Article(id=1324044591569187590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324044540067328424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512317, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766073600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793606430189, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793606430189, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793606430189, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793606430189, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324044540067328424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793606417910, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793670137580, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324311799788602160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324044540067328424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324311799788602161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324044540067328424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1410, endPage=1416, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324044591862788871, articleId=1324044591569187590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Association between mother-child taste sensitivity and the moderating effect of gestational diabetes mellitus, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the association between maternal and to offspring taste sensitivity and examine the moderating effect of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in this relationship.

Methods

A total of 106 mother-child pairs were recruited, including 46 GDM mothers. Taste sensitivity for sweet, sour, and salty tastes was measured using sensory threshold tests. Statistical analyses included ordinal logistic regression and Spearman rank correlation.

Results

After adjusting for relevant confounders, significant positive correlations were found between maternal and offspring sensitivity for sweet, sour, and salty tastes. Specifically, each one-level increase in maternal sweet taste sensitivity was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 7.19 (95% CI: 2.78-19.9) for the offspring having a higher level of sweet taste sensitivity. Further stratified analysis revealed that GDM status significantly modified the intergenerational transmission of sweet taste sensitivity (between-group difference P=0.024), indicating a stronger mother-offspring association in the GDM group. Covariance analysis further revealed a specific moderating trend of GDM status in the sweet taste sensitivity association, although this effect did not reach the conventional level of statistical significance (P=0.104).

Conclusion

Intergenerational associations of taste sensitivity for sweet, salty, and sour tastes exist between mothers and their offspring, and the metabolic state of GDM may potentiate the transmission of sweet taste sensitivity. These findings provide new evidence supporting the mechanism of intergenerational transmission in early-life taste development.

, authors=Chun-ji LIU1, 2, Yun-qi YANG1, Ya-di ZHANG3, Zi-xuan LIU1, Huan-ling YU1, authorsList=Chun-ji LIU, Yun-qi YANG, Ya-di ZHANG, Zi-xuan LIU, Huan-ling YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huan-ling YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324044595708965660, articleId=1324044591569187590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=母-子味觉敏感度关联研究及妊娠糖尿病的调节修饰作用, columnId=1228016570031604578, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=儿少卫生与妇幼保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析母亲与子代味觉敏感度的关联及妊娠糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)在此关联中的调节作用。

方法

招募106对母-子,其中GDM母亲46人,通过感官阈值测试测量母子味觉敏感度。采用有序logistic回归及Spearman等级相关分析等进行统计分析。

结果

在调整相关混杂因素后,研究发现子代与母亲的甜、酸、咸味觉敏感度存在显著正相关,母亲甜味敏感度每增加一个等级,其子代甜味敏感度处于更高等级的优势比(Odds Ratio,OR)为7.19(95% CI:2.78~19.9)。分层分析显示,GDM状态显著修饰了甜味敏感度的代际传递(组间差异P=0.024),即在GDM组中,母子间的甜味敏感度关联更强。协方差分析进一步揭示GDM状态在甜味敏感度的代际关联中呈现出特异的调节趋势,尽管这一作用未达传统统计学显著性水平(P=0.104)。

结论

母亲与子代间存在甜、咸、酸味觉敏感度的代际关联,且GDM这一代谢状态可能会强化甜味敏感度的传递。该结果为生命早期味觉发育的代际传递机制提供了新的证据支持。

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刘春基(1985—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:母婴人群不同阶段的生理变化及营养健康需求

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刘春基(1985—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:母婴人群不同阶段的生理变化及营养健康需求

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Scoring criteria for taste sensitivity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品浓度编号样品浓度(g/L)味觉敏感度得分
甜味样品酸味样品咸味样品
浓度间比值(等比)R=0.6R=0.8R=0.7
1#样品(浓度1)0.940.130.345
2#样品(浓度2)1.560.160.484
3#样品(浓度3)2.590.200.693
4#样品(浓度4)4.320.250.982
5#样品(浓度5)7.200.311.401
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味觉敏感度评分标准

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样品浓度编号样品浓度(g/L)味觉敏感度得分
甜味样品酸味样品咸味样品
浓度间比值(等比)R=0.6R=0.8R=0.7
1#样品(浓度1)0.940.130.345
2#样品(浓度2)1.560.160.484
3#样品(浓度3)2.590.200.693
4#样品(浓度4)4.320.250.982
5#样品(浓度5)7.200.311.401
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Baseline characteristics of the study participants

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特征变量总体(n=106)GDM组(n=46)对照组(n=60)P值
母亲特征
年龄(岁,)32.24±2.8532.61±2.8731.95±2.820.240
体重(kg,)55.26±7.3056.63±7.3454.22±7.160.092
身高(cm,)160.50±4.48161.10±4.24160.00±4.630.216
BMI(kg/m2,)21.45±2.6721.83±2.8421.16±2.520.212
BMI分类[n(%)]0.634
消瘦11(10.38)4(8.70)7(11.67)
正常76(71.70)32(69.57)44(73.33)
超重及肥胖19(17.92)10(21.73)9(15.00)
子代特征
年龄(岁,)4.00±1.063.92±0.964.06±1.140.522
性别[n(%)]0.937
男50(47.17)21(45.65)29(48.33)
女56(52.83)25(54.35)31(51.67)
体重(kg,)16.77±3.7216.20±2.6617.21±4.330.142
身高(cm,)103.57±9.17103.26±7.98103.80±10.050.766
BMI-Z评分,0.14±1.13-0.06±1.040.30±1.180.102
BMI-Z评分分类[n(%)]0.425
正常(≤1)84(79.25)39(84.78)45(75.00)
超重(>1~2)14(13.21)5(10.78)9(15.00)
肥胖(>2)8(7.55)2(4.34)6(10.00)
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研究对象基本情况描述

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特征变量总体(n=106)GDM组(n=46)对照组(n=60)P值
母亲特征
年龄(岁,)32.24±2.8532.61±2.8731.95±2.820.240
体重(kg,)55.26±7.3056.63±7.3454.22±7.160.092
身高(cm,)160.50±4.48161.10±4.24160.00±4.630.216
BMI(kg/m2,)21.45±2.6721.83±2.8421.16±2.520.212
BMI分类[n(%)]0.634
消瘦11(10.38)4(8.70)7(11.67)
正常76(71.70)32(69.57)44(73.33)
超重及肥胖19(17.92)10(21.73)9(15.00)
子代特征
年龄(岁,)4.00±1.063.92±0.964.06±1.140.522
性别[n(%)]0.937
男50(47.17)21(45.65)29(48.33)
女56(52.83)25(54.35)31(51.67)
体重(kg,)16.77±3.7216.20±2.6617.21±4.330.142
身高(cm,)103.57±9.17103.26±7.98103.80±10.050.766
BMI-Z评分,0.14±1.13-0.06±1.040.30±1.180.102
BMI-Z评分分类[n(%)]0.425
正常(≤1)84(79.25)39(84.78)45(75.00)
超重(>1~2)14(13.21)5(10.78)9(15.00)
肥胖(>2)8(7.55)2(4.34)6(10.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1324044600809239372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044591569187590, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Ordinal logistic regression analysis of the association between maternal and offspring taste sensitivity

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变量对比类型优势比(OR)95%置信区间P值
母亲甜味敏感度线性趋势7.192.78~19.9<0.001
二次趋势1.530.76~3.080.229
母亲酸味敏感度线性趋势13.62.85~78.40.002
二次趋势1.890.54~6.410.315
母亲咸味敏感度线性趋势4.811.69~14.20.004
二次趋势2.401.05~5.880.039
), ArticleFig(id=1324044600880542541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044591569187590, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

母亲味觉敏感度对子代味觉敏感度影响的有序logistic回归分析结果

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变量对比类型优势比(OR)95%置信区间P值
母亲甜味敏感度线性趋势7.192.78~19.9<0.001
二次趋势1.530.76~3.080.229
母亲酸味敏感度线性趋势13.62.85~78.40.002
二次趋势1.890.54~6.410.315
母亲咸味敏感度线性趋势4.811.69~14.20.004
二次趋势2.401.05~5.880.039
), ArticleFig(id=1324044600947651406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044591569187590, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Moderation effect of GDM on the association between maternal and offspring taste sensitivity

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口味分组样本量Spearman ρP值组间差异P值
甜味敏感度0.024
妊娠糖尿病组460.74<0.001
对照组600.46<0.001
酸味敏感度0.924
妊娠糖尿病组460.66<0.001
对照组600.65<0.001
咸味敏感度0.424
妊娠糖尿病组460.69<0.001
对照组600.59<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1324044601035731791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044591569187590, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

GDM对母子味觉敏感度关联的调节作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
口味分组样本量Spearman ρP值组间差异P值
甜味敏感度0.024
妊娠糖尿病组460.74<0.001
对照组600.46<0.001
酸味敏感度0.924
妊娠糖尿病组460.66<0.001
对照组600.65<0.001
咸味敏感度0.424
妊娠糖尿病组460.69<0.001
对照组600.59<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1324044602709259088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044591569187590, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Moderating effect of GDM on the mother-child sweet taste sensitivity association

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变量β(SE)tP值部分η2
截距1.51(0.42)3.59<0.001-
母亲甜味敏感度0.54(0.13)4.26<0.0010.151
GDM状态-1.14(0.70)-1.620.1080.025
交互作用0.32(0.20)1.640.1040.026
), ArticleFig(id=1324044602805728081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044591569187590, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

GDM对母子甜味敏感度关联的调节作用

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变量β(SE)tP值部分η2
截距1.51(0.42)3.59<0.001-
母亲甜味敏感度0.54(0.13)4.26<0.0010.151
GDM状态-1.14(0.70)-1.620.1080.025
交互作用0.32(0.20)1.640.1040.026
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母-子味觉敏感度关联研究及妊娠糖尿病的调节修饰作用
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刘春基 1, 2 , 杨云淇 1 , 张亚迪 3 , 刘子璇 1 , 余焕玲 1
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026,53(8): 1410-1416
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现代预防医学 |儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026 , 53 (8) : 1410 -1416
母-子味觉敏感度关联研究及妊娠糖尿病的调节修饰作用
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刘春基(1985—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:母婴人群不同阶段的生理变化及营养健康需求

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刘春基(1985—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:母婴人群不同阶段的生理变化及营养健康需求

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刘春基1, 2, 杨云淇1, 张亚迪3, 刘子璇1, 余焕玲1
作者信息
  • 1.首都医科大学公共卫生学院,北京 100069
  • 2.杭州光合生命企业管理有限公司
  • 3.河北大学公共卫生学院
通讯作者:
余焕玲,Email:
作者简介:

刘春基(1985—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:母婴人群不同阶段的生理变化及营养健康需求

Association between mother-child taste sensitivity and the moderating effect of gestational diabetes mellitus
Chun-ji LIU1, 2, Yun-qi YANG1, Ya-di ZHANG3, Zi-xuan LIU1, Huan-ling YU1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512317
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目的

分析母亲与子代味觉敏感度的关联及妊娠糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)在此关联中的调节作用。

方法

招募106对母-子,其中GDM母亲46人,通过感官阈值测试测量母子味觉敏感度。采用有序logistic回归及Spearman等级相关分析等进行统计分析。

结果

在调整相关混杂因素后,研究发现子代与母亲的甜、酸、咸味觉敏感度存在显著正相关,母亲甜味敏感度每增加一个等级,其子代甜味敏感度处于更高等级的优势比(Odds Ratio,OR)为7.19(95% CI:2.78~19.9)。分层分析显示,GDM状态显著修饰了甜味敏感度的代际传递(组间差异P=0.024),即在GDM组中,母子间的甜味敏感度关联更强。协方差分析进一步揭示GDM状态在甜味敏感度的代际关联中呈现出特异的调节趋势,尽管这一作用未达传统统计学显著性水平(P=0.104)。

结论

母亲与子代间存在甜、咸、酸味觉敏感度的代际关联,且GDM这一代谢状态可能会强化甜味敏感度的传递。该结果为生命早期味觉发育的代际传递机制提供了新的证据支持。

味觉敏感度  /  代际传递  /  妊娠糖尿病  /  生命早期
Objective

To analyze the association between maternal and to offspring taste sensitivity and examine the moderating effect of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in this relationship.

Methods

A total of 106 mother-child pairs were recruited, including 46 GDM mothers. Taste sensitivity for sweet, sour, and salty tastes was measured using sensory threshold tests. Statistical analyses included ordinal logistic regression and Spearman rank correlation.

Results

After adjusting for relevant confounders, significant positive correlations were found between maternal and offspring sensitivity for sweet, sour, and salty tastes. Specifically, each one-level increase in maternal sweet taste sensitivity was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 7.19 (95% CI: 2.78-19.9) for the offspring having a higher level of sweet taste sensitivity. Further stratified analysis revealed that GDM status significantly modified the intergenerational transmission of sweet taste sensitivity (between-group difference P=0.024), indicating a stronger mother-offspring association in the GDM group. Covariance analysis further revealed a specific moderating trend of GDM status in the sweet taste sensitivity association, although this effect did not reach the conventional level of statistical significance (P=0.104).

Conclusion

Intergenerational associations of taste sensitivity for sweet, salty, and sour tastes exist between mothers and their offspring, and the metabolic state of GDM may potentiate the transmission of sweet taste sensitivity. These findings provide new evidence supporting the mechanism of intergenerational transmission in early-life taste development.

Taste sensitivity  /  Intergenerational transmission  /  Gestational diabetes mellitus  /  Early life
刘春基, 杨云淇, 张亚迪, 刘子璇, 余焕玲. 母-子味觉敏感度关联研究及妊娠糖尿病的调节修饰作用. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (8) : 1410 -1416 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512317
Chun-ji LIU, Yun-qi YANG, Ya-di ZHANG, Zi-xuan LIU, Huan-ling YU. Association between mother-child taste sensitivity and the moderating effect of gestational diabetes mellitus[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (8) : 1410 -1416 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512317
生命早期是味觉偏好形成的关键窗口期,这一时期建立的饮食倾向对儿童期的食物选择、营养状况乃至远期肥胖及相关代谢疾病风险具有深远影响[1-2]。母亲作为子代最初的味觉体验提供者[3],其影响至关重要。大量研究表明,母亲的饮食偏好能够通过孕期羊水[4]、哺乳期乳汁风味以及辅食添加阶段的喂养行为等[5]多种方式影响子代。然而,现有研究主要聚焦于饮食行为或味觉基因多样性层面。例如,Wooding等通过全球人群遗传学分析揭示了TAS2R家族苦味受体的遗传多态性,提示味觉敏感性具有显著的遗传基础[6];而Fildes等的研究发现,儿童的食物挑食行为与蔬果喜好在一定程度上受共同遗传因素影响[7]。这些发现从遗传学角度支持了味觉特质的可遗传性,但关于人群中味觉敏感度的跨代关联或代际传递,目前仍缺乏直接的实证研究。
妊娠糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)作为一种常见的妊娠期代谢应激状态,会导致母体宫内环境发生显著改变,如持续高血糖[8]。既往研究已充分证实,GDM是子代发生肥胖[9]、胰岛素抵抗及代谢综合征[10]的明确危险因素。然而,作为连接外部食物环境与内部代谢需求的重要感官桥梁,味觉系统在母体环境下发育的直接实证研究仍然十分有限。最新一项队列研究发现,GDM母亲所生子代的唾液DNA甲基化特征与其早期生长轨迹密切相关[11],提示母亲代谢状态可能通过表观遗传机制影响子代对营养环境的敏感性。此外,孕期代谢紊乱对母体味觉功能的影响亦逐渐受到关注。Karmous等的横断面研究显示,糖尿病孕妇的甜味与脂味敏感性发生改变,并伴随高糖高脂食物选择倾向[12]。然而这种改变是否会通过代际机制影响子代味觉敏感度,目前仍缺乏系统研究。因此,本研究旨在探讨母亲味觉敏感度与子代味觉敏感度的关联,分析GDM在味觉敏感度代际传递中的潜在作用。
本研究对象招募于2024年3月至2025年2月,从光合星球品牌全国目标会员中连续招募了121对母-子作为研究对象,收集研究对象的基本信息、临床资料,并测试母亲与子代味觉敏感度,数据完整、且按要求测试者的数据最终被纳入分析(共有106对母子),其中诊断为妊娠糖尿病(GDM)者46人。测试过程中实行了严格的质量控制,由专人负责质量监控,确保数据的真实性和准确性。研究通过了首都医科大学伦理委员会审查(编号:Z2025SY002),研究对象在调查开始前均签署知情同意书。
母亲纳入标准为:(1)入选时年龄18~40岁;(2)在孕期规律产检并拥有完整的医疗记录;(3)自然受孕;(4)单胎妊娠且已完成分娩;(5)知情同意并自愿参与本研究。母亲排除标准为:(1)本次妊娠前患有可能影响味觉或代谢功能的疾病,包括:孕前甲状腺功能低下或亢进、垂体功能不全、明确诊断且用药治疗的过敏性疾病等;(2)患有可能直接影响味觉感知功能的严重口腔疾病(如重度牙龈炎、口腔干燥综合征等);(3)长期吸烟(≥5支/天)或存在酒精依赖;(4)存在认知或沟通障碍,无法配合完成感官测试。子代研究对象纳入标准为:(1)年龄2~7周岁;(2)能独立完成简单的味觉样品品尝;(3)监护人签署知情同意书。子代研究对象排除标准为:(1)存在认知或语言沟通障碍,无法理解测试指令或准确表达感官体验;(2)患有严重口腔疾病、上呼吸道感染等可能影响味觉感知的急性病症。
经预调查验证后确定调查内容,通过电子问卷的形式,收集研究对象基本信息及临床资料,如母亲年龄、身高、体重,及其子代的年龄、身高、体重、性别等。
本研究基于《感官分析味觉敏感度的测定方法》(GB/T 12312—2012)[13],在连续升高味觉刺激浓度的条件下,记录受试者首次能够正确识别该味觉属性的最低浓度测试母亲和子代的甜、酸、咸感官阈值(味觉敏感度)。受试者在测试前禁食1 h,并用纯净水漱口,以清除残留味觉刺激。测试在室温(20~25℃)下进行。受试者品尝每种溶液时不应匆忙(大约30s时间间隔),品尝时应取足够量的溶液(大约15mL),每次品尝后,用水漱口。为确保测试结果的客观性,本研究实施了盲法设计:测试过程中,受试者不知道所品尝溶液的浓度顺序,同时,负责向受试者提供溶液并记录结果的操作员也不了解受试者的分组信息(即GDM组或对照组)及其母亲的味觉测试结果。按照标准要求并结合研究目的,分别设置甜、酸、咸三种特征风味,每种风味设定5个浓度梯度,由低至高依次编号为1-5号。编号1样品为最低浓度,编号5为最高浓度。各风味样品溶液的配制参照标准规定的溶质与溶剂比例(甜味采用蔗糖溶液,酸味采用柠檬酸溶液,咸味采用氯化钠溶液),为便于统计分析,本研究将识别风味样品溶液编号转换为敏感度得分。编号越小、得分越高,表示个体味觉敏感度越高(表1)。受试者在甜、酸、咸三种风味下的得分分别计算,所得分值用于后续的个体味觉敏感度分析及母子间比较。
本研究对象的GDM状态通过回顾性方式确定。数据收集时,我们依据母亲对“您在本次妊娠期间是否曾被医院确诊为妊娠糖尿病(GDM)?”这一问题的自我报告答案(是/否)进行分组。根据我国现行GDM诊断规范[14],临床诊断需通过妊娠期75g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)实施,具体判定方法为:5.1 mmol/L≤空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)< 7.0 mmol/L,OGTT 1h血糖≥10.0 mmol/L,8.5 mmol/L≤OGTT 2h血糖<11.1 mmol/L。任何一个时间点血糖值达到上述标准即诊断GDM。本研究中的“GDM组”即指自我报告存在上述医院明确诊断史的母亲。
本研究采用体质指数Z评分(BMI-Z)评估子代的体格发育状况。子代体质指数Z评分基于2022年发布的《7岁以下儿童生长标准》(WS/T 423—2022)[15]进行计算。该标准提供了不同性别、年龄(精确到月)儿童体质指数(Body Mass Index,BMI)分布的均值和标准差,Z评分的计算公式为:
其中,X为个体的实测BMI值,M为标准中同年龄、同性别儿童的BMI中位数,S为该人群的标准差。最终,根据标准建议的切点对子代体重状况进行划分:消瘦(BMI-Z评分≤-2)、正常(-2<BMI-Z评分≤1)、超重(1<BMI-Z评分≤-2)、肥胖(BMI-Z评分≥2)。
使用统计软件R 4.5.1进行统计学分析。采用例数和百分比对分类变量进行描述,采用平均数±标准差对连续变量进行描述,采用Wilcoxon秩和检验及卡方检验进行组间差异检验。采用分层分析将总体按照母亲GDM状态划分为两组,采用Spearman等级相关分析各层母子味觉敏感度的关联并采用Fisher Z检验分析组间差异。为控制混杂因素对结果的影响,本研究基于既往文献和临床专业知识,预先确定了潜在的混杂变量。在后续的有序logistic回归模型中,对子代年龄、子代性别、母亲年龄、母亲BMI、子代BMI-Z评分进行了调整。采用有序logistic回归(三分类)进一步量化影响,为检验母亲味觉敏感度与子代味觉敏感度之间是否存在非线性关系,模型中将母亲味觉得分作为连续变量,并同时纳入其平方项(二次趋势),若平方项显著,则表明存在非线性关系。采用协方差分析检验GDM的调节作用。以子代甜味敏感度为因变量,母亲甜味敏感度为协变量,GDM状态为分组变量,并纳入两者的交互项。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
本研究共纳入106对母-子对作为研究对象,其中GDM组46例(43.40%),对照组60例(56.60%)。母亲平均年龄为(32.24±2.85)岁;子代平均年龄为(4.00±1.06)岁,其中男性50人(47.17%),女性56人(52.83%)。两组研究对象在基线特征上表现均衡,母亲年龄、体重、身高、BMI及BMI分类的组间差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。子代年龄、性别分布、体重、身高、BMI-Z评分及其分类在两组间亦无显著差异(均P>0.05)。子代BMI-Z评分(-0.06±1.04 vs 0.30±1.18,P=0.10)虽未达到统计学显著性水平,但呈现一定的组间差异趋势。(表2)。
采用有序logistic回归模型分析母亲味觉敏感度对子代味觉敏感度的影响。结果显示,母亲的味觉敏感度是子代味觉敏感度的显著预测因子。在甜味敏感度方面,模型检测到显著的线性趋势(P<0.001)。母亲甜味敏感度每增加一个等级,其子代甜味敏感度处于更高等级的优势比(Odds Ratio,OR)为7.19(95% CI:2.78~19.9),未发现显著的二次趋势(P=0.229)。母亲酸味敏感度对子代酸味敏感度同样存在极强的线性正向关联,OR值为13.6(95% CI:2.85~78.4),但置信区间较宽,二次趋势不显著。咸味关联模式最为复杂,线性与二次趋势均显著(P=0.004;P=0.039)。(表3)。
本研究按母亲GDM状态进行了分层,并分别计算了各组内母子味觉敏感度的Spearman秩相关系数(ρ)。在甜味敏感度方面,GDM的调节作用显著(组间差异P=0.024)。GDM组母子甜味敏感度的关联强度(ρ=0.74,P<0.001)显著高于对照组(ρ=0.46,P<0.001)。这表明,患有GDM的母亲,其自身的甜味敏感度与其子代的甜味敏感度之间存在更强的正向协同变化关系。在酸味和咸味敏感度方面,未观察到GDM显著的调节效应(表4)。上述关联的模式与差异在散点图中得到了直观的体现。在甜味敏感度相关性分析的散点图中,GDM组的数据点相比对照组更紧密地分布在趋势线周围(图1)。
在上述发现GDM对母子甜味敏感度有调节效应的基础上,采用协方差分析检验GDM在母子甜味敏感度关联中的调节作用。分析结果(表5)显示,母亲甜味敏感度与子代甜味敏感度显著相关(β=0.54,P<0.001),但GDM状态的主效应不显著(P=0.108),GDM状态和母亲甜味敏感度的交互作用的P值为0.104,其效应量(部分η2=0.026)属于较小至中等范围。结合模型整体的解释力(调整后R2=0.315)来看,这一结果提示GDM可能对母子甜味敏感度的关联存在潜在的修饰作用,但其效应强度在当前样本量下尚不足以达到传统的统计学显著性标准。
本研究分析了母亲与子代味觉敏感度的代际关联,并进一步比较了GDM与正常妊娠状态下这种关联的差异,以探讨母体代谢异常对子代味觉发育的潜在调节作用。研究结果显示,母亲的味觉敏感度是其子代味觉敏感度的强预测因子,两者在甜、酸、咸三种味道上均呈现显著的正相关关系,提示味觉功能在一定程度上具有家族性或遗传倾向,这与以往的研究结果类似[16-17]。值得注意的是,本研究进一步发现GDM状态对这种代际关联存在特异性调节作用,它显著强化了母子间甜味敏感度的关联强度,但并未对酸味和咸味的关联产生显著影响。这表明GDM可能通过某种区别于酸味和咸味的特定生理或行为机制,选择性地加剧了甜味敏感度的代际关联。
以上研究结果表明,母子味觉敏感度的代际关联及GDM的特异性调节作用可能涉及多种潜在机制。首先,味觉感知受到特定受体基因的调控[18],这为味觉敏感度的代际传递奠定了生理基础。而家庭的饮食环境通过生命早期反复的味觉暴露,在遗传的基础上进一步影响子代的味觉阈值与饮食偏好[19-20],为味觉敏感度的代际传递提供了环境基础。然而,GDM对母子甜味敏感度关联的特异性强化却难以用上述机制充分解释,这促使我们关注宫内环境通过表观遗传调控对子代感官发育的潜在影响。一项实验研究表明,在母体高脂饮食的动物模型中,观察到了子代甜味感官反应的特异性增强[21],且该效应主要由妊娠期的暴露所驱动,提示子代味觉感官系统的发育受到母体宫内代谢环境的影响。而另一项研究表明,GDM母亲的子代,在童年期表现出对甜味食物更强的倾向性与摄入模式[22],这与本研究发现GDM特异性强化母子甜味敏感度的结论相吻合。此外,部分研究指出患有GDM的母亲可能会通过母乳喂养[23]或日常喂养选择[24]进一步强化甜味敏感度的代际传递。本研究结果提示我们,对于妊娠期糖尿病的母亲,其子代可能是甜味偏好发展的一个易感人群。因此,对这一群体实施早期、有针对性的饮食干预显得尤为重要。例如,在婴幼儿辅食添加阶段,医护人员和营养师可以指导GDM母亲及其家庭,有意识地减少加工食品和高糖饮料的引入,以建立健康的味觉基础,改善其饮食质量,并最终对降低其远期肥胖和代谢性疾病风险产生积极影响。
与此同时,本研究还发现不同味觉的传递模式存在差异:甜味与酸味主要表现为稳定的线性关联,而咸味则显示出显著的二次趋势(P=0.039),提示其传递机制可能更为复杂。这一现象可能与盐味感知涉及多条神经与分子通路有关,如ENaC依赖与非依赖型信号通路的协同作用[25-26]。而另一项研究则指出咸味敏感度的个体差异及其可塑性可能受到发育阶段与早期饮食暴露的共同影响[27]。因此未来研究可在更大样本中结合分组分析或非线性模型,进一步验证并解析咸味传递中的曲线特征及其形成机制。
此外,本研究利用分层分析发现GDM组母子甜味敏感度的关联强度显著高于对照组(组间差异P=0.024),而酸味和咸味的代际关联在GDM组和对照组中并没有显著的组间差异,这与甜味的结果形成对比,说明不同味觉系统的代际传递机制具有一定独立性,咸味与酸味的传递可能较少受到GDM相关代谢途径的影响。然而,在后续的协方差分析中,GDM和母亲甜味敏感度的交互项却仅呈现边缘显著性(P=0.104),作为更保守的检验方法,协方差分析对统计功效要求更高。虽然GDM的调节方向一致,但效应强度可能相对有限,或在当前样本量下尚不足以达到传统的显著性阈值。
尽管本研究得出了一些有意义的发现,但在解读结果时仍需考虑以下局限性。首先,在信息采集方面,GDM状态的确定依赖于母亲孕期的自我报告,而非直接查阅医疗记录,这可能引入回忆偏倚,导致部分GDM病例的错分,从而可能低估GDM的真实效应。其次,混杂控制方面,尽管我们根据专业知识对多个关键混杂因素进行了调整,但仍无法排除其他未测量或未知因素(如家庭socioeconomic status、更详细的膳食习惯等)造成的残余混杂。因此,未来的研究应致力于在更大规模、更具代表性的队列中开展,并采用更客观的GDM诊断确认方式(如直接调取医疗记录),以进一步验证和深化本研究结论。
尽管存在这种差异,但本研究为母子味觉敏感度的代际传递及其调节因素提供了新的证据。需要指出的是,本研究存在样本量相对较小的局限性,可能影响了某些估计值的稳定性,后续还需扩充样本量来进一步开展前瞻性研究和营养干预研究。在此基础上,后续研究应进一步探索其背后的行为学与生物学机制。同时,探索如何将这些关于味觉发育的科学认识,转化为对GDM子代切实有效的早期饮食引导策略,将是更具现实意义的研究方向。
  • 北京市高水平公共卫生人才——学科带头人(2024—2026)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512317
  • 接收时间:2025-12-19
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-19
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北京市高水平公共卫生人才——学科带头人(2024—2026)
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    1.首都医科大学公共卫生学院,北京 100069
    2.杭州光合生命企业管理有限公司
    3.河北大学公共卫生学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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