Article(id=1324044571964997686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324044540067328424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512211, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765468800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793606425514, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793606425514, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793606425514, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793606425514, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324044540067328424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793606417910, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793670137580, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324311799788602160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324044540067328424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324311799788602161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324044540067328424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1365, endPage=1369, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324044572212461623, articleId=1324044571964997686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Epidemiological situation of influenza viruses and drug resistance analysis of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 subtype, Guizhou, 2022-2025, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To monitor the epidemiological dynamics of influenza in Guizhou Province from 2022 to 2025 and analyze the resistance of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 subtype viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors, so as to provide evidence for influenza prevention and control as well as clinical drug therapy.

Methods

Influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance data from sentinel hospitals within Guizhou Province's national influenza surveillance network (2022—2025) were collected and analyzed using descriptive methods. Sixty-four influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 subtype viruses isolated and identified in Guizhou Province from 2022 to 2025 were selected. A fluorescence-based luminescence assay was employed to perform phenotypic drug resistance testing on the selected influenza viruses, and the changes in drug susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir were analyzed. NA gene sequencing of the influenza strains was carried out, and bioinformatics software was used to analyze the amino acid site mutations of relevant drug-resistant genes.

Results

Between 2022 and 2025, influenza viruses in Guizhou Province exhibited an alternating or co-circulation epidemic pattern. All 64 isolated A (H1N1) pdm09 subtype influenza virus strains were sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir. The mean IC50 value for oseltamivir was 0.448 nmol/L (range: 0.126–1.013 nmol/L), and for zanamivir, it was 0.308 nmol/L (range: 0.112–0.855 nmol/L). Sequencing was performed on the NA genes of 46 A (H1N1) pdm09 strains. All sequenced viruses were classified into clade 6B.1 and were interspersed on the phylogenetic tree without forming distinct clusters. No mutations were identified at the enzyme active catalytic sites or known resistance sites in the NA gene.

Conclusion

From 2022 to 2025, influenza viruses in Guizhou Province showed an alternating or co-circulation pattern. The A (H1N1) pdm09 subtype remained sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir, supporting the continued clinical use of this drug class.

, authors=Qian KE, Ping WU, Ju ZHENG, Li ZHUANG, authorsList=Qian KE, Ping WU, Ju ZHENG, Li ZHUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li ZHUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324044573177151550, articleId=1324044571964997686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=2022—2025年贵州省流感病毒流行情况及A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒耐药性分析, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

监测2022—2025年贵州省流感流行情况并对A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒耐药情况进行分析,为流感病毒的预防控制及临床药物治疗提供依据。

方法

收集贵州省2022—2025年国家级流感监测数据并采用描述性方法进行分析。选取贵州省2022—2025年分离鉴定的64株A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒,利用荧光发光法进行耐药性表型检测,对oseltamivir及zanamivir的药物敏感性变化进行分析。对流感毒株进行NA基因测序,利用生物信息学软件分析相关耐药基因的氨基酸位点突变情况。

结果

2022—2025年贵州省流感病毒呈交替或共同流行态势。64株A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒均对oseltamivir和zanamivir敏感。其中,对oseltamivir的IC50平均值为0.448(0.126~1.013)nmol/L,对zanamivir的IC50平均值为0.308(0.112~0.855)nmol/L。测序获得46株A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒NA基因,其均属于6B.1分支,在进化树上交叉分布,NA蛋白未发现酶活性催化位点及耐药位点突变。

结论

2022—2025年贵州省流感病毒呈交替或共同流行态势,A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒对oseltamivir及zanamivir敏感,临床上可继续使用此类药物。

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柯倩(1995—),女,硕士,主管技师,研究方向:呼吸道病毒检测与研究

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庄丽,E-mail:
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注:不同NAI药物对A(H1N1)pdm09流感病毒IC50,参考敏感株对oseltamivir与zanamivir平均IC50值分别为0.404 nmol/L和0.212 nmol/L。

, figureFileSmall=Y+ARCiPz2XLTkVmF1vRLNg==, figureFileBig=TivkUHDtIA3eLYbaliEsRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324044577379844192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044571964997686, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Phylogenetic analysis of the neuraminidase gene in influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 viruses from Guizhou Province, figureFileSmall=UPbM9mE6oAm4w3jVbO75XQ==, figureFileBig=6Yi9uPAo4vSMpsl4yq6bUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324044577543422049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044571964997686, language=CN, label=图3, caption=贵州省A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒NA基因系统进化树

注:●为疫苗株。

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2022—2025年贵州省流感病毒流行情况及A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒耐药性分析
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柯倩 , 吴萍 , 郑菊 , 庄丽
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2026,53(8): 1365-1369
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2026 , 53 (8) : 1365 -1369
2022—2025年贵州省流感病毒流行情况及A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒耐药性分析
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柯倩, 吴萍, 郑菊, 庄丽
作者信息
  • 贵州省疾病预防控制中心实验中心病毒科,贵州 贵阳 550004
通讯作者:
庄丽,E-mail:
作者简介:

柯倩(1995—),女,硕士,主管技师,研究方向:呼吸道病毒检测与研究

Epidemiological situation of influenza viruses and drug resistance analysis of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 subtype, Guizhou, 2022-2025
Qian KE, Ping WU, Ju ZHENG, Li ZHUANG
Affiliations
  • Virology Department, Experimental Center of Guizhou Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512211
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目的

监测2022—2025年贵州省流感流行情况并对A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒耐药情况进行分析,为流感病毒的预防控制及临床药物治疗提供依据。

方法

收集贵州省2022—2025年国家级流感监测数据并采用描述性方法进行分析。选取贵州省2022—2025年分离鉴定的64株A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒,利用荧光发光法进行耐药性表型检测,对oseltamivir及zanamivir的药物敏感性变化进行分析。对流感毒株进行NA基因测序,利用生物信息学软件分析相关耐药基因的氨基酸位点突变情况。

结果

2022—2025年贵州省流感病毒呈交替或共同流行态势。64株A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒均对oseltamivir和zanamivir敏感。其中,对oseltamivir的IC50平均值为0.448(0.126~1.013)nmol/L,对zanamivir的IC50平均值为0.308(0.112~0.855)nmol/L。测序获得46株A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒NA基因,其均属于6B.1分支,在进化树上交叉分布,NA蛋白未发现酶活性催化位点及耐药位点突变。

结论

2022—2025年贵州省流感病毒呈交替或共同流行态势,A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒对oseltamivir及zanamivir敏感,临床上可继续使用此类药物。

A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感  /  耐药  /  神经氨酸酶
Objective

To monitor the epidemiological dynamics of influenza in Guizhou Province from 2022 to 2025 and analyze the resistance of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 subtype viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors, so as to provide evidence for influenza prevention and control as well as clinical drug therapy.

Methods

Influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance data from sentinel hospitals within Guizhou Province's national influenza surveillance network (2022—2025) were collected and analyzed using descriptive methods. Sixty-four influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 subtype viruses isolated and identified in Guizhou Province from 2022 to 2025 were selected. A fluorescence-based luminescence assay was employed to perform phenotypic drug resistance testing on the selected influenza viruses, and the changes in drug susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir were analyzed. NA gene sequencing of the influenza strains was carried out, and bioinformatics software was used to analyze the amino acid site mutations of relevant drug-resistant genes.

Results

Between 2022 and 2025, influenza viruses in Guizhou Province exhibited an alternating or co-circulation epidemic pattern. All 64 isolated A (H1N1) pdm09 subtype influenza virus strains were sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir. The mean IC50 value for oseltamivir was 0.448 nmol/L (range: 0.126–1.013 nmol/L), and for zanamivir, it was 0.308 nmol/L (range: 0.112–0.855 nmol/L). Sequencing was performed on the NA genes of 46 A (H1N1) pdm09 strains. All sequenced viruses were classified into clade 6B.1 and were interspersed on the phylogenetic tree without forming distinct clusters. No mutations were identified at the enzyme active catalytic sites or known resistance sites in the NA gene.

Conclusion

From 2022 to 2025, influenza viruses in Guizhou Province showed an alternating or co-circulation pattern. The A (H1N1) pdm09 subtype remained sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir, supporting the continued clinical use of this drug class.

Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 subtype  /  Drug resistance  /  Neuraminidase
柯倩, 吴萍, 郑菊, 庄丽. 2022—2025年贵州省流感病毒流行情况及A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒耐药性分析. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (8) : 1365 -1369 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512211
Qian KE, Ping WU, Ju ZHENG, Li ZHUANG. Epidemiological situation of influenza viruses and drug resistance analysis of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 subtype, Guizhou, 2022-2025[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (8) : 1365 -1369 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512211
流感是一种由流感病毒引起并对全球人口均有影响的传染病。甲型流感病毒于1933年第一次被分离出,可在各种鸟类和哺乳动物(包括野生动物和养殖动物)中传播,这种跨宿主传播能力偶尔会导致大流行爆发,在流感病毒中具有重要临床意义。A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒是一种新型四重配型病毒,其基因组由两种猪源病毒、一种禽源病毒和一种人源病毒组成。流感病毒具有很强的抗原变异倾向和大流行的潜力,该病可以多种方式发展,从无症状感染或轻微的呼吸道症状,到急性发作的高热、寒战和全身酸痛,甚至死亡[1]。在大多数季节性流感流行期间,儿童的感染率通常高于成人[2]。例如,美国每年约有3%~11%的人口出现有症状流感感染,其中儿童的年均发病率约为8.7%,远高于成人的5.1%[3]。从全球范围看,季节性流感每年可导致约300万至500万重症病例,并造成约29万至65万例相关死亡[4]。
抗病毒药物在流感的预防和治疗策略中,是一项不可或缺的有效措施[5-7]。神经氨酸酶抑制剂(Neuraminidase inhibitor,NAI)是目前治疗人类流感最常用的处方药。NAI如oseltamivir和zanamivir通过结合神经氨酸酶(Neuraminidase,NA)高度保守的酶活性中心,从而抑制神经氨酸酶,阻止病毒粒子从感染细胞分裂并扩散到其他宿主细胞而发挥抗病毒作用[8]。对于疑似或确诊感染流感的患者,建议尽快开始使用此类药物进行治疗。
尽管NAI疗效显著,但在选择性压力下自然发生或获得的NA突变已被证明可减少药物结合,从而影响NAI的有效性[9]。此外,NA酶活性位点的错义突变可能会破坏催化结构域,改变NA空间构象阻断抑制剂结合,最终导致病毒对NAI产生耐药性[10]。2018年至2020年间的全球甲型流感A(H1N1)pdm09病毒的NAI耐药率高达1.3%,其中超过75%的耐药病例由H275Y突变介导[11]。为了解2022—2025年贵州省流感流行情况及A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒对NAI药物耐药变化趋势,监测耐药基因变异情况。本研究利用荧光发光法对贵州省甲型H1N1流感病毒进行耐药性表型检测及NA基因测序后分析相关基因变异情况,明确贵州省流感耐药现状,为贵州省流感防控及临床治疗提供科学依据。
经“中国流感监测信息系统”,收集贵州省在2022年4月至2025年3月期间上报的流感样病例(Influenza-like illness,ILI)鼻咽拭子样本检测数据。病例定义为:体温≥38℃,并伴有咽痛或咳嗽中至少一种症状。哨点医院采集发病3天内的ILI样本送至流感监测网络实验室进行核酸检测。
本研究病毒株来源于贵州省流感监测网络实验室分离、贵州省省级流感参比中心复核鉴定的流感毒株。对核酸检测阳性样本采用MDCK细胞及鸡胚进行病毒分离,经省级流感参比中心复核鉴定后,以血凝滴度≥1:16为初筛标准,并采用分层取样策略以确保地理代表性:将贵州省各市(州)作为分层单元,从各层基本等量选取符合标准的毒株,合计纳入64株。所有实验均在相同条件下集中完成。
选取临床上常用的oseltamivir及zanamivir两种药物,参照《全国流感监测技术指南(2017版)》中荧光发光法,对贵州省流感病毒进行耐药性表型检测。检测使用Thermo Fisher Scientific公司生产的NA-FluorTM Influenza Neuraminidase Assay Kit试剂盒。实验所需的参考毒株及待测药物(oseltamivir,zanamivir)均来自中国疾控中心。敏感参考株为A/Ⅲinois/45/2019(H1 pdm09),耐药参考株为A/Alabama/03/2020(H1 pdm09)。使用Envision(PerkinElmer)96孔板检测仪器读取荧光信号值。通过GraphPad Prism 9计算半数抑制浓度(Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentration,IC50)。参照判定标准,对A型流感病毒检测结果作如下判读:若病毒的IC50值低于敏感株对照IC50值的10倍,则判定为对神经氨酸酶抑制剂敏感。
对贵州省参与耐药实验检测的46株A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感毒株进行全基因组高通量测序。使用西安天隆科技有限公司的DNA/RNA提取试剂进行病毒核酸提取,随后用华大智造有限公司MEGIEasy呼吸道微生物基因组扩增试剂盒进行基因组扩增。采用MEGIEasy Fast PCR-FREE酶切文库制备模块进行纯化及文库制备,按照双链DNA荧光定量试剂盒的操作说明对文库进行定量,要求最终文库浓度大于或等于0.8 ng/μl;MEGIEasy双Barcode环化模块进行文库产物环化,单链环化产物使用Quibit ssDNA Assay Kit单链DNA荧光定量试剂盒进行定量,要求结果大于或等于15 ng;所制备DNB结果需大于或等于8 ng/μl,随后采用MGISEQ-2000RS高通量快速测序试剂盒及快速测序载片进行测序。使用华大智造有限公司自动化样本制备系统及基因测序仪完成二代测序,在MGI FluTrack分析系统(V 1.0)中完成序列拼接及组装,所有样本的Q30碱基百分比均大于96%。
通过全球共享流感数据倡议组织GISAID数据(https://gisaid.org/)下载A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感疫苗株NA序列。本研究以世界卫生组织近年推荐的流感疫苗株作为参比株,主要为A/Victoria/4897/2022(H1)(适用于鸡胚培养疫苗)和A/Wisconsin/67/2022(H1)(适用于细胞培养疫苗)。应用MEGA 11.0.13中Clustal W方法进行核苷酸序列比对,采用邻接法构建系统进化树,Bootstrap值设置为1 000。
在2022至2025年的流感监测周期内,贵州省流感监测网络哨点医院累计采集符合定义的ILI样本82 360份。经流感监测网络实验室检测,流感病毒阳性共16 844例,检出阳性率为20.45%。检出病例中,A(H1N1)pdm09阳性5 408例,A(H3N2)阳性9 682例,B(Victoria)阳性1 716例,混合感染38例,未检出B(Yamagata)。2022—2023年度A(H1N1)pdm09及A(H3N2)亚型均有流行,以A(H3N2)亚型为主。2023—2024年度A(H3N2),B(Victoria)亚型共流行,以A(H3N2)为主导。2024—2025年度以A(H1N1)pdm09亚型为主要流行株,其余亚型流行强度较低,见图1。
对2022—2025年流感流行季贵州省流感毒株进行耐药性表型检测,64株A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感毒株对oseltamivir的IC50平均值为0.448(0.126~1.013)nmol/L;对zanamivir的IC50平均值为0.308(0.112~0.855)nmol/L。结果详见图2。参考敏感毒株A/Ⅲ inois/45/2019(H1 pdm09)对这两种药物的平均IC50值分别为0.404 nmol/L和0.212 nmol/L。本次选取的64株流感毒株IC50在药物敏感参考株IC50值10倍以内,提示本研究2022—2025年贵州省流行的A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒对oseltamivir与zanamivir两种NAI保持敏感。
本研究中所有流感样本的测序平均覆盖度均在98%以上,平均测序深度约达110 000×。对贵州省46株2022—2025年A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感进行NA序列分析,其核苷酸同源性为96.91%~100%,氨基酸同源性为96.11%~100%。与2021—2023年度疫苗株A/Wisconsin/588/2019(H1)的核苷酸、氨基酸的同源性分别为98.13%~99.28%、97.12%~99.28%。与2023—2026年度疫苗株A/Victoria/4897/2022(H1)的核苷酸、氨基酸的同源性分别97.12%~99.28%、96.76%~99.35%。2022—2025监测年度流行的A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒均具有V13I、I34V和I314M氨基酸位点的共同突变,属于6B.1分支。NA基因进化树如图3所示。
流感病毒NAI的研究设计是基于NA活性位点,酶活性相关位点包括与底物相互结合的8个催化氨基酸:118位(R)、151位(D)、152位(R)、225位(R)、277位(E)、293位(R)、368位(R)和402(Y)位,以及11个辅助氨基酸位点:119位(E)、156位(R)、179位(W)、180位(S)、199位(D)、223位(I)、228位(E)、275位(H)、278位(E)、295位(N)、425位(E)。序列比对结果显示,贵州省分离的46株A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒中,上述所有酶活性相关位点以及与NAI耐药性相关的H275、D199、I223、S247、N295等关键位点均未发生突变。同时,位于NA蛋白N端第140~157位的抗原决定簇区域亦保持稳定,未检出氨基酸改变。
参考疫苗株A/Wisconsin/588/2019(H1N1)的NA蛋白序列共包含8个潜在糖基化位点,分别位于第42、50、58、63、68、88、146和235位。本次选取的46株A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感毒株有41株与疫苗株A/Wisconsin/588/2019(H1)的糖基化位点完全一致,2株流感毒株因发生N50S突变,致使第50位糖基化位点缺失;2株流感毒株第68位糖基化位点由NIS突变为NIR,此处糖基化位点缺失;1株流感毒株因发生S90P突变,导致其第88位糖基化位点缺失。疫苗株A/Wisconsin/588/2019(H1)及本研究中所有毒株均存在N386K位点突变,无386NFS糖基化位点。
流感的流行情况在不同年份、不同季节差异较大,受气候、其他传染病流行状况等多种因素影响,呈现出明显的地区与季节特征。本研究显示,贵州省各年度流行毒株有所不同,呈交替或共同流行态势。其中,2022—2023年度,贵州省主要以A(H3N2)和A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感为主要流行株,呈冬春季和夏季双峰分布。2023—2024年,A(H3N2)和B(Victoria)亚型为优势毒株,2024—2025年则以A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感为主,同期其余亚型流感呈零星散发状态。2022—2025年间,贵州省均未检出B(Yamagata)亚型流感病毒。流感呈交替或共同流行态势与其他省份一致[12-14],其可能原因为特定型别流感病毒在人群中流行后,可诱导机体产生特异性抗体,随着人群免疫水平逐步提升并形成免疫屏障,为流行病毒株提供了持续的免疫选择压力,进而驱动了不同亚型流感病毒在全球及地区范围内呈现周期性的交替流行特征。
针对流感病毒感染的预防与治疗,WHO推荐使用NAI。随着以oseltamivir和zanamivir为代表的NAI在临床上的广泛应用,国际上均已有耐药毒株的报道。研究表明[11,15],流感病毒NA蛋白H275Y、E119V突变影响与NAI的相互作用,使得流感病毒对oseltamivir表现出耐药性。其他导致对oseltamivir产生耐药性的NA蛋白突变包括A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒的I223R突变、H7N9流感株的R292K突变;此外,H7N9中的Q136K突变主要导致对zanamivir的耐药。在A(H1N1)pdm09病毒中,I223R与H275Y等组合突变会增强病毒对oseltamivir的耐药水平。目前贵州省临床上应用较多的NAI药物为oseltamivir及zanamivir。为及时准确掌握贵州省A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感毒株对NAI是否耐药及抗流感药物耐药变化趋势,本研究同时采用耐药性表型检测及基因验证对贵州省A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒进行耐药性分析。结果表明,待测流感毒株IC50值均在NAI敏感株IC50值10倍以内,且NAI敏感性相关的关键位点均未发生突变,提示2022—2025年贵州省流行的A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒对NAI(oseltamivir和zanamivir)敏感,临床上可继续使用此类药物。
NA是同源四聚体形式的II型跨膜蛋白,呈现典型的“蘑菇状”空间构象,其核心功能是催化末端唾液酸的水解,发挥受体破坏酶的作用,贯穿于病毒生命周期的多个关键环节。在病毒入侵阶段,NA能够特异性切割呼吸道上皮细胞的受体,清除病毒与靶细胞结合的空间障碍,从而使病毒成功感染上皮细胞。此外,NA还能通过调控与宿主细胞膜的相互作用,促进膜融合过程。对贵州省2022至2025年流行的A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒进行系统发育分析发现,虽然毒株间保持了较高的核苷酸同源性,但在进化树上分布于不同的分支,表明病毒基因组在持续传播过程中已积累了一定程度的变异。对NA氨基酸进行分析,本研究A(H1N1)pdm09毒株均检测到V13I与I34V等替代突变,与既往监测结果[16]一致。这些突变的普遍存在,提示其可能是该病毒在人群中长期流行与适应性进化的分子标志。未发现46株病毒发生酶活性催化位点变异及耐药位点突变,这提示NA蛋白的关键功能性区域在进化上保持了高度的结构保守性。
NA蛋白通过糖基化形成的寡糖侧链,对其结构的稳定性和功能发挥具有重要作用。本研究中所有A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感毒株均具有146位糖基化位点,该位点的糖基化状态是维持病毒正常组织趋向性的关键因素,其缺失可能会削弱病毒对神经系统的定向感染能力,146位糖基化位点在人、猪及禽类宿主的N1亚型流感病毒中均呈现保守性。2022—2025年贵州省株A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感毒株NA蛋白均携带N386K位点突变,这与崔薇等人[17]结果一致。N386K突变使386NFS糖基化位点丢失,进而导致NA蛋白的结构稳定性下降[11]。
迄今为止流感仍然是一个持续的公共卫生挑战,因其基因易发生突变,尤其是核苷酸突变发生在血凝素和NA基因上时,可能引起流感病毒抗原漂移和转变,改变病毒的致病性与传播能力。所以流感病毒监测对于识别新毒株、流行的预测及疫苗战略至关重要。相关研究数据显示,国内目前已存在发生H275Y突变的流感病毒[17-18]。应加强监测流感毒株耐药性,宣传流感等呼吸道传染病的预防知识,为流感的防控以及指导抗流感药物的选择和使用提供实验依据。
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合平台人才-ZDSYS[2023]004)
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2021]一般025)
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2021]一般028)
  • 贵州省疾控中心青年科学基金(2023-E-2)
  • 贵州省卫生健康委科学技术基金项目(gzwkj2026-463)
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2026年第53卷第8期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512211
  • 接收时间:2025-12-12
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-12
基金
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合平台人才-ZDSYS[2023]004)
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2021]一般025)
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2021]一般028)
贵州省疾控中心青年科学基金(2023-E-2)
贵州省卫生健康委科学技术基金项目(gzwkj2026-463)
作者信息
    贵州省疾病预防控制中心实验中心病毒科,贵州 贵阳 550004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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