Article(id=1311349817620660624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349802038821144, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512456, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766678400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579760221, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1783612800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579760221, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579760221, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579760221, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349802038821144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='13', pageStart='2305', pageEnd='2496', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783612800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579756507, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588376143, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385955492258162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349802038821144, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385955496452467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349802038821144, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2366, endPage=2370, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311349818065256849, articleId=1311349817620660624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Investigation of five heavy metals in nuts and seed foods sold in Jiangxi Province and assessment of exposure risk, columnId=1228016572783063333, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Food Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the contamination status of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), and total arsenic(As) in nuts and seed foods sold in Jiangxi Province, assess the dietary exposure risks to residents, and provide a scientific basis for precise regulation.

Methods

A total of 99 samples belonging to 12 categories were collected from 11 cities in Jiangxi Province in November 2024. The contents of the five elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), exposure levels were calculated using a point-estimation model, and risk assessment was performed using the single-factor pollution index method and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method.

Results

The detection rates of Cr and As were both 100%, while those of Pb and Cd were 61.6% and 67.7%, respectively. Hg had the lowest detection rate of only 2.02%. Among all samples, only Cr exceeded the standard limit, with an exceedance rate of 4.0%. Pistachios showed relatively high contents of Pb and As. Sunflower seeds had the highest contents of Cr and Cd, with a Nemerow comprehensive pollution index of 4.1, indicating severe pollution. For adults with a daily intake of 5 g, the non-carcinogenic risks of all elements were controllable. However, the daily exposure dose of Pb [2.62 μg/(kg·bw·d)] significantly exceeded the benchmark dose lower confidence limit [BMDL01: 0.5-1.0 μg/(kg·bw·d)] established by JECFA.

Conclusion

These foods are generally safe, but Cr contamination in sunflower seeds and chronic Pb exposure risk for children are major potential risks. It is recommended to implement a four-in-one precise prevention and control strategy: “high-risk category targeting, speciation analysis, source control, and consumption guidance”.

, authors=Wen-fang PENG, Yan-min WANG, Fu-hui CHEN, Hui YU, Xiao-ping LI, Xiang-rong ZENG, authorsList=Wen-fang PENG, Yan-min WANG, Fu-hui CHEN, Hui YU, Xiao-ping LI, Xiang-rong ZENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fu-hui CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311349821429088664, articleId=1311349817620660624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=江西省市售坚果及籽类食品中五种重金属含量调查与暴露风险评估, columnId=1228016573034721597, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=营养与食品卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

调查江西省市售坚果及籽类食品中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、铬(Cr)和总砷(As)的污染状况,评估其对居民的膳食暴露风险,为精准化监管提供依据。

方法

2024年11月采集江西省11市12类99份样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定五种元素含量,采用点评估法模型计算暴露量,结合单项污染指数法与内梅罗综合污染指数法进行风险评价。

结果

Cr和As检出率均为100%,Pb和Cd检出率分别为61.6%和67.7%,Hg检出率仅为2.02%。所有样品中仅Cr存在超标现象,超标率4.0%。开心果中Pb、As含量相对较高;葵花籽中Cr、Cd含量最高,其内梅罗综合污染指数达4.1,属重度污染。成人日均摄入5g时非致癌风险可控,但Pb日暴露量[2.62 μg/(kg·bw·d)]显著超过联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会基准剂量下限[0.5~1.0 μg/(kg·bw·d)]。

结论

该类食品整体安全,葵花籽Cr污染及儿童Pb慢性暴露风险为主要隐患,建议实施“高风险品类-价态分析-源头治理-消费引导”四位一体精准防控策略。

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彭文芳(1986— ),女,博士,主管技师,研究方向:食品卫生检验

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陈福辉,E-mail:
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Quality safety assessment of roasted seeds and nuts in Xiamen[J]. Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology,2014, 24(15): 2252-2254. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Quality safety assessment of roasted seeds and nuts in Xiamen, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311349835400315380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Komnitsas K, Zaharidi M, Xanthopoulou G, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Komnitsas K, Zaharidi M, Xanthopoulou G. Assessment of pistachio shell biochar quality and its potential for adsorption of heavy metals[R]. Athens: National Technical University of Athens, 2014., articleTitle=Assessment of pistachio shell biochar quality and its potential for adsorption of heavy metals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311349835471618549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=9, pageStart=47, pageEnd=51, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=32, authorNames=吴运东, 郭旭丽, 李朋朋, journalName=湖南农业科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴运东,郭旭丽,李朋朋,等. 向日葵对重金属复合污染土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cr的吸收和转运特性研究[J].湖南农业科学,2020(9):47-51., articleTitle=向日葵对重金属复合污染土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cr的吸收和转运特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311349835534533110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=9, pageStart=47, pageEnd=51, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Wu YD, Guo XL, Li PP, journalName=Hunan Agricultural Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu YD, Guo XL, Li PP, et al. Study on bioconcentration and translocation characteristics of Soil Cd, Zn, Pb and Cr in helianthus annuus L[J]. Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 2020(9): 47-51. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Study on bioconcentration and translocation characteristics of Soil Cd, Zn, Pb and Cr in helianthus annuus L, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311349835631002103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=34, authorNames=World Health Organization, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=World Health Organization. FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives (JECFA)/safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: Lead[R]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011., articleTitle=FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives (JECFA)/safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: Lead, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311349835727471096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=15, issue=11, pageStart=3789, pageEnd=3800, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=35, authorNames=王超, 刘畅, 胡清, journalName=环境工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王超,刘畅,胡清,等. 植物药重金属污染状况及全链条生产过程污染的溯源与管控[J].环境工程学报,2021,15(11):3789-3800., articleTitle=植物药重金属污染状况及全链条生产过程污染的溯源与管控, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311349835857494521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=15, issue=11, pageStart=3789, pageEnd=3800, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Wang C, Liu C, Hu Q, journalName=Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang C, Liu C, Hu Q, et al. Pollution status of heavy metals in herbal medicine and their traceability & control in the whole chain production process[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2021, 15(11): 3789-3800. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Pollution status of heavy metals in herbal medicine and their traceability & control in the whole chain production process, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311349827175285202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, awardId=2024SSY06021, language=CN, fundingSource=重大疫情防控江西省重点实验室计划项目(2024SSY06021), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311349827292725715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, awardId=202510082, language=CN, fundingSource=江西省卫生健康委科技计划项目(202510082), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311349828924309972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, awardId=PYJH202501, language=CN, fundingSource=江西省疾病预防控制中心科技创新培英计划项目(PYJH202501), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311349821810770329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311349821823353242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, companyId=1311349821810770329, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Epidemics Prevention and Control, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311349821835936155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, companyId=1311349821810770329, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江西省疾病预防控制中心,重大疫情防控江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330029)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311349825912799684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification of quality grades for nuts and seeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单因子污染指数污染程度分级内梅罗综合污染指数污染程度分级
Pi≤0.7优良PM≤0.7清洁
0.7<Pi≤1.0安全0.7<PM≤1.0尚清洁
1.0<Pi≤2.0轻度污染1.0<PM≤2.0轻度污染
2.0<Pi≤3.0中度污染2.0<PM≤3.0中度污染
Pi>3.0重度污染PM>3.0重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1311349825975714245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

坚果与籽类食品质量等级划分一览表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单因子污染指数污染程度分级内梅罗综合污染指数污染程度分级
Pi≤0.7优良PM≤0.7清洁
0.7<Pi≤1.0安全0.7<PM≤1.0尚清洁
1.0<Pi≤2.0轻度污染1.0<PM≤2.0轻度污染
2.0<Pi≤3.0中度污染2.0<PM≤3.0中度污染
Pi>3.0重度污染PM>3.0重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1311349826047017414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Standard curves, correlation coefficients, determination ranges, and limit values for each element

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素标准曲线相关系数测定范围(ng/mL)内标检出限(mg/kg)限量值(mg/kg)
Pby=17.204 0x +0.488 30.999 90~50185Re0.0050.2*
Cdy=0.993 0x +0.003 70.999 20~50103Rh0.0030.5**
Cry=0.045 6x +0.005 60.999 10~5072Ge0.011**
Hgy=2.049 5x +0.056 80.999 20~3185Re0.0040.05**
Asy=0.007 2x +2.441 6×10-40.999 50~5072Ge0.0050.5**
), ArticleFig(id=1311349826109931975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各元素标准曲线、相关系数、测定范围和限量值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素标准曲线相关系数测定范围(ng/mL)内标检出限(mg/kg)限量值(mg/kg)
Pby=17.204 0x +0.488 30.999 90~50185Re0.0050.2*
Cdy=0.993 0x +0.003 70.999 20~50103Rh0.0030.5**
Cry=0.045 6x +0.005 60.999 10~5072Ge0.011**
Hgy=2.049 5x +0.056 80.999 20~3185Re0.0040.05**
Asy=0.007 2x +2.441 6×10-40.999 50~5072Ge0.0050.5**
), ArticleFig(id=1311349826227372488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Heavy metal test results in nuts and seeds sold in Jiangxi Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素类别数量平均值(mg/kg)P95(mg/kg)检出率(%)超标率(%)
Pb990.0310.11061.60
Cd990.0230.12067.70
Cr990.3200.840100.04
Hg990.0040.0042.020
As990.0470.090100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1311349826323841481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

江西省市售与籽类食品中重金属检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素类别数量平均值(mg/kg)P95(mg/kg)检出率(%)超标率(%)
Pb990.0310.11061.60
Cd990.0230.12067.70
Cr990.3200.840100.04
Hg990.0040.0042.020
As990.0470.090100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1311349826458059210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Lead and cadmium test results in nuts and seeds sold in Jiangxi Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坚果类别Pb含量范围(mg/kg)平均值(mg/kg)变异系数(%)检出率(%)Cd含量范围
(mg/kg)
平均值(mg/kg)变异系数(%)检出率(%)
巴旦木ND~0.1150.022 42.0333.3ND~0.1550.005 41.1533.3
板栗ND~0.1320.028 42.0420.0ND~0.1640.010 60.5480.0
碧根果ND~0.0730.026 11.2175.00.004~0.1390.051 31.17100
核桃ND~0.1880.034 01.3563.2ND~0.0180.004 11.5026.3
开心果ND~0.1350.055 50.9577.80.006~0.0460.016 00.81100
松子ND~0.0730.030 11.2466.70.059~0.1310.093 80.38100
夏威夷果ND~0.0670.032 40.9685.7ND~0.0110.003 70.9442.9
腰果ND~0.1040.026 21.3058.3ND~0.0280.006 61.2058.3
瓜蒌籽ND~0.0690.035 40.8775.00.003 8~0.0130.006 60.67100
葵花籽ND~0.1150.032 91.0169.20.045~0.2560.095 20.62100
南瓜籽ND~0.0770.017 41.6345.5ND~0.00790.004 00.5472.7
西瓜籽ND~0.0820.032 01.1866.7ND~0.0210.009 40.7183.3
), ArticleFig(id=1311349826529362379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

江西省市售坚果和籽类中Pb、Cd检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坚果类别Pb含量范围(mg/kg)平均值(mg/kg)变异系数(%)检出率(%)Cd含量范围
(mg/kg)
平均值(mg/kg)变异系数(%)检出率(%)
巴旦木ND~0.1150.022 42.0333.3ND~0.1550.005 41.1533.3
板栗ND~0.1320.028 42.0420.0ND~0.1640.010 60.5480.0
碧根果ND~0.0730.026 11.2175.00.004~0.1390.051 31.17100
核桃ND~0.1880.034 01.3563.2ND~0.0180.004 11.5026.3
开心果ND~0.1350.055 50.9577.80.006~0.0460.016 00.81100
松子ND~0.0730.030 11.2466.70.059~0.1310.093 80.38100
夏威夷果ND~0.0670.032 40.9685.7ND~0.0110.003 70.9442.9
腰果ND~0.1040.026 21.3058.3ND~0.0280.006 61.2058.3
瓜蒌籽ND~0.0690.035 40.8775.00.003 8~0.0130.006 60.67100
葵花籽ND~0.1150.032 91.0169.20.045~0.2560.095 20.62100
南瓜籽ND~0.0770.017 41.6345.5ND~0.00790.004 00.5472.7
西瓜籽ND~0.0820.032 01.1866.7ND~0.0210.009 40.7183.3
), ArticleFig(id=1311349826613248460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Test results of arsenic, chromium, and mercury in nuts and seeds sold in Jiangxi Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坚果类别As含量范围(mg/kg)平均值(mg/kg)变异系数
(%)
检出率
(%)
Cr含量范围(mg/kg)平均值(mg/kg)变异系数
(%)
检出率
(%)
Hg含量范围
(mg/kg)
平均值
(mg/kg)
变异系数(%)检出率(%)
巴旦木0.017 6~0.059 10.038 50.376 41000.14~0.3640.220 20.375 2100ND0.00400
板栗0.006 97~0.030 10.016 20.534 61000.069 3~0.1220.090 40.277 9100ND0.00400
碧根果0.018~0.1320.061 70.832 11000.106~0.2970.197 00.404 8100ND0.00400
核桃0.024 7~0.094 50.057 30.357 11000.069 8~0.2580.154 20.393 6100ND0.00400
开心果0.021 5~0.1440.071 30.527 11000.11~0.5590.235 00.584 2100ND~0.004 810.004 10.06611.1
松子0.036 6~0.072 80.056 50.325 11000.122~0.4320.231 30.752 2100ND~0.008 730.005 60.489 733.3
夏威夷果0.018 5~0.078 40.037 60.574 71000.097 1~0.7690.336 00.853 9100ND0.00400
腰果0.016 7~0.073 90.038 50.453 31000.057 5~0.2210.147 70.357 7100ND0.00400
瓜蒌籽0.025 8~0.067 40.045 10.474 41000.307~0.8210.539 50.433 1100ND0.00400
葵花籽0.011 2~0.081 40.042 80.564 91000.070 7~5.760.819 11.873 3100ND0.00400
南瓜籽0.020 3~0.056 70.037 30.329 11000.073 9~0.5040.286 70.954 7100ND0.00400
西瓜籽0.030 6~0.090 20.053 60.453 71000.241~1.060.501 50.664 8100ND0.00400
), ArticleFig(id=1311349826701328845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

江西省市售坚果和籽类中As、Cr、Hg检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坚果类别As含量范围(mg/kg)平均值(mg/kg)变异系数
(%)
检出率
(%)
Cr含量范围(mg/kg)平均值(mg/kg)变异系数
(%)
检出率
(%)
Hg含量范围
(mg/kg)
平均值
(mg/kg)
变异系数(%)检出率(%)
巴旦木0.017 6~0.059 10.038 50.376 41000.14~0.3640.220 20.375 2100ND0.00400
板栗0.006 97~0.030 10.016 20.534 61000.069 3~0.1220.090 40.277 9100ND0.00400
碧根果0.018~0.1320.061 70.832 11000.106~0.2970.197 00.404 8100ND0.00400
核桃0.024 7~0.094 50.057 30.357 11000.069 8~0.2580.154 20.393 6100ND0.00400
开心果0.021 5~0.1440.071 30.527 11000.11~0.5590.235 00.584 2100ND~0.004 810.004 10.06611.1
松子0.036 6~0.072 80.056 50.325 11000.122~0.4320.231 30.752 2100ND~0.008 730.005 60.489 733.3
夏威夷果0.018 5~0.078 40.037 60.574 71000.097 1~0.7690.336 00.853 9100ND0.00400
腰果0.016 7~0.073 90.038 50.453 31000.057 5~0.2210.147 70.357 7100ND0.00400
瓜蒌籽0.025 8~0.067 40.045 10.474 41000.307~0.8210.539 50.433 1100ND0.00400
葵花籽0.011 2~0.081 40.042 80.564 91000.070 7~5.760.819 11.873 3100ND0.00400
南瓜籽0.020 3~0.056 70.037 30.329 11000.073 9~0.5040.286 70.954 7100ND0.00400
西瓜籽0.030 6~0.090 20.053 60.453 71000.241~1.060.501 50.664 8100ND0.00400
), ArticleFig(id=1311349826789409230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Dietary exposure and risk assessment results of nuts and seed foods sold in Jiangxi Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素类别均值P95平均HQ/MOE风险评价
平均值(mg/kg)日暴露量
[μg/(kg·d)]
月暴露量(mg/kg)P95(mg/kg)日暴露量[μg/(kg·d)]月暴露量(μg/kg)
Pb0.0312.6278.60.1089.00270.00.190 (MOE)存在潜在健康风险
Cd0.0231.9057.00.1179.75292.52.380 (HQ)存在潜在健康风险
Cr0.31726.42792.60.83669.672 090.00.004(HQ)风险可接受
Hg0.0040.339.90.0040.339.90.580 (HQ)风险可接受
As0.0473.92117.60.0917.55226.50.650 (HQ)风险可接受
), ArticleFig(id=1311349826877489615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349817620660624, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

江西省市售坚果与籽类食品膳食暴露情况及风险评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素类别均值P95平均HQ/MOE风险评价
平均值(mg/kg)日暴露量
[μg/(kg·d)]
月暴露量(mg/kg)P95(mg/kg)日暴露量[μg/(kg·d)]月暴露量(μg/kg)
Pb0.0312.6278.60.1089.00270.00.190 (MOE)存在潜在健康风险
Cd0.0231.9057.00.1179.75292.52.380 (HQ)存在潜在健康风险
Cr0.31726.42792.60.83669.672 090.00.004(HQ)风险可接受
Hg0.0040.339.90.0040.339.90.580 (HQ)风险可接受
As0.0473.92117.60.0917.55226.50.650 (HQ)风险可接受
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Evaluation results of lead, chromium, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic contamination in nuts and seeds sold in Jiangxi Province

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类别单因子污染指数单因子污染指数分级内梅罗综合污染指数综合污染程度分级
PbCrCdHgAs
巴旦木0.110.220.0110.080.08优良0.41清洁
板栗0.140.090.0210.080.03优良0.47清洁
碧根果0.130.200.1000.080.12优良0.27清洁
核桃0.170.150.0080.080.12优良0.67清洁
开心果0.280.240.0320.080.14优良0.49清洁
松子0.150.230.1900.110.11优良0.32清洁
夏威夷果0.160.340.0070.080.08优良0.56清洁
腰果0.130.150.0130.080.08优良0.37清洁
瓜蒌籽0.180.540.0130.080.09优良0.59清洁
葵花籽0.160.820.1900.080.09优良4.10重度污染
南瓜籽0.090.290.0080.080.08优良0.69清洁
西瓜籽0.160.500.0190.080.11优良0.76清洁
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江西省市售坚果与籽类食品中Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As污染评价结果

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类别单因子污染指数单因子污染指数分级内梅罗综合污染指数综合污染程度分级
PbCrCdHgAs
巴旦木0.110.220.0110.080.08优良0.41清洁
板栗0.140.090.0210.080.03优良0.47清洁
碧根果0.130.200.1000.080.12优良0.27清洁
核桃0.170.150.0080.080.12优良0.67清洁
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松子0.150.230.1900.110.11优良0.32清洁
夏威夷果0.160.340.0070.080.08优良0.56清洁
腰果0.130.150.0130.080.08优良0.37清洁
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葵花籽0.160.820.1900.080.09优良4.10重度污染
南瓜籽0.090.290.0080.080.08优良0.69清洁
西瓜籽0.160.500.0190.080.11优良0.76清洁
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江西省市售坚果及籽类食品中五种重金属含量调查与暴露风险评估
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彭文芳 , 王艳敏 , 陈福辉 , 于晖 , 李小平 , 曾祥荣
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2026,53(13): 2366-2370
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现代预防医学 |营养与食品卫生 2026 , 53 (13) : 2366 -2370
江西省市售坚果及籽类食品中五种重金属含量调查与暴露风险评估
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彭文芳, 王艳敏, 陈福辉 , 于晖, 李小平, 曾祥荣
作者信息
  • 江西省疾病预防控制中心,重大疫情防控江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330029
通讯作者:
陈福辉,E-mail:
作者简介:

彭文芳(1986— ),女,博士,主管技师,研究方向:食品卫生检验

Investigation of five heavy metals in nuts and seed foods sold in Jiangxi Province and assessment of exposure risk
Wen-fang PENG, Yan-min WANG, Fu-hui CHEN , Hui YU, Xiao-ping LI, Xiang-rong ZENG
Affiliations
  • Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Epidemics Prevention and Control, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, China
出版时间: 2026-07-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512456
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目的

调查江西省市售坚果及籽类食品中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、铬(Cr)和总砷(As)的污染状况,评估其对居民的膳食暴露风险,为精准化监管提供依据。

方法

2024年11月采集江西省11市12类99份样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定五种元素含量,采用点评估法模型计算暴露量,结合单项污染指数法与内梅罗综合污染指数法进行风险评价。

结果

Cr和As检出率均为100%,Pb和Cd检出率分别为61.6%和67.7%,Hg检出率仅为2.02%。所有样品中仅Cr存在超标现象,超标率4.0%。开心果中Pb、As含量相对较高;葵花籽中Cr、Cd含量最高,其内梅罗综合污染指数达4.1,属重度污染。成人日均摄入5g时非致癌风险可控,但Pb日暴露量[2.62 μg/(kg·bw·d)]显著超过联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会基准剂量下限[0.5~1.0 μg/(kg·bw·d)]。

结论

该类食品整体安全,葵花籽Cr污染及儿童Pb慢性暴露风险为主要隐患,建议实施“高风险品类-价态分析-源头治理-消费引导”四位一体精准防控策略。

坚果及籽类食品  /  重金属  /  类金属  /  污染调查  /  风险评估
Objective

To investigate the contamination status of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), and total arsenic(As) in nuts and seed foods sold in Jiangxi Province, assess the dietary exposure risks to residents, and provide a scientific basis for precise regulation.

Methods

A total of 99 samples belonging to 12 categories were collected from 11 cities in Jiangxi Province in November 2024. The contents of the five elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), exposure levels were calculated using a point-estimation model, and risk assessment was performed using the single-factor pollution index method and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method.

Results

The detection rates of Cr and As were both 100%, while those of Pb and Cd were 61.6% and 67.7%, respectively. Hg had the lowest detection rate of only 2.02%. Among all samples, only Cr exceeded the standard limit, with an exceedance rate of 4.0%. Pistachios showed relatively high contents of Pb and As. Sunflower seeds had the highest contents of Cr and Cd, with a Nemerow comprehensive pollution index of 4.1, indicating severe pollution. For adults with a daily intake of 5 g, the non-carcinogenic risks of all elements were controllable. However, the daily exposure dose of Pb [2.62 μg/(kg·bw·d)] significantly exceeded the benchmark dose lower confidence limit [BMDL01: 0.5-1.0 μg/(kg·bw·d)] established by JECFA.

Conclusion

These foods are generally safe, but Cr contamination in sunflower seeds and chronic Pb exposure risk for children are major potential risks. It is recommended to implement a four-in-one precise prevention and control strategy: “high-risk category targeting, speciation analysis, source control, and consumption guidance”.

Nuts and seed-based foods  /  Heavy metals  /  Metalloids  /  Contamination survey  /  Risk assessment
彭文芳, 王艳敏, 陈福辉, 于晖, 李小平, 曾祥荣. 江西省市售坚果及籽类食品中五种重金属含量调查与暴露风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (13) : 2366 -2370 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512456
Wen-fang PENG, Yan-min WANG, Fu-hui CHEN, Hui YU, Xiao-ping LI, Xiang-rong ZENG. Investigation of five heavy metals in nuts and seed foods sold in Jiangxi Province and assessment of exposure risk[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (13) : 2366 -2370 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512456
坚果及籽类食品营养丰富,已成为我国居民日常膳食的重要组成部分,消费量逐年上升[1]。该类作物生育期长、根系发达,易从土壤、水体及大气中富集重金属,且在加工、储运环节也存在外源污染风险。镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)等重金属具有神经、肝肾毒性及潜在致癌性,长期低剂量暴露危害人体健康[2-4]。因此,开展市售坚果及籽类食品重金属污染分析与健康风险评估,对保障公众食品安全具有重要意义。
江西省属典型有色金属矿区,地质高背景与矿业活动致使区域环境重金属本底值偏高,大米、蔬菜等主要农产品已存在不同程度重金属富集,防控形势严峻[5]。坚果及籽类对重金属具备一定富集能力,但其在江西省的污染状况与健康风险尚不明确,相关系统性多元素评估研究较为缺乏。同时,坚果作为常见零食,儿童对重金属暴露更为敏感[6]。为此,本研究系统检测江西省市售坚果及籽类食品中Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr、总As含量,评估其人群膳食暴露风险,结合区域其他食品研究结果,为当地食品安全精准监管提供科学依据。
2024年11月,由江西省各设区市疾病预防控制中心在超市、农贸市场、主流电商平台随机随机采集样品。共涵盖8类坚果(开心果、腰果、核桃、松子、板栗、巴旦木、碧根果、夏威夷果)和4类籽类(葵花籽、南瓜籽、西瓜籽、瓜蒌籽),总计99份。样品密封后于阴凉干燥处保存。
Agilent 7700电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(美国安捷伦公司);MARS6 全自动消解装置(美国 CEM 公司);硝酸(电子纯, 美国默克公司);多元素标准溶液(质量浓度 10 μg/ml, GNM-M259254-2013国家有色金属及电子材料分析测试中心);Hg单元素溶液标准物质[质量浓度 100 μg/ml, GBW(E)080124,中国计量科学研究院];过氧化氢(分析纯,Aladdin)。
样品经除杂、粉碎、过12目筛均质后,称取0.3 g于消解管,加5 ml硝酸和1 ml过氧化氢浸泡过夜,按120℃ 1min、150℃ 2min、180℃ 25 min条件微波消解,冷却后超纯水定容至25ml。参照《国家食品安全风险监测工作手册》电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma spectrometry,ICP-MS)法测定5种重金属含量,同步做试剂空白试验[7-8]。
每批次样品均包含国家标准物质[花生粉,GBW(E)100718]、试剂空白及≥10%的平行双样。ICP-MS检测中每20个样品回读标准曲线中间点,采用内标法(185Re、103Rh、72Ge)校正基体效应与信号漂移。
经统一培训人员完成采样、检测及数据录入,未检出(ND)数据按世界卫生组织GEMS/FOOD原则处理,Excel用于统计分析。以成人60 kg、每日食用5 g坚果为摄入量,采用点评估法计算暴露量[9]:
EXP:每月每千克体质量金属暴露量[μg/(kg·BW)];C:元素平均含量(mg/kg);M:每日摄入量(g/d);BW:平均体质量(kg)。
风险评估采用风险商(hazard quotient,HQ)法和暴露边界比(margin of exposure,MOE)法进行风险特征描述[10]。对于Cd、As、Hg、Cr,采用风险商(HQ)进行评价,计算公式为:
HQ=膳食日暴露量[μg/(kg·bw·d)]/ 健康指导值[μg/(kg·bw·d)]
HQ<1 表示暴露量低于安全限值,风险可接受;HQ≥1 表示存在潜在健康风险。
对于Pb,采用基于儿童神经发育毒性的基准剂量下限值[BMDL0.5=0.5 μg/(kg·bw·d)]计算暴露边界比 MOE,公式为:MOE=BMDL0.5/膳食日暴露量
MOE≥100 认为健康风险较低;MOE<100 提示存在潜在健康风险。
依据GB 2762—2022及全国化学污染物风险监测分析系统设定限量值:Pb为0.2 mg/k,Cd为0.5 mg/kg, Cr为1.0 mg/kg, Hg为0.05 mg/kg, As为0.5 mg/kg。采用单项污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数进行评价[11],分级标准见表1。
单因子污染指数法计算公式为:
其中i为某种金属,Pi为污染指数,Ci为样品中污染物的实测值( mg/kg),Si为污染物的评价标准(mg/kg) 。
内梅罗综合污染指数法计算公式为:
其中,PM为综合污染指数,Piave 为坚果中各重金属单因子污染指数平均值; Pimax为坚果中各重金属单因子污染指数中最大值。坚果与籽类食品质量等级划分见表1。
采用ICP-MS法测定99份样品中5种重金属,各元素标准曲线相关系数均≥0.999,线性关系良好,满足痕量分析要求。判定标准:Pb、Cd参考GB 2762—2022,Cr、Hg、As参考全国化学污染物风险监测分析系统[12]。见表2。
本研究采集 99 份样品,检测 Pb、Cd、Hg、总 Cr、总 As 五种元素。结果显示,总 Cr、As 检出率均为 100%,表明二者在江西省市售坚果供应链中普遍存在;Pb、Cd 检出率分别为 61.6%、67.7%,处于较高水平;Hg 检出率仅 2.02%,污染风险极低,与坚果非水生来源、Hg 生物富集能力弱的特性一致。
含量分布显示,Cr 是唯一超标元素,超标率 4.0%,平均含量 0.32 mg/kg,95 百分位数为 0.84 mg/kg,接近1.0 mg/kg 限量值;Pb、Cd、总 As 平均含量分别为0.031、0.023和0.047 mg/kg,均远低于限量值,整体安全。见表3。
参照表4、5数据,不同品类坚果的重金属污染水平存在明显差异。Pb方面,开心果污染特征最为显著,平均含量达 0.055 0 mg/kg、检出率 77.8%,且变异系数较小;板栗Pb检出率仅 20.0%、平均含量 0.012 5 mg/kg,污染风险最低;其余品类Pb含量均处于低水平。Cd分布特征与Pb存在区别:碧根果、开心果、葵花籽Cd检出率均为100%,其中碧根果平均含量最高,为0.051 3 mg/kg;核桃平均含量最低,为 0.010 0 mg/kg。As在所有样品中均 100% 检出,普遍存在于各类坚果中,开心果平均含量最高,为0.071 3 mg/kg,且所有品类含量均远低于限量标准。Cr是主要潜在风险因子,品类间分布差异突出:葵花籽平均含量最高,为0.819 1 mg/kg,部分样品含量超 1 mg/kg 限量值;开心果、核桃处于中等污染水平;碧根果、板栗虽 100% 检出As,但含量相对较低。Hg污染风险最低,仅在开心果、松子中有少量检出,其余品类均未检出。
变异系数分析结果显示,9 种坚果的Pb变异系数大于 1,4 种坚果的Cd变异系数大于 1,反映人类活动对Pb、Cd含量的影响程度较高;As、Hg变异系数均小于 1,受人为活动干扰相对较小。
基于成人60kg、每日5g坚果的平均消费水平,采用联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会/欧洲食品安全局(JECFA/EFSA)推荐方法开展膳食暴露与污染指数评价。Pb以儿童神经发育毒性BMDL0.5[0.5 μg/(kg·bw·d)]计算MOE;因未进行形态分析,以总As含量替代无机As进行评估,不额外折算。Cd、总Hg、无机As、总Cr分别采用对应JECFA/EFSA健康指导值计算HQ[13-14]。结果如表6所示,成人日均暴露量:Pb为2.62 μg/(kg·d)(P95=9.00)、Cd为1.90 μg/(kg·d)(P95= 9.75)、Cr为26.42 μg/(kg·d)(P95=69.67)、Hg为0.33 μg/(kg·d)(P95=0.33)、As为3.92 μg/(kg·d)(P95=7.55);Cd平均HQ=2.38(>1)、Pb平均MOE=0.19(<100),均存在潜在健康风险,Cr、As、Hg的HQ<1,风险可接受。污染指数分析显示,仅葵花籽内梅罗综合污染指数4.1(重度污染),其余品种均为“优良”或“清洁”,整体污染较轻。见表7。
本研究评估了江西省市售坚果及籽类中五种重金属的污染特征与健康风险。结果显示,Cr 和 As 检出率为 100%,Pb 和 Cd 检出率超 60%,提示环境背景或加工环节存在持续输入;Hg 检出率仅 2.02%,与其非水生来源及富集特征一致。整体污染物含量未超标且非致癌风险可控(Pi<0.7),但 Cr 的污染特征需高度警惕。本研究中 Cr 平均含量 0.32 mg/kg,95%分位数达 0.84 mg/kg,且 4.0% 的样品(主要为葵花籽)超标。葵花籽的内梅罗综合污染指数(PM=4.1)远超重度污染阈值,这与昆明、广州等地坚果低污染水平的研究结果[15-17]存在显著地域差异。该差异可能源于供应链不同:本地坚果多源自本省或邻近工业区,受历史排放、大气沉降或灌溉残留影响较大。此外,本研究仅测定总 Cr,未区分三价Cr与六价Cr。前者为人体必需元素,后者毒性较强。本研究仅对食品中总Cr含量进行监测,用于了解其本底水平。若超标样品中高毒性 Cr占比较大,实际致癌风险将显著高于当前评估,亟需开展形态分析以确证毒性当量。
品类差异方面,开心果 Pb、As 含量较高可能与其外壳特性易吸附沉降物有关[18];葵花籽对 Cr、Cd 富集能力强或与其根系及转运蛋白表达相关[19]。Pb 的高变异系数(>1)表明人为活动影响显著,需强化全链条溯源[20]。
膳食暴露评估显示,Cd、Hg、Cr、As 日均暴露量均低于健康指导值。Pb 的每日暴露量为 2.62 μg/(kg·bw),高于 JECFA 推导的Pb基准剂量下限BMDL01[0.5~1.0 μg/(kg·bw)][21]。在Pb每日摄入总量不变的条件下,20 kg 儿童经体重标准化后的暴露剂量可达 7.86 μg/(kg·bw),约为普通人群暴露水平的 3 倍。由于儿童血脑屏障发育尚未成熟、中枢神经系统处于快速发育敏感期,对Pb的吸收利用率更高、神经毒性损伤具有不可逆性,现行基于成人毒理数据制定的限量标准难以充分保护儿童易感人群,亟需建立针对儿童Pb暴露的特异性健康风险评估框架。
基于此,建议构建 “监测-分析-治理-引导” 四位一体的监管体系:一是实施靶向监测,将葵花籽列为重点,强制产地溯源;二是推进 Cr (VI) 专项检测,为修订国标提供依据;三是强化源头管控,联合开展土壤修复与加工规范;四是加强消费引导,倡导儿童食用正规预包装产品,避免长期单一食用高风险散装食品。
本研究存在一定局限性:采样集中于城市商超,对偏远地区覆盖不足;且未进行重金属形态分析。未来研究将扩大采样范围,引入形态分析与精细化暴露模型,以推动多污染物累积风险的精准评估。
  • 重大疫情防控江西省重点实验室计划项目(2024SSY06021)
  • 江西省卫生健康委科技计划项目(202510082)
  • 江西省疾病预防控制中心科技创新培英计划项目(PYJH202501)
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2026年第53卷第13期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512456
  • 接收时间:2025-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-26
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重大疫情防控江西省重点实验室计划项目(2024SSY06021)
江西省卫生健康委科技计划项目(202510082)
江西省疾病预防控制中心科技创新培英计划项目(PYJH202501)
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    江西省疾病预防控制中心,重大疫情防控江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330029

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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