧性×女生-0.012(-0.105~0.080)0.047-0.2640.791
耐力×女生0.008(-0.084~0.100)0.0470.1640.870
力量×女生0.011(-0.081~0.103)0.0470.2400.810
), ArticleFig(id=1311350369570087384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Simple effect estimates by gender and physical fitness type

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体能素质类型性别β(95%CI)标准误t值P值
速度男0.556(0.500~0.613)0.02919.386<0.001
女1.154(1.088~1.221)0.03434.076<0.001
柔韧性男0.635(0.579~0.692)0.02922.144<0.001
女1.221(1.155~1.288)0.03436.045<0.001
耐力男0.522(0.466~0.579)0.02918.204<0.001
女1.128(1.062~1.195)0.03433.303<0.001
力量男0.575(0.518~0.631)0.02920.019<0.001
女1.184(1.117~1.250)0.03434.945<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1311350369653973465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350364780192150, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同性别和体能类型组合的简单效应估计

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体能素质类型性别β(95%CI)标准误t值P值
速度男0.556(0.500~0.613)0.02919.386<0.001
女1.154(1.088~1.221)0.03434.076<0.001
柔韧性男0.635(0.579~0.692)0.02922.144<0.001
女1.221(1.155~1.288)0.03436.045<0.001
耐力男0.522(0.466~0.579)0.02918.204<0.001
女1.128(1.062~1.195)0.03433.303<0.001
力量男0.575(0.518~0.631)0.02920.019<0.001
女1.184(1.117~1.250)0.03434.945<0.001
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儿童青少年体能发展速率与生长突增期的时序关系
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杨培东 1, 2 , 赵亮 2 , 何卫东 2 , 万荣梅 2 , 陈斐佳 2 , 赵军 1, 3
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026,53(14): 2599-2605
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现代预防医学 |儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026 , 53 (14) : 2599 -2605
儿童青少年体能发展速率与生长突增期的时序关系
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杨培东1, 2, 赵亮2, 何卫东2, 万荣梅2, 陈斐佳2, 赵军1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.湖北医药学院卫生管理与卫生事业发展研究中心,湖北 十堰 442000
  • 2.湖北省十堰市妇幼保健院儿童保健部
  • 3. 湖北医药学院公共卫生与健康学院流行病与生物统计学教研室
通讯作者:
赵军,E-mail:
作者简介:

杨培东(1970—),男,本科,主任医师,研究方向:儿童保健

Temporal relationship between peak physical fitness development velocity and peak height velocity in children and adolescents
Pei-dong YANG1, 2, Liang ZHAO2, Wei-dong HE2, Rong-mei WAN2, Fei-jia CHEN2, Jun ZHAO1, 3
Affiliations
  • Center of Health Administration and Development Studies, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601032
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目的

探讨儿童青少年各体能素质发展速率峰值与生长突增期(PHV)的时序关系及其性别差异。

方法

基于2015—2024年十堰市13 513名具有连续6年完整测量记录的中小学生,共101 969条纵向观测数据,计算身高生长速率及各体能指标发展速率,采用局部加权回归法识别峰值年龄并计算时序差,通过线性混合效应模型分析不同体能类型及性别对时序差的影响。

结果

男生PHV年龄为12.07±1.46岁,显著晚于女生11.07±1.46岁(P<0.001)。各体能素质发展速率峰值年龄主要集中于12~13岁区间,且均晚于PHV(均P<0.001)。线性混合效应模型结果显示,女生体能发展速率峰值整体较男生延迟0.598年(95%CI:0.511~0.685,P<0.001),男生各体能素质发展速率峰值较PHV延迟约0.52~0.64年,女生延迟约1.13~1.22年,差异均具有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。

结论

儿童青少年各体能素质发展速率峰值普遍滞后于PHV,且女生延迟程度显著高于男生。

儿童青少年  /  体能发展  /  生长突增期  /  峰值年龄  /  纵向数据
Objective

To examine the temporal relationship between the peak velocity of physical fitness development and peak height velocity (PHV) in children and adolescents, and to explore sex differences in this relationship.

Methods

This longitudinal study included 13 513 primary and secondary school students from Shiyan, China, with six consecutive years of complete measurements between 2015 and 2024, yielding 101 969 observations. Annual height growth velocity and physical fitness development velocity were calculated. Locally weighted regression was used to identify peak ages and to compute the temporal difference between peak physical fitness velocity and PHV. Linear mixed-effects models were applied to evaluate the effects of fitness type and sex on the temporal difference.

Results

The mean age at PHV was 12.07±1.46 years for boys, significantly later than 11.07±1.46 years for girls (P<0.001). The peak ages of physical fitness development velocity were mainly concentrated between 12 and 13 years, and all occurred after PHV (all P<0.001). Linear mixed-effects modeling indicated that girls exhibited an overall delay of 0.598 years compared with boys (95%CI: 0.511-0.685, P<0.001). The peak velocities of physical fitness development were delayed relative to PHV by approximately 0.52-0.64 years in boys and 1.13-1.22 years in girls, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.001).

Conclusion

Peak physical fitness development velocity generally lags behind PHV in children and adolescents, with a significantly greater delay observed in girls than in boys.

Children and adolescents  /  Physical fitness development  /  Peak height velocity  /  Peak age  /  Longitudinal data
杨培东, 赵亮, 何卫东, 万荣梅, 陈斐佳, 赵军. 儿童青少年体能发展速率与生长突增期的时序关系. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (14) : 2599 -2605 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601032
Pei-dong YANG, Liang ZHAO, Wei-dong HE, Rong-mei WAN, Fei-jia CHEN, Jun ZHAO. Temporal relationship between peak physical fitness development velocity and peak height velocity in children and adolescents[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (14) : 2599 -2605 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601032
儿童青少年时期是人体生长发育和身体素质形成的关键阶段[1]。生长突增期(Peak Height Velocity, PHV)被广泛认为是反映生物成熟度的重要标志[2],其出现时间与个体神经肌肉系统、骨骼发育及内分泌变化密切相关[3]。近年来的研究表明,青少年体能水平的变化并非简单随年龄线性增长,而是与生物成熟进程密切相关[4]。因此,探讨体能发展速率峰值与PHV之间的时序关系,对于识别发育关键窗口期、优化体育教学和健康促进策略具有重要意义。
国际上关于PHV与体能发展的关系的研究表明,冲刺能力、力量及爆发力的发展显著受到生物成熟度的影响,且不同体能素质达到峰值的时间存在异质性[5-6]。然而,多数研究局限于运动员群体,样本量普遍较小,且缺乏对不同体能成分发展时序的系统比较。国内基于全国体质健康监测数据的研究日益增多,已有研究利用长期监测数据系统分析了中国儿童青少年体能指标的变化趋势,为理解体能随年龄和时间变化提供了实证资料[7-8]。但多数研究仍基于横断面设计,未能深入揭示体能发展轨迹与PHV之间的动态关联。此外,性别差异进一步增加了体能发展节律研究的复杂性。女生通常早于男生达到PHV,但这种生长节律差异是否对应不同体能素质峰值时间的变化,目前证据尚不一致[9-10]。
在方法学层面,横断面设计或传统重复测量方差分析都是基于群体均值进行推断,无法有效分离个体内与个体间变异[11-12]。在青春期这一成熟节奏差异显著的阶段,若不准确刻画个体发育轨迹,关键发展时点易被平均化处理,从而掩盖真实的时序差异。线性混合效应模型能够同时估计固定效应与随机效应,更适用于分析纵向重复测量数据,并可提高峰值年龄估计的稳健性[13]。
基于此,本研究利用2015—2024年大样本纵向数据,围绕速度、柔韧、耐力和力量等核心体能素质的发展速率峰值与PHV之间的时间关系展开分析,旨在弥补既往研究样本规模有限、方法学处理不足及体能类型比较不充分等不足,为青少年体质监测与体育干预提供更具生物学依据的时间框架。
本研究采用回顾性纵向研究设计,数据来源于2015―2024年湖北省十堰市教育系统开展的学生年度健康体检项目。初始数据集包含165 109名6~17岁中小学生的504 311次观测。其中,具有至少连续6年完整测量记录的样本13 513人(男生7 689人,女生5 824人),共计101 969条记录。本研究已获湖北省十堰市妇幼保健院医学伦理委员会批准(批准号:SYSFYBJY-LL-PJ-202507)。所有研究对象均已签署知情同意书(未成年人由其监护人签署),研究数据在分析前已进行去标识化处理。
采用标准化体检流程,由培训合格的医务人员使用统一仪器进行测量。身高测量采用机械式身高计,精确到0.1 cm;体能测试指标包括50米跑(秒)、坐位体前屈(cm)、1分钟跳绳(次)、1分钟仰卧起坐(次)、引体向上(次)、800米跑(秒)、1 000米跑(秒)等。测试项目根据学段(小学、中学)和性别(男、女)进行差异化设计,具体见表1。根据《国家学生体质健康标准(2014年修订)》,速度素质统一采用50米跑测试;柔韧性素质均通过坐位体前屈测量;耐力素质在小学阶段使用1分钟跳绳,中学阶段则根据性别区分(女生为800米跑,男生为1 000米跑);力量素质在小学阶段采用1分钟仰卧起坐,中学阶段女生使用1分钟仰卧起坐,男生使用引体向上[14]。鉴于不同学段及性别所采用测试项目存在差异,为保证不同指标在纵向分析中的可比性,在统计分析阶段对各体能指标按年龄和性别进行Z值标准化处理,以统一尺度分析其发展速率及峰值年龄。
以相邻两次测量的身高差值除以测量时间间隔(年)计算年度身高生长速率。将个体各年龄对应的生长速率进行平滑处理后,取最大值对应的年龄作为身高生长速率峰值年龄(PHV年龄)。各体能指标年度发展速率采用相邻两次标准化测量值的差值除以时间间隔(1年)计算。对发展速率采用局部加权回归进行平滑处理,平滑参数设为0.8,峰值年龄定义为平滑曲线中最大值对应的年龄。为保证估计稳定性,仅纳入连续测量≥6年的学生。时序差定义为各体能素质发展速率峰值年龄与PHV年龄的差值(单位:年),负值表示峰值早于PHV,正值表示峰值晚于PHV。
所有测量严格遵循《学生健康检查技术规范》(GB/T 26343-2010),仪器每日使用均有专门人员校准,数据由质控员随机抽取5%样本复核,误差率控制在<1%。移除身高的极端值(使用年龄-性别特异性的1%和99%分位数作为界限);PHV及体能发展速率峰值年龄的计算仅保留至少有连续6年测量记录的对象以确保纵向分析结果的可靠性。
采用R4.3.2软件分析数据。采用均值±标准差描述PHV年龄、各体能素质发展峰值年龄及时序差,并采用独立样本t检验比较各指标的性别差异。为分析不同体能素质发展峰值年龄与PHV的时序关系,将不同体能类型的时序差构建为长数据结构(每名学生包含多个体能类型观测值),采用线性混合效应模型(通过lme4包实现)进行分析。其中,模型的固定效应包括体能类型(以速度素质为参考组)、性别及其交互项,随机效应以学生为随机截距,体质指数(BMI)为协变量。采用限制性最大似然估计法拟合模型,并通过残差分析和方差成分检验模型的拟合优度。检验水准α=0.05(双侧)。
图1展示了中小学生各项体能指标随年龄变化的发展轨迹。身高增长方面,男女生在青春早期均呈持续上升趋势,但女生身高在11~13岁进入平台期,而男生在12岁之后增长速度明显加快,14岁后逐渐趋于稳定。50米跑成绩随年龄增长而提高,男生完成时间从6岁的约12秒减少至17岁的约7.8秒,女生从约12秒减少至17岁的约8.8秒,男女差距在青春期后逐渐扩大。坐位体前屈女生始终优于男生,11岁前变化幅度较小,12岁后成绩明显提高。一分钟跳绳、一分钟仰卧起坐及引体向上的次数总体随年龄增长而增加,青春期阶段(约12~14岁)增长幅度较为明显。男生1 000米跑和女生800米跑成绩均随年龄增长而改善(男生从约285秒降至约247秒,女生从约255秒降至约233秒),呈现持续下降趋势。
男女生身高生长速率随年龄呈现典型的青春期突增模式(图2)。7~9岁男女生生长速率基本接近,保持在6~7 cm/年。从10岁开始,女生生长速率明显加快,在11~12岁达到峰值,随后逐渐下降;男生生长速率在11岁后加速,在12~13岁达到峰值,并显著高于女生(P<0.001),PHV年龄相对女生延迟约1年。
对PHV年龄、体能发展速率峰值年龄及发展时序差的统计分析结果见表2。男生PHV年龄(12.07±1.46岁)显著晚于女生(11.07±1.46岁)(P<0.001)。体能发展速率峰值年龄分析显示,各体能素质发展速率峰值均集中在12~13岁区间。速度、柔韧性和力量的发展速率峰值年龄男生均略晚于女生(P<0.001),而耐力发展速率峰值年龄的性别差异无统计学意义(P=0.116)。时序差分析结果表明,所有体能素质的时序差均为正值,提示体能发展速率峰值整体晚于PHV。男生各项时序差约为0.60~0.81年,而女生为1.40~1.60年,性别差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.001),提示女生体能发展速率峰值相对PHV延迟程度更大。
线性混合效应模型中随机效应分析表明,组内相关系数(ICC)为0.408,即41%的总变异来源于学生个体差异,支持使用混合效应模型。固定效应估计结果(表3)表明,以男生速度素质为参照,其体能发展速率峰值较PHV平均晚0.556年(95%CI:0.500~0.613)。与速度相比,柔韧性发展速率峰值进一步延后0.079年(P=0.009),耐力和力量的发展速率峰值相比速度差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。性别主效应显示,女生体能发展速率峰值整体较男生晚0.598年(95%CI:0.511~0.685,P<0.001)。交互效应分析未发现显著的性别与体能类型交互作用(均P>0.05),提示不同体能类型发展速率在性别间的延迟模式较为一致。
基于简单效应估计(表4),在调整了BMI后,男生各体能素质发展速率峰值均晚于PHV约0.52~0.64年;女生各体能素质发展速率峰值晚于PHV约1.13~1.22年,整体延迟幅度显著高于男生。总体而言,体能发展速率峰值普遍滞后于身高PHV,且女生延迟幅度更为明显。
本研究基于大样本纵向数据,分析了儿童青少年各体能素质发展速率峰值与PHV之间的时序关系。结果显示,所有体能素质发展速率峰值均滞后于PHV,且不同性别之间存在显著差异。这提示青春期体能发展并非与身高突增同步发生,而呈现出明确的阶段性非同步特征。
从生理机制角度来看,PHV主要由生长激素—IGF-1轴调控,表现为骨骼纵向快速增长[15]。然而,骨骼长度增长并不意味着肌肉功能立即达到最优状态。青春期期间神经肌肉系统存在明显的结构和功能重构期,包括肌肉横截面积增加、肌腱刚度提升及神经驱动能力增强。这一系列适应过程通常滞后于骨骼快速生长阶段。从内分泌机制角度看,青春期性腺轴逐步激活,性激素水平在PHV后期持续升高[16]。睾酮水平的显著升高与蛋白质合成增强、肌纤维横截面积扩大密切相关[17],对力量和爆发力的促进作用尤为明显[18]。因此,本研究观察到体能发展速率峰值整体滞后于PHV。从发育过程来看,青春期身高的快速增长通常早于神经肌肉功能的完善,体能能力的提升往往发生在这一阶段之后,呈现出一定的阶段性差异。
本研究发现,女生体能发展速率峰值整体晚于男生。既往研究表明,女生PHV出现时间通常早于男生[1],但青春期后期男性睾酮水平显著升高,对肌肉肥大和力量水平提升具有更直接的促进作用[16-17]。相比之下,女性雌激素虽然能促进骨成熟,但对肌肉质量提升的直接刺激作用相对有限[18]。因此,性别差异不仅源于成熟时间差异,更与青春期后期激素环境差异及神经肌肉适应能力有关。
不同发育阶段对运动刺激的反应并不相同,这种阶段性的差异,可能会影响体能发展速率的变化趋势。中小学生的课外锻炼内容往往以跑跳类活动和基础体能练习为主。青春期前阶段,学生参与跳绳、游戏跑动等活动较多,有助于提升心肺耐力和基础运动能力,因此有氧能力在这一时期往往更容易获得改善[19]。进入青春期后,随着身体成熟程度提高以及训练内容逐渐增加力量练习或专项运动,力量和爆发力指标的提升更为明显[20]。此外,青春期后期男生在激素水平上升及瘦体重增加的背景下,可能对同样的锻炼刺激产生更显著的力量适应效应,从而在体能增长幅度上表现出一定优势。值得注意的是,体能发展不仅受生理成熟影响,也与体成分变化和生活行为密切相关。既往研究发现,健康生活行为指数与体脂率及瘦体重比例显著相关[21],而体脂与瘦体重的变化又会进一步影响力量、速度和耐力表现的提升幅度。
本研究发现,不同体能素质与PHV之间存在相对稳定的时间差。这一结果不仅反映青春期发育节律的阶段性特征,也具有一定的临床与公共卫生意义。从发育生物学角度看,青春期骨骼快速增长阶段可能先于神经肌肉控制能力的充分完善。在这一过渡时期,机体结构增长与功能调控之间可能出现短暂的不协调状态,进而影响运动控制能力,并可能增加运动损伤风险。因此,体能发展与PHV之间的时间差有助于识别青春期发育转换阶段,为学校体育活动安排和运动损伤预防提供参考。在体质健康监测与评价实践中,仅依据实际年龄判断体能水平,容易忽视个体成熟节律差异[4]。对于生物成熟相对滞后的个体,其体能尚未进入快速提升阶段时,可能被简单归类为体能不足。若将体能发展进程与成熟状态结合考虑,有助于提高体质评价的科学性和公平性,减少由成熟差异带来的评价偏倚。在教学与训练干预方面,PHV前阶段可重点加强神经协调与基础运动能力培养,而PHV后阶段则可逐步增加力量和耐力训练负荷,这与长期运动员发展模型所强调的阶段性训练原则相一致[22]。将体能发展节律纳入干预设计,有助于提高训练安排的针对性和个体化水平。
本研究的创新性主要体现在下面三个方面:一是将青春期体能发育置于整体节律下考察;二是采用能够处理重复测量差异的模型,减少传统平均化分析带来的偏差;三是量化了不同体能素质与PHV之间的时序差,为发育节律研究提供可操作指标。本研究仍存在若干局限性。首先,样本来源于单一区域,外推性需谨慎。其次,本研究所采用的耐力与力量测试指标在不同学段及性别之间存在差异。跨项目测量所带来的潜在结构差异仍可能影响峰值精确定位,未来研究可考虑采用统一维度或多指标综合评价方式,以进一步验证结果的稳定性。此外,本研究未控制体力活动水平、训练量等行为变量,也未直接测量激素水平等生物标志物,使机制解释仍较为间接。未来可在多中心样本基础上,结合体成分、生理与行为数据,构建更为完整的青春期体能发育模型。
综上所述,本研究证实青少年体能发展速率峰值普遍滞后于PHV,且女生延迟程度显著高于男生,体能发展呈现阶段性非同步特征。体育教育与公共卫生实践中,应充分考虑生物成熟进程,而非仅依据实际年龄制定统一训练或评价标准。
  • 湖北省普通高等学校人文社科重点研究基地开放基金(2025YB004)
  • 2025年度十堰市引导性科研项目(25Y188)
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2026年第53卷第14期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601032
  • 接收时间:2026-01-04
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-04
基金
湖北省普通高等学校人文社科重点研究基地开放基金(2025YB004)
2025年度十堰市引导性科研项目(25Y188)
作者信息
    1.湖北医药学院卫生管理与卫生事业发展研究中心,湖北 十堰 442000
    2.湖北省十堰市妇幼保健院儿童保健部
    3. 湖北医药学院公共卫生与健康学院流行病与生物统计学教研室

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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