Article(id=1311349926345404796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349802038821144, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512312, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766332800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579786144, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1783612800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579786144, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579786144, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579786144, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349802038821144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='13', pageStart='2305', pageEnd='2496', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783612800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579756507, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588376143, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385955492258162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349802038821144, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385955496452467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349802038821144, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2479, endPage=2485, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311349928006349181, articleId=1311349926345404796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Potential causal association between alanine aminotransferase levels and uterine leiomyoma, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Uterine leiomyoma (UL) is a common benign tumor among women of reproductive age. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is closely linked to metabolic and endocrine dysregulation, but its causal relationship with UL remains unclear. This study used Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the potential causal association between ALT and UL.

Methods

Using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of European ancestry, we performed two-sample MR to evaluate the causal effect of ALT on UL risk. We first conducted univariable MR and then performed multivariable MVMR analyses adjusting for body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, glycemic traits, lipid profiles, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and lifestyle-related factors to estimate the independent effect of ALT. Reverse MR (UL→ALT) was applied to assess directionality. Colocalization analyses were further performed to test whether ALT and UL share causal variants at key loci.

Results

Univariable MR showed that genetically predicted higher ALT levels were associated with an increased risk of UL (OR=1.125, P=0.012; OR=1.143, P=0.007). In MVMR, the positive effect of ALT on UL remained robust after adjustment for multiple metabolic, hormonal, and lifestyle-related factors (OR=1.110-1.139; P=0.008-0.045). Reverse MR provided no evidence supporting a causal effect of UL on ALT. Colocalization analyses identified strong evidence of shared causal variants between ALT and UL at loci including HSPA4 and ATF1 (PP.H4>0.8).

Conclusion

This study provides multi-layered genetic evidence that elevated ALT independently increases the risk of UL, suggesting that hepatic metabolic dysfunction may contribute to UL development through pathways involving sex hormone metabolism and metabolic inflammation. As an easily accessible clinical marker, ALT may have potential value for risk prediction and early warning of UL.

, authors=Yan-lin SU, Tan-ru XIAO, Jing-xin SHEN, Yuan HU, Li CHENG, Ling YIN, Xin WEI, authorsList=Yan-lin SU, Tan-ru XIAO, Jing-xin SHEN, Yuan HU, Li CHENG, Ling YIN, Xin WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311349929017176452, articleId=1311349926345404796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=丙氨酸氨基转移酶水平与子宫平滑肌瘤的潜在因果关联分析, columnId=1228016570119680182, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=临床与预防, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

子宫平滑肌瘤(uterine leiomyomata,UL)为育龄期女性常见良性肿瘤。丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)与代谢及内分泌异常相关,但其与UL的因果关系尚不明确。本研究利用孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization,MR)分析,评估ALT与UL之间的潜在关联。

方法

基于欧洲人群全基因组关联研究汇总数据,采用两样本MR评估ALT与UL风险的因果关联。先行单变量MR,再构建多变量孟德尔随机化(multivariable Mendelian randomization,MVMR),分别调整身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、血压、血糖、血脂、性激素结合球蛋白及生活方式因素以估计ALT的独立效应;同时开展反向MR验证方向性,并通过共定位分析检验关键基因座是否共享因果变异。

结果

单变量MR显示遗传预测的ALT升高与UL风险增加相关(OR=1.125,P=0.012;OR=1.143,P=0.007)。MVMR在调整多种代谢、激素及生活方式相关因素后,ALT的正向效应仍保持稳健(OR=1.110~1.139;P=0.008~0.045)。反向MR未支持UL对ALT的因果影响。共定位分析在HSPA4、ATF1等位点发现ALT与UL共享遗传变异的强证据(PP.H4>0.8)。

结论

本研究提供多层级遗传证据支持ALT升高可独立增加UL发生风险,提示肝脏代谢异常可能通过激素代谢与代谢炎症通路参与UL发生。ALT作为临床易获取指标,具有潜在风险预测与早期预警价值。

, authors=粟艳林, 肖谈如, 申景欣, 胡媛, 程利, 殷玲, 魏馨, authorsList=粟艳林, 肖谈如, 申景欣, 胡媛, 程利, 殷玲, 魏馨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=魏馨, authorNote=

粟艳林与肖谈如为共同第一作者

粟艳林(1986—),女,硕士,主治医师,研究方向:子宫肌瘤,子宫内膜异位症;

肖谈如(1979—),女,本科,副主任医师,研究方向:妇产科炎症与内分泌疾病;

, correspAuthorsNote=
魏馨,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=M79FfEGX+8GTz1wyVy1lGw==, magXml=z7TzfCtlMCfjAfB/Uy6nrA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=bTllRx1U9Scir0fogTvRQA==, pdfFileSize=1187849, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=DyswtjdAitJozCvGrXRNoQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=mOOjB/se1VjVCuGoCvtlSQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1311349929344332169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349926345404796, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311349929424023947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349926345404796, authorId=1311349929344332169, language=EN, stringName=Yan-lin SU, firstName=Yan-lin, middleName=null, lastName=SU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311349929507910028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349926345404796, authorId=1311349929344332169, language=CN, stringName=粟艳林, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=南华大学附属长沙中心医院妇产科,湖南 长沙 410004, bio={"content":"

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Biomedicines, 2025, 13(10): 2500., articleTitle=Endocrine disorders and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease:a narrative review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311349937091211734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349926345404796, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=67, issue=11, pageStart=2375, pageEnd=2392, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=19, authorNames=European Association for the Study of the Liver, journalName=Diabetologia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=European Association for the Study of the Liver. European association for the study of diabetes,European association for the study of obesity. EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD): executive summary[J]. Diabetologia, 2024, 67(11): 2375-2392., articleTitle=European association for the study of diabetes,European association for the study of obesity. EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD): executive summary, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311349937187680727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349926345404796, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=79, issue=6, pageStart=1524, pageEnd=1541, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Hutchison AL, Tavaglione F, Romeo S, journalName=Journal of Hepatology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hutchison AL, Tavaglione F, Romeo S, et al. Endocrine aspects of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): Beyond insulin resistance[J]. 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注:主模型及附加模型分别在不同协变量(如SHBG、BMI、饮酒、空腹血糖、高血压、总胆固醇)调整后给出估计值;“*”表示P<0.05。

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注:图A为chr5 区域关联图,上为 ALT(ALT1),下为 UL(UL1),颜色表示与主导SNP的连锁不平衡(r2);图B为共定位后验概率(H0~H4)柱状图,H4 表示两性状共享同一因果变异;图C、D为先验敏感性分析,在不同先验参数(p12)设定下,展示各假设的先验与后验概率变化;绿色阴影区域为预设判定范围/阈值。

, figureFileSmall=T47vAE0/LY3NDle/EfG9SA==, figureFileBig=i2LGWbuQifatJfU+Rf6tDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349933488304571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349926345404796, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information on GWAS datasets used for MR analyses of ALT and UL

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露/结局变量人群样本量SNPs数目发表年份(年)GWAS 编号
丙氨酸氨基转移酶,ALT1欧洲人群437 7244 231 9652021ebi-a-GCST90025979
丙氨酸氨基转移酶,ALT2欧洲人群437 26715 930 3752021ebi-a-GCST90013405
芬兰 子宫肌瘤UL1欧洲人群123 57916 379 7842021finn-b-CD2_BENIGN_LEIOMYOMA_UTERI
芬兰 子宫肌瘤UL2欧洲人群107 04216 379 1762021finn-b-CD2_BENIGN_LEIOMYOMA_UTERI_EXALLC
空腹血糖水平欧洲人群200 62231 008 7282021ebi-a-GCST90002232
饮酒欧洲人群83 6267 914 3622022ieu-b-4834
成年女性BMI欧洲人群246 51111 590 3992020ieu-b-5117
高血压欧洲人群484 5989 587 8362021ebi-a-GCST90038604
总胆固醇水平欧洲人群115 08211 590 3992022ebi-a-GCST90092985
SHBG水平欧洲人群189 47316 140 0442020ebi-a-GCST90012107
), ArticleFig(id=1311349933542830524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349926345404796, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ALT 与UL的MR研究所用 GWAS 数据基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露/结局变量人群样本量SNPs数目发表年份(年)GWAS 编号
丙氨酸氨基转移酶,ALT1欧洲人群437 7244 231 9652021ebi-a-GCST90025979
丙氨酸氨基转移酶,ALT2欧洲人群437 26715 930 3752021ebi-a-GCST90013405
芬兰 子宫肌瘤UL1欧洲人群123 57916 379 7842021finn-b-CD2_BENIGN_LEIOMYOMA_UTERI
芬兰 子宫肌瘤UL2欧洲人群107 04216 379 1762021finn-b-CD2_BENIGN_LEIOMYOMA_UTERI_EXALLC
空腹血糖水平欧洲人群200 62231 008 7282021ebi-a-GCST90002232
饮酒欧洲人群83 6267 914 3622022ieu-b-4834
成年女性BMI欧洲人群246 51111 590 3992020ieu-b-5117
高血压欧洲人群484 5989 587 8362021ebi-a-GCST90038604
总胆固醇水平欧洲人群115 08211 590 3992022ebi-a-GCST90092985
SHBG水平欧洲人群189 47316 140 0442020ebi-a-GCST90012107
), ArticleFig(id=1311349933614133693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349926345404796, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

MR analysis of the causal association between ALT and UL

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露结局nSNPOR (95% CI)P值 (IVW)
ALT1Finn-UL12421.125 (1.026~1.233)0.012
ALT1Finn-UL22421.143 (1.037~1.260)0.007
ALT2Finn-UL12291.781 (1.065~2.978)0.028
ALT2Finn-UL22291.925 (1.126~3.289)0.017
), ArticleFig(id=1311349933681242558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349926345404796, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

ALT与UL因果关系的MR分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露结局nSNPOR (95% CI)P值 (IVW)
ALT1Finn-UL12421.125 (1.026~1.233)0.012
ALT1Finn-UL22421.143 (1.037~1.260)0.007
ALT2Finn-UL12291.781 (1.065~2.978)0.028
ALT2Finn-UL22291.925 (1.126~3.289)0.017
), ArticleFig(id=1311349933752545727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349926345404796, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Colocalization analysis results between ALT and UL

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因座 (chr:pos)基因性状1性状2PP.H0PP.H1PP.H2PP.H3PP.H4主效 SNP
5:132444128HSPA4ALT1UL15.02×10-80.0362.58×10-90.0020.962*rs72801474
12:51138862DIP2BALT1UL12.230.0401.59×10-110.0280.932*rs1047912
6:32582354BTNL2ALT1UL15.79×10-120.1415.26×10-120.1280.732rs5004277
2:25158008ADCY3ALT1UL10.0500.3764.27×10-40.0030.570rs713586
2:165528624COBLL1ALT1UL12.20×10-400.5488.9×10-420.0220.430rs1128249
10:105579594SH3PXD2AALT1UL11.03×10-212.99×10-210.2520.7360.012rs743240
1:155108287CYP4F2ALT1UL13.72×10-380.6011.15×10-390.0190.380rs11264333
16:72066879HPRALT1UL11.15×10-150.8331.72×10-170.0120.155rs1424241
4:69362301TMPRSS11EALT1UL12.94×10-50.6233.43×10-80.0010.376rs2278921
1:66100915LEPRALT1UL14.55×10-80.6037.85×10-100.0100.386rs1938496
), ArticleFig(id=1311349933828043200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349926345404796, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

ALT 与UL共定位分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因座 (chr:pos)基因性状1性状2PP.H0PP.H1PP.H2PP.H3PP.H4主效 SNP
5:132444128HSPA4ALT1UL15.02×10-80.0362.58×10-90.0020.962*rs72801474
12:51138862DIP2BALT1UL12.230.0401.59×10-110.0280.932*rs1047912
6:32582354BTNL2ALT1UL15.79×10-120.1415.26×10-120.1280.732rs5004277
2:25158008ADCY3ALT1UL10.0500.3764.27×10-40.0030.570rs713586
2:165528624COBLL1ALT1UL12.20×10-400.5488.9×10-420.0220.430rs1128249
10:105579594SH3PXD2AALT1UL11.03×10-212.99×10-210.2520.7360.012rs743240
1:155108287CYP4F2ALT1UL13.72×10-380.6011.15×10-390.0190.380rs11264333
16:72066879HPRALT1UL11.15×10-150.8331.72×10-170.0120.155rs1424241
4:69362301TMPRSS11EALT1UL12.94×10-50.6233.43×10-80.0010.376rs2278921
1:66100915LEPRALT1UL14.55×10-80.6037.85×10-100.0100.386rs1938496
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丙氨酸氨基转移酶水平与子宫平滑肌瘤的潜在因果关联分析
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粟艳林 , 肖谈如 , 申景欣 , 胡媛 , 程利 , 殷玲 , 魏馨
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2026,53(13): 2479-2485
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现代预防医学 |临床与预防 2026 , 53 (13) : 2479 -2485
丙氨酸氨基转移酶水平与子宫平滑肌瘤的潜在因果关联分析
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粟艳林, 肖谈如, 申景欣, 胡媛, 程利, 殷玲, 魏馨
作者信息
  • 南华大学附属长沙中心医院妇产科,湖南 长沙 410004
通讯作者:
魏馨,E-mail:
作者简介:

粟艳林与肖谈如为共同第一作者

粟艳林(1986—),女,硕士,主治医师,研究方向:子宫肌瘤,子宫内膜异位症;

肖谈如(1979—),女,本科,副主任医师,研究方向:妇产科炎症与内分泌疾病;

Potential causal association between alanine aminotransferase levels and uterine leiomyoma
Yan-lin SU, Tan-ru XIAO, Jing-xin SHEN, Yuan HU, Li CHENG, Ling YIN, Xin WEI
Affiliations
  • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
出版时间: 2026-07-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512312
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目的

子宫平滑肌瘤(uterine leiomyomata,UL)为育龄期女性常见良性肿瘤。丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)与代谢及内分泌异常相关,但其与UL的因果关系尚不明确。本研究利用孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization,MR)分析,评估ALT与UL之间的潜在关联。

方法

基于欧洲人群全基因组关联研究汇总数据,采用两样本MR评估ALT与UL风险的因果关联。先行单变量MR,再构建多变量孟德尔随机化(multivariable Mendelian randomization,MVMR),分别调整身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、血压、血糖、血脂、性激素结合球蛋白及生活方式因素以估计ALT的独立效应;同时开展反向MR验证方向性,并通过共定位分析检验关键基因座是否共享因果变异。

结果

单变量MR显示遗传预测的ALT升高与UL风险增加相关(OR=1.125,P=0.012;OR=1.143,P=0.007)。MVMR在调整多种代谢、激素及生活方式相关因素后,ALT的正向效应仍保持稳健(OR=1.110~1.139;P=0.008~0.045)。反向MR未支持UL对ALT的因果影响。共定位分析在HSPA4、ATF1等位点发现ALT与UL共享遗传变异的强证据(PP.H4>0.8)。

结论

本研究提供多层级遗传证据支持ALT升高可独立增加UL发生风险,提示肝脏代谢异常可能通过激素代谢与代谢炎症通路参与UL发生。ALT作为临床易获取指标,具有潜在风险预测与早期预警价值。

丙氨酸氨基转移酶  /  子宫肌瘤  /  孟德尔随机化分析  /  多变量孟德尔随机化  /  共定位分析
Objective

Uterine leiomyoma (UL) is a common benign tumor among women of reproductive age. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is closely linked to metabolic and endocrine dysregulation, but its causal relationship with UL remains unclear. This study used Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the potential causal association between ALT and UL.

Methods

Using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of European ancestry, we performed two-sample MR to evaluate the causal effect of ALT on UL risk. We first conducted univariable MR and then performed multivariable MVMR analyses adjusting for body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, glycemic traits, lipid profiles, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and lifestyle-related factors to estimate the independent effect of ALT. Reverse MR (UL→ALT) was applied to assess directionality. Colocalization analyses were further performed to test whether ALT and UL share causal variants at key loci.

Results

Univariable MR showed that genetically predicted higher ALT levels were associated with an increased risk of UL (OR=1.125, P=0.012; OR=1.143, P=0.007). In MVMR, the positive effect of ALT on UL remained robust after adjustment for multiple metabolic, hormonal, and lifestyle-related factors (OR=1.110-1.139; P=0.008-0.045). Reverse MR provided no evidence supporting a causal effect of UL on ALT. Colocalization analyses identified strong evidence of shared causal variants between ALT and UL at loci including HSPA4 and ATF1 (PP.H4>0.8).

Conclusion

This study provides multi-layered genetic evidence that elevated ALT independently increases the risk of UL, suggesting that hepatic metabolic dysfunction may contribute to UL development through pathways involving sex hormone metabolism and metabolic inflammation. As an easily accessible clinical marker, ALT may have potential value for risk prediction and early warning of UL.

Alanine aminotransferase  /  Uterine leiomyomas  /  Mendelian randomization analysis  /  Multivariable Mendelian randomization  /  Colocalization analysis
粟艳林, 肖谈如, 申景欣, 胡媛, 程利, 殷玲, 魏馨. 丙氨酸氨基转移酶水平与子宫平滑肌瘤的潜在因果关联分析. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (13) : 2479 -2485 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512312
Yan-lin SU, Tan-ru XIAO, Jing-xin SHEN, Yuan HU, Li CHENG, Ling YIN, Xin WEI. Potential causal association between alanine aminotransferase levels and uterine leiomyoma[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (13) : 2479 -2485 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512312
子宫平滑肌瘤(uterine leiomyomata, UL)是育龄妇女常见盆腔肿瘤,终身累积发病率达70%~80%[1-2]。UL为激素依赖性疾病,可致月经过多、贫血、慢性盆腔痛、不孕及不良妊娠结局,是子宫切除的重要原因[3-5]。其在大小、数量、细胞成分与生物学行为上高度异质[6-8],提示存在多通路驱动与个体易感性。危险因素包括年龄、种族、肥胖、月经/生育史、家族史、高血压、维生素D缺乏、微生物组改变及内分泌干扰物暴露[9-13]。激素失衡被认为是子宫肌瘤发生发展的核心驱动力,雌激素与孕激素信号通过促进平滑肌细胞增殖及细胞外基质沉积发挥关键作用[7]。然而,单纯激素模型仍难以完全解释疾病的异质性。近年来研究提示,代谢及炎症因素亦参与UL的发生发展[14]。肝脏不仅是重要的代谢器官,同时也是内分泌调节枢纽,参与类固醇激素代谢与全身代谢稳态调控[15]。作为肝细胞损伤与代谢应激的标志物,丙氨酸気基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)升高通常反映肝脏代谢功能异常。肝脏功能受损可能影响性激素结合球蛋白(sex hormone-binding globulin,SHBG)合成及类固醇激素清除,进而改变循环游离雌激素水平[16]。因此,我们提出ALT所代表的“肝脏–代谢–生殖轴”失衡可能参与UL的发生。为克服观察性研究的混杂与反向因果,本研究基于全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study,GWAS),以ALT相关单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)为工具变量开展单变量孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization, MR),并用多变量MR(multivariable Mendelian randomization,MVMR)控制身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、血糖、血压、SHBG等,估计ALT对UL风险的潜在独立因果效应;同时开展异质性与水平多效性敏感性分析,比较逆方差加权法(inverse-variance weighted, IVW)、加权中位数、MR-Egger回归等方法的一致性与稳健性,并在关键遗传位点结合贝叶斯共定位分析验证是否存在共享因果变异,从而增强因果推断的遗传学证据,为阐明UL发生的代谢-内分泌机制及未来风险分层研究提供理论依据。见图1。
本研究采用两样本MR系统评估ALT与UL的因果关系。MR方法基于三个核心假设:(1)相关性假设:工具变量(IVs)必须与暴露因素(ALT)显著相关;(2)独立性假设:IVs 不应与暴露–结局关系中的混杂因素相关;(3)排他性假设:IVs 仅通过暴露因素影响结局,而不存在水平多效性路径。为系统验证上述假设,本研究设计如下多层分析流程:(1)首先开展单变量MR估计ALT对UL的总体因果效应;(2)考虑ALT与代谢及内分泌因素(BMI、血压、血糖、2型糖尿病、SHBG及脂质等)之间可能存在遗传相关性,进一步采用MVMR,在同一模型中同时纳入ALT及协变量,以估计ALT对UL的独立因果效应并减少遗传共线性带来的偏倚;(3)同时进行反向MR检验UL是否反向影响ALT以明确因果方向;(4)为增强生物学可信度,在显著关联位点区域开展贝叶斯共定位分析,评估ALT与UL是否由同一因果变异驱动。通过以上实现因果效应、协变量调整、方向性与遗传学证据的多层稳健推断。
本研究暴露、结局及协变量的GWAS汇总统计量均来自公开的大样本数据库,均为欧洲人群数据以保证人群结构一致性并降低偏倚,见表1。暴露因素为ALT水平,采用两套独立欧洲人群GWAS:ALT1(n=437 724)与ALT2(n=437 267)。结局为UL,纳入两套芬兰人群数据集:Finn-UL1(n=123 579)与Finn-UL2(n=107 042),两者不存在样本重叠。为评估代谢与内分泌相关因素在ALT-UL关联中的潜在影响,本研究同步引入空腹血糖、饮酒、成年女性BMI、高血压、总胆固醇及SHBG等表型的欧洲人群GWAS数据。所有数据均为公开去标识化汇总统计信息,因此无需额外伦理审批和知情同意。
在MR分析中,工具变量(IVs)的选择需满足强关联性、遗传独立性和排他性三大核心假设:(1)选择与ALT显著相关的SNP(P <5×10-8);(2)并通过连锁不平衡(r2<0.01,距离 >10 000 kb)确保遗传独立性;(3)计算F统计量,仅保留 F>10 的 SNP 以避免弱工具偏倚。最终共获得满足关联强、遗传独立且工具效力充分的有效 SNP,为后续评估 ALT 与UL的因果关系提供了稳健可靠的遗传学工具。
本研究开展两样本单变量MR,采用IVW为主并结合MR-Egger、加权中位数、简单模态与加权众数进行稳健性估计;通过Cochran Q检验评估异质性,MR-Egger截距检验与MR-PRESSO检测水平多效性,并采用留一法评估结果稳定性。随后考虑BMI、血压、血糖/2型糖尿病、SHBG及脂质代谢等潜在混杂或相关通路因素,实施MVMR在同一模型中同时纳入ALT及协变量,以估计ALT对UL的独立因果效应并降低遗传相关性偏倚;同时进行反向MR(UL→ALT)检验反向因果或双向作用。进一步采用贝叶斯共定位分析计算PPH0~PPH4;当PPH4>0.75且在显著位点±500 kb窗口内,提示共享因果变异。局限包括残余多效性、欧洲人群外推性及线性假设等。所有分析在R 4.3.2中完成,检验水准α=0.05。
在两样本MR分析中,我们以ALT为暴露、UL为结局,分别基于两套独立ALT GWAS(ALT1、ALT2)对FinnGen两组UL数据(Finn-UL、Finn-UL2)进行效应估计。四组分析结果方向一致,均提示遗传预测的ALT升高与UL风险增加呈正向关联。ALT1数据集中,IVW结果显示ALT每升高1个标准差,Finn-U1L队列UL风险增加12.5%(OR=1.125,P=0.012),Finn-UL2队列风险增加14.3%(OR=1.143,P=0.007)。ALT2数据集中亦观察到一致的风险升高:Finn-UL1中OR= 1.781,Finn-UL2中OR=1.925,P=0.017)。总体而言,ALT升高与UL发病风险增加之间存在一致的因果关联证据。见表2。
在异质性检验方面,Cochran Q统计量在四组分析中均达到统计学显著(Q_pval范围为3.84×10-6至1.67×10-4),提示不同工具变量间存在一定效应差异。然而,I2值主要分布在27.12%~31.57%,属于轻度异质性范围,表明整体异质性程度较低,对因果估计的影响有限。
在多效性检验方面,ALT1数据集中MR-Egger截距检验未发现显著方向性水平多效性(P=0.227 和0.279)。而ALT2数据集中,MR-Egger截距检验提示存在轻度方向性水平多效性(P=0.029 和 0.048)。然而,Egger截距估计值较小(0.005),且IVW、加权中位数及MR-Egger回归所得效应方向一致,结合MR-PRESSO及留一法分析未发现单一SNP驱动整体结果,提示该多效性影响程度有限,未实质改变总体因果推断方向。
综合异质性与多效性分析结果,ALT与UL之间的因果关联在多种稳健性检验下总体保持一致,结果具有较好的稳定性。
为评估ALT对UL的独立因果效应,我们基于ALT1与UL1构建主模型及7个扩展MVMR模型,分别纳入性激素、葡萄糖代谢、血压、血脂与生活方式等协变量进行调整,见图2。结果显示,ALT在不同协变量设定下效应方向一致、幅度相近且持续显著(OR=1.110~1.139,P=0.008~0.045),提示其与UL风险增加的关联具有稳健性,且并非完全由已纳入的代谢/激素相关表型的遗传效应所驱动。主模型中,ALT显著增加UL风险(OR=1.123,P=0.045),SHBG呈保护作用(OR=0.784, P=0.017)。在同时加入空腹血糖、高血压和BMI后,ALT仍显著(OR=1.138,P=0.011),且高血压为独立危险因素(OR=1.753,P=0.012)。单独调整BMI、高血压或SHBG等时ALT效应亦未明显改变,其中调整BMI时效应最强(OR=1.139,P=0.008),且SHBG在相关模型中持续表现为保护因素(OR=0.820,P=0.034)。总体而言,MVMR一致支持ALT升高为UL风险的独立因果因素。
为评估 ALT 与UL之间是否存在反向因果关系,本研究进行了逆向两样本 MR 分析,将 UL 作为暴露、ALT 作为结局进行推断。结果显示,无论采用何种 MR 方法,都未观察到 UL 对 ALT 水平具有统计学显著的因果效应,亦未见方向性多效性或异质性的证据(P>0.05)。这些结果提示 ALT 与 UL 的关联更可能由 ALT→UL 的单向效应驱动,而非由 UL 水平变化反向影响 ALT。
我们基于两套ALT暴露数据开展ALT与UL的共定位分析,以评估两性状在不同基因座是否共享因果变异。在ALT 1分析中,多个区域显示ALT与UL共享遗传变异的有力证据,其中5号染色体HSPA4区最为显著(PP.H4=0.962),12号染色体DIP2B亦呈高度共定位(PP.H4=0.932)。BTNL2(PP.H4=0.732)与ADCY3(PP.H4=0.570)表现为中度共定位,COBLL1、CYP4F2、LEPR、HPR与SH3PXD2A等位点PP.H4较低(0.012~0.430)。见表3、图3。
补充分析ALT 2进一步支持关键位点的共定位:ATF1(PP.H4=0.993)、HSPA4区域(PP.H4=0.951)、NPC1(PP.H4=0.831)及LOC105377989(PP.H4= 0.805)均显示强共定位,并与ALT 1在核心区域高度一致。总体而言,共定位结果提示ALT与UL在HSPA4基因区间共享遗传信号,为ALT升高与UL风险增加的因果关联提供遗传学支撑。
UL虽为良性肿瘤,但其高患病率、症状负担与复发风险使其在育龄女性中具有显著公共卫生意义;现有干预多在症状明显或病情进展后启动,仍以手术与药物控制为主,存在成本高、侵入性强及复发风险等问题。因此,从二级预防角度探索可干预、可监测的早期风险标志物并前移管理具有重要价值。本研究整合双向两样本MR、MVMR及贝叶斯共定位分析,构建“因果效应-协变量控制-方向性验证-位点证据”相互印证的遗传证据链。总体结果支持遗传预测ALT升高与UL风险增加存在一致方向的因果关联;在控制BMI、血压、血糖/2型糖尿病、饮酒、血脂与SHBG等因素后,ALT效应总体仍保持一致方向,提示ALT可能反映UL相关的代谢风险状态并具有一定独立性。进一步的共定位分析在部分关键区域提示ALT与UL可能共享潜在因果变异,为“ALT→UL”的遗传学一致性提供位点层面的补充证据。
传统观察性研究中ALT与UL的关联容易受到生活方式因素(如饮酒、体力活动、膳食结构、吸烟、睡眠/昼夜节律)、药物暴露(如对肝酶有影响的药物)、以及代谢综合征相关因素的共同影响,这些因素既可直接改变ALT水平(肝脂沉积、肝胰岛素抵抗、酒精/药物性肝损伤、炎症负荷等),也可能通过肥胖、胰岛素抵抗与炎症通路间接影响UL风险。MR的优势在于遗传变异在受孕时随机分配,理论上独立于大多数后天生活方式与环境因素,从而显著降低传统混杂与反向因果的干扰;同时,本研究在MVMR中纳入饮酒、BMI、血压、血糖/2型糖尿病及血脂等可表征生活方式与代谢通路的关键表型,旨在进一步降低与生活方式相关的遗传共线性或共享通路偏倚。尽管如此,我们仍在局限性部分明确指出,复杂的基因-环境交互与难以量化的行为暴露可能无法被完全捕获,仍需在前瞻性队列中进一步验证ALT在不同生活方式背景下的稳定性与外部可推广性。
在生物学机制方面,尽管MR本身不直接揭示分子机制,但ALT作为肝细胞损伤与代谢相关肝功能异常的敏感指标,其升高常与脂肪肝谱系、胰岛素抵抗及慢性低度炎症等状态并存[17]。肝脏不仅是能量与脂质代谢中枢,也是重要的内分泌调控器官,参与类固醇激素代谢清除与全身内分泌稳态维持;在代谢相关肝功能异常背景下,肝源性SHBG合成可能下调,从而改变循环游离性激素比例并影响雌激素/孕激素信号环境[18-19]。结合UL对性激素信号的依赖性以及其“平滑肌细胞增殖-细胞外基质(extracelular matrix,ECM)沉积-炎症/应激反应”特征,上述“肝-代谢-内分泌轴”失衡可能通过改变子宫局部微环境与组织重塑而参与肌瘤发生与进展(该机制推断仍需后续实验与纵向队列进一步验证)。值得注意的是,在本研究的MVMR框架中,SHBG与UL风险呈负向关联趋势,提示激素载体及激素生物利用度改变可能介入风险链条;但ALT在调整SHBG后仍保留效应方向,说明其影响可能并非仅限于“SHBG-游离性激素”单一路径,还可能涉及胰岛素/IGF轴、免疫代谢炎症、氧化应激与细胞应激反应等更广泛网络。基于此,ALT更可能作为一种“系统性代谢-炎症-内分泌失衡状态”的遗传代理指标,通过多通路共同塑造UL易感微环境,而不仅是单一激素通路的替代标志。
需要进一步指出的是,尽管本研究已纳入SHBG等与激素生物利用度相关的指标,但尚未将女性特异性激素,尤其是雌激素和孕激素,直接纳入多变量模型。这构成了本研究的重要局限。UL的发生、增殖及ECM沉积高度依赖雌激素和孕激素信号,ALT与UL之间观察到的遗传关联,可能部分反映肝脏代谢异常对激素合成、转运、清除及外周可利用度的间接影响。由于目前公开数据库中女性特异性激素相关GWAS数据仍相对有限,尤其缺乏样本量充足、工具变量强度较高且适合MVMR分析的女性专属性汇总统计结果,因此本研究未能进一步区分ALT对UL风险的直接效应与其经激素通路介导的间接效应。未来应结合雌激素、孕激素及其受体相关遗传工具开展更精细的MVMR、中介MR或分层分析,以更全面解析“肝脏代谢-激素环境-子宫微环境”之间的因果链条。
共定位分析为上述机制提供了位点尺度的补充证据,其生物学意义需要结合基因功能背景进行解读。与单纯MR估计不同,共定位强调“同一遗传区域内两性状关联是否由共享因果变异驱动”,从而在位点尺度上降低连锁不平衡导致的“看似相关但并非同一因果变异”的解释风险。本研究在ATF1、NPC1与HSPA4等区域观察到ALT与UL共享信号的证据,提示这些位点可能是连接“肝脏代谢应激-系统性信号-子宫平滑肌/ECM重塑”的上游调控线索。ATF1属于CREB/ATF转录因子家族,参与细胞应激响应、增殖/凋亡平衡及炎症信号转导;NPC1参与细胞内胆固醇转运与脂质稳态,可能通过脂质蓄积与代谢应激影响细胞功能;HSPA4为热休克蛋白家族成员,与蛋白稳态、内质网应激及细胞保护机制相关。上述基因功能与“代谢稳态-细胞应激-组织重塑”的病理轴具有生物学相容性,提示ALT相关代谢/应激遗传背景可能通过影响细胞增殖与ECM重塑通路参与UL发生。未来可进一步结合组织特异表达、eQTL/coloc精细定位与功能实验(如子宫平滑肌细胞/成纤维细胞模型、类器官或动物模型)验证“位点-通路-表型”的因果链条,从而增强共定位结果的机制解释与转化价值。
关于研究结论的推广性,本研究GWAS样本以欧洲人群为主,考虑到不同人群的等位基因频率、连锁不平衡结构以及基因-环境交互差异,效应估计的跨种族外推需谨慎。未来建议开展多族群外部验证:一方面在东亚或其他族群ALT与UL的GWAS数据中重复MR与共定位分析,构建族群特异工具变量并比较效应一致性;另一方面通过跨族群meta分析或转录组/蛋白组QTL整合,评估共享遗传信号的稳健性。现实挑战包括非欧洲人群大样本ALT与UL GWAS数据相对不足、表型定义差异以及统计功效下降等,因此需要多中心协作与标准化表型定义以推动外部验证。
从转化角度看,本研究提示ALT可能为UL风险分层研究提供新的切入点。ALT检测便捷、成本低、临床普及度高,但我们更倾向于将其视为“可修饰代谢风险状态”的表征指标,而非单独用于筛查的决定性标志。未来若在多族群队列与前瞻性研究中证实其预测价值,可探索将ALT与BMI、血糖血脂、血压、生活方式及影像指标联合构建综合风险模型,用于育龄女性的风险分层与个体化随访;并评估针对代谢异常的生活方式与代谢管理是否可能降低UL发生或复发风险。总体而言,本研究为“ALT-代谢炎症-激素环境-子宫微环境”综合框架提供了遗传学支持与候选位点线索,但其机制阐释与临床转化仍需要更高质量的跨族群重复、纵向证据与功能实验共同推进。
综上,本研究基于双向两样本MR、MVMR及贝叶斯共定位等多层遗传证据,支持遗传预测的ALT升高与UL风险增加存在一致方向的潜在因果关联。该关联在纳入BMI、血压、血糖/2型糖尿病、饮酒、血脂及SHBG等代谢与激素相关因素进行调整后总体保持一致方向,提示ALT可能反映与UL相关的可修饰代谢风险状态。共定位分析在部分关键区域提示ALT与UL可能共享潜在因果变异,为后续机制研究提供了候选基因与位点线索。上述发现拓展了UL代谢相关病因学的遗传学证据基础,并为风险分层研究及二级预防前移管理策略的探索提供参考。鉴于人群外推性、性别特异性与功能验证仍存在不足,未来需在非欧洲人群与女性特异数据中开展重复验证,并结合组织/细胞与动物实验进一步解析关键通路,以推动遗传发现向临床转化的可行路径。
  • 湖南省自然科学基金项目(2025JJ80570; 2026JJ81703)
  • 南华大学附属长沙中心医院院内项目(YNKY202509)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512312
  • 接收时间:2025-12-22
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-22
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湖南省自然科学基金项目(2025JJ80570; 2026JJ81703)
南华大学附属长沙中心医院院内项目(YNKY202509)
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    南华大学附属长沙中心医院妇产科,湖南 长沙 410004

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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