Article(id=1324044636309827617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324044540067328424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512119, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765123200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793606440855, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793606440855, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793606440855, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793606440855, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324044540067328424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793606417910, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793670137580, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324311799788602160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324044540067328424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324311799788602161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324044540067328424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1471, endPage=1477, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324044636548902946, articleId=1324044636309827617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Experimental study of citric acid against benzo[a] pyrene-induced renal injury in mice, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Based on the broad-spectrum targeted lipid group and metabolomics technology, the mechanism of citric acid (CA) antagonizing benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced renal injury in mice was explored, which provided a new idea for the intervention of renal injury after B[a]P exposure.

Methods

Forty-eight healthy 4-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated into six groups, namely the control group, low/medium/high-dose B[a]P groups (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg), citric acid group (400 mg/kg), and high-dose B[a]P+citric acid group, with 8 mice per group. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed for the detection of broad-spectrum targeted lipid profiling and metabonomics in renal tissues, and the contents of serum creatinine, serum uric acid and blood urea in renal samples were quantified. Pathological changes of the kidney were examined using HE staining.

Results

The concentrations of creatinine, uric acid and urea in the kidney of the exposed mice increased (represented by peak area), and the urea concentration in the high-dose group (3 935 000±1 043 140.86) was significantly higher than that in the control group (2 706 250±385 484.39) (P<0.05). The renal pathological results of B[a]P exposure group were damaged, and the high-dose damage was serious. Compared with the control group, a total of 114 differential metabolites were identified in the kidney tissues of mice in the B[a]P high exposure group, which were mainly enriched in 32 metabolic pathways such as arachidonic acid, glutathione, and sphingolipids. After the intervention of citric acid, the renal creatinine, uric acid and urea concentrations in the high-dose B[a]P+citric acid group (10 625 750±6 541 890.63, 1 042 907.5±692 189.5, 1 849 501.25±1 150 570.62) were significantly lower than those in the high-dose group (19 150 000±3 523 796.65, 1 985 000±363 396.67, 3 935 000±1 043 140.86) (P<0.05), and the renal pathological damage was improved. Further omics studies showed that 106 differential metabolites were identified in the high-dose B[a]P+citric acid group compared with the high-dose B[a]P group, and 48 significantly reversed metabolites such as leukotriene B4, 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, hydroxyproline, indoxyl sulfate, corticosterone, cytidine, guanylate and coenzyme Q10 were found in the intersection of differential metabolites in the high-dose B[a]P group. It was mainly enriched in arachidonic acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, histidine, glutathione, arginine and proline, primary bile acid biosynthesis, taurine and hypotaurine, pyrimidine, purine, tyrosine, sphingolipid and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and other metabolic pathways.

Conclusion

Citric acid can antagonize subchronic B[a]P-induced renal injury in mice by inhibiting inflammatory response, enhancing antioxidant capacity, regulating hormone and bile acid levels such as aldosterone and cortisol, and repairing energy and lipid metabolism homeostasis.

, authors=Xing-di GUO1, Zhi-rui MA1, Xiao-li ZHANG1, Shi-han DING1, Jie CHEN1, Jing SUN2, Cai-yun Wang2, Guo-wei WAN2, Xue-yi CHEN2, Yan-ru JIA1, Qing TU1, Rui-hua YU1, Zheng TAN2, Ke-feng LI3, Jin-ping ZHENG1, 2, authorsList=Xing-di GUO, Zhi-rui MA, Xiao-li ZHANG, Shi-han DING, Jie CHEN, Jing SUN, Cai-yun Wang, Guo-wei WAN, Xue-yi CHEN, Yan-ru JIA, Qing TU, Rui-hua YU, Zheng TAN, Ke-feng LI, Jin-ping ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jin-ping ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324044640114061359, articleId=1324044636309827617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=柠檬酸拮抗苯并[a]芘诱发小鼠肾损伤的实验研究, columnId=1228016572288135432, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=实验技术及其应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于广谱靶向脂质组与代谢组学技术,探究柠檬酸(CA)拮抗苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)诱导小鼠肾损伤的机制,为B[a]P肾损伤干预提供新思路。

方法

选用48只4周龄健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、低中高剂量B[a]P组(2.5、5、10 mg/kg)、柠檬酸组(400 mg/kg)和高剂量B[a]P+柠檬酸组,每组8只,持续处理90 d。液相色谱-串联质谱分析(LC-MS/MS)技术对肾脏组织进行广谱靶向脂质组和代谢组学检测,并测定肾样本中血肌酐、血尿酸和血尿素的含量,通过HE染色观察肾脏病理形态学改变。

结果

染毒小鼠肾脏中的肌酐、尿酸和尿素浓度(用峰面积表示)均上升,其中,高剂量组尿素浓度(3 935 000±1 043 140.86)比对照组(2 706 250±385 484.39)显著升高(P<0.05);B[a]P暴露组肾脏病理结果出现损伤,高剂量损伤严重;与对照组相比,B[a]P高暴露组小鼠肾组织共鉴定出114个差异代谢物,主要富集于花生四烯酸、谷胱甘肽、鞘脂等32个代谢通路。柠檬酸干预后,高剂量B[a]P+柠檬酸组肾脏肌酐、尿酸、尿素浓度(10 625 750±6 541 890.63、1 042 907.5±692 189.5、1 849 501.25±1 150 570.62)比高剂量组(19 150 000±3 523 796.65、1 985 000±363 396.67、3 935 000±1 043 140.86)显著下降(P<0.05),肾脏病理损伤改善。进一步组学研究发现,与高剂量B[a]P相比,高剂量B[a]P+柠檬酸组共鉴定出106个差异代谢物,与高剂量B[a]P组差异代谢物进行交集发现白三烯B4、15-羟二十碳四烯酸、羟脯氨酸、硫酸吲哚酚、皮质酮、胞苷、鸟苷酸、辅酶Q10等48个显著逆转的代谢物,主要富集于花生四烯酸代谢、类固醇激素生物合成、组氨酸、谷胱甘肽、精氨酸与脯氨酸、初级胆汁酸生物合成、牛磺酸与次牛磺酸、嘧啶、嘌呤、酪氨酸、鞘脂和不饱和脂肪酸生物合成等代谢通路。

结论

柠檬酸可通过抑制炎症反应、增强抗氧化能力、调控醛固酮、皮质醇等激素和胆汁酸水平、修复能量和脂质代谢稳态等机制拮抗亚慢性染毒B[a]P诱发的小鼠肾损伤。

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郭星笛(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生毒理学

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郑金平,E-mail:
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注:CT为对照组;L为低剂量组;M为中剂量组;H为高剂量组;CA为柠檬酸组;HC为高剂量B[a]P+柠檬酸组(下同)。

, figureFileSmall=Zm2tr37wGS4/DFcJd4eMKg==, figureFileBig=YAYYwLWG5//m1jGS8qf8Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324044653741355153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044636309827617, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Histopathological morphology of mouse kindy (hematoxylin-eosin, 400×), figureFileSmall=py7GfT+Z2xlwvozI2sqOnQ==, figureFileBig=MckmFqYDXerZKUr1lbdLXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324044653812658322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044636309827617, language=CN, label=图2, caption=小鼠肾脏病理学形态(HE染色,400×)

注:A为CT组;B为L组;C为M组;D为H组;E为CA组;F为HC组。a为肾小球系膜增生、损伤;b为肾小管上皮细胞脱落坏死;c为肾间质细胞浸润;d为纤维组织增生。

, figureFileSmall=py7GfT+Z2xlwvozI2sqOnQ==, figureFileBig=MckmFqYDXerZKUr1lbdLXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324044653963653267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044636309827617, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Changes of creatinine, uric acid and urea concentration in kidney of each group, figureFileSmall=9tJK6+uYFlWwGzhFQ4RFfQ==, figureFileBig=7ydTx2WfSvabCtGS0bJDHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324044654072705172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044636309827617, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各组别肾脏中肌酐、尿酸、尿素浓度变化情况

注:肌酐、尿酸、尿素浓度用峰面积表示。A为不同组别中小鼠肌酐浓度;B为不同组别中小鼠尿酸浓度;C为不同组别中小鼠尿素浓度;与CT组比较,*:P<0.05;与H组比较,##:P<0.01,####:P<0.0001。

, figureFileSmall=9tJK6+uYFlWwGzhFQ4RFfQ==, figureFileBig=7ydTx2WfSvabCtGS0bJDHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324044654341140629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044636309827617, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Metabolites and pathway analysis of control group and exposure group, figureFileSmall=oBdJ6IBec6/lumdULBbvZQ==, figureFileBig=dKdEeLMtNVlCMgfHrJUvUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324044654475358358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044636309827617, language=CN, label=图4, caption=对照组和染毒组代谢产物及通路分析

注:A为主成分分析图;B为偏最小二乘判别分析图;C为高剂量组差异代谢物占比图;D为高剂量组前25个代谢通路富集气泡图。

, figureFileSmall=oBdJ6IBec6/lumdULBbvZQ==, figureFileBig=dKdEeLMtNVlCMgfHrJUvUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324044654722822295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044636309827617, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Analysis of differential metabolites and pathways in kidney after citric acid intervention, figureFileSmall=lJ32sHlEYAlMG4qAkY3lsA==, figureFileBig=h2fPJ0c7SNbKKlPIRJgSGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324044654869622936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044636309827617, language=CN, label=图5, caption=柠檬酸干预后肾脏差异代谢产物和通路分析

注:A为高剂量+柠檬酸组差异代谢物占比图;B为高剂量+柠檬酸组差异倍数和统计显著性图;C为高剂量组与高剂量+柠檬酸组差异代谢物的交集图;D为逆转代谢物通路富集条形图;E为高剂量+柠檬酸组逆转差异代谢物-代谢通路关联图;F为聚集代谢物在各组表达量;与CT组比较,*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01;***:P<0.001;与H组比较,#:P<0.05,##:P<0.01,###:P<0.001。

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柠檬酸拮抗苯并[a]芘诱发小鼠肾损伤的实验研究
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郭星笛 1 , 马智瑞 1 , 张小莉 1 , 丁诗涵 1 , 陈洁 1 , 孙婧 2 , 王彩云 2 , 万国威 2 , 陈学怡 2 , 贾艳茹 1 , 凃晴 1 , 余瑞花 1 , 谭铮 2 , 李克峰 3 , 郑金平 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2026,53(8): 1471-1477
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现代预防医学 |实验技术及其应用 2026 , 53 (8) : 1471 -1477
柠檬酸拮抗苯并[a]芘诱发小鼠肾损伤的实验研究
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郭星笛1, 马智瑞1, 张小莉1, 丁诗涵1, 陈洁1, 孙婧2, 王彩云2, 万国威2, 陈学怡2, 贾艳茹1, 凃晴1, 余瑞花1, 谭铮2, 李克峰3, 郑金平1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.山西医科大学公共卫生学院卫生毒理学教研室,山西 太原 030001
  • 2.衰老机制研究与转化应用山西省重点实验室;长治医学院公共卫生学院;长治医学院老年健康研究中心;长治市衰老与再生医学技术创新中心
  • 3.澳门理工大学应用科学学院人工智能驱动药物研究中心
通讯作者:
郑金平,E-mail:
作者简介:

郭星笛(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生毒理学

Experimental study of citric acid against benzo[a] pyrene-induced renal injury in mice
Xing-di GUO1, Zhi-rui MA1, Xiao-li ZHANG1, Shi-han DING1, Jie CHEN1, Jing SUN2, Cai-yun Wang2, Guo-wei WAN2, Xue-yi CHEN2, Yan-ru JIA1, Qing TU1, Rui-hua YU1, Zheng TAN2, Ke-feng LI3, Jin-ping ZHENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512119
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目的

基于广谱靶向脂质组与代谢组学技术,探究柠檬酸(CA)拮抗苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)诱导小鼠肾损伤的机制,为B[a]P肾损伤干预提供新思路。

方法

选用48只4周龄健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、低中高剂量B[a]P组(2.5、5、10 mg/kg)、柠檬酸组(400 mg/kg)和高剂量B[a]P+柠檬酸组,每组8只,持续处理90 d。液相色谱-串联质谱分析(LC-MS/MS)技术对肾脏组织进行广谱靶向脂质组和代谢组学检测,并测定肾样本中血肌酐、血尿酸和血尿素的含量,通过HE染色观察肾脏病理形态学改变。

结果

染毒小鼠肾脏中的肌酐、尿酸和尿素浓度(用峰面积表示)均上升,其中,高剂量组尿素浓度(3 935 000±1 043 140.86)比对照组(2 706 250±385 484.39)显著升高(P<0.05);B[a]P暴露组肾脏病理结果出现损伤,高剂量损伤严重;与对照组相比,B[a]P高暴露组小鼠肾组织共鉴定出114个差异代谢物,主要富集于花生四烯酸、谷胱甘肽、鞘脂等32个代谢通路。柠檬酸干预后,高剂量B[a]P+柠檬酸组肾脏肌酐、尿酸、尿素浓度(10 625 750±6 541 890.63、1 042 907.5±692 189.5、1 849 501.25±1 150 570.62)比高剂量组(19 150 000±3 523 796.65、1 985 000±363 396.67、3 935 000±1 043 140.86)显著下降(P<0.05),肾脏病理损伤改善。进一步组学研究发现,与高剂量B[a]P相比,高剂量B[a]P+柠檬酸组共鉴定出106个差异代谢物,与高剂量B[a]P组差异代谢物进行交集发现白三烯B4、15-羟二十碳四烯酸、羟脯氨酸、硫酸吲哚酚、皮质酮、胞苷、鸟苷酸、辅酶Q10等48个显著逆转的代谢物,主要富集于花生四烯酸代谢、类固醇激素生物合成、组氨酸、谷胱甘肽、精氨酸与脯氨酸、初级胆汁酸生物合成、牛磺酸与次牛磺酸、嘧啶、嘌呤、酪氨酸、鞘脂和不饱和脂肪酸生物合成等代谢通路。

结论

柠檬酸可通过抑制炎症反应、增强抗氧化能力、调控醛固酮、皮质醇等激素和胆汁酸水平、修复能量和脂质代谢稳态等机制拮抗亚慢性染毒B[a]P诱发的小鼠肾损伤。

苯并芘  /  肾损伤  /  柠檬酸  /  拮抗作用  /  脂质组学  /  代谢组学
Objective

Based on the broad-spectrum targeted lipid group and metabolomics technology, the mechanism of citric acid (CA) antagonizing benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced renal injury in mice was explored, which provided a new idea for the intervention of renal injury after B[a]P exposure.

Methods

Forty-eight healthy 4-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated into six groups, namely the control group, low/medium/high-dose B[a]P groups (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg), citric acid group (400 mg/kg), and high-dose B[a]P+citric acid group, with 8 mice per group. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed for the detection of broad-spectrum targeted lipid profiling and metabonomics in renal tissues, and the contents of serum creatinine, serum uric acid and blood urea in renal samples were quantified. Pathological changes of the kidney were examined using HE staining.

Results

The concentrations of creatinine, uric acid and urea in the kidney of the exposed mice increased (represented by peak area), and the urea concentration in the high-dose group (3 935 000±1 043 140.86) was significantly higher than that in the control group (2 706 250±385 484.39) (P<0.05). The renal pathological results of B[a]P exposure group were damaged, and the high-dose damage was serious. Compared with the control group, a total of 114 differential metabolites were identified in the kidney tissues of mice in the B[a]P high exposure group, which were mainly enriched in 32 metabolic pathways such as arachidonic acid, glutathione, and sphingolipids. After the intervention of citric acid, the renal creatinine, uric acid and urea concentrations in the high-dose B[a]P+citric acid group (10 625 750±6 541 890.63, 1 042 907.5±692 189.5, 1 849 501.25±1 150 570.62) were significantly lower than those in the high-dose group (19 150 000±3 523 796.65, 1 985 000±363 396.67, 3 935 000±1 043 140.86) (P<0.05), and the renal pathological damage was improved. Further omics studies showed that 106 differential metabolites were identified in the high-dose B[a]P+citric acid group compared with the high-dose B[a]P group, and 48 significantly reversed metabolites such as leukotriene B4, 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, hydroxyproline, indoxyl sulfate, corticosterone, cytidine, guanylate and coenzyme Q10 were found in the intersection of differential metabolites in the high-dose B[a]P group. It was mainly enriched in arachidonic acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, histidine, glutathione, arginine and proline, primary bile acid biosynthesis, taurine and hypotaurine, pyrimidine, purine, tyrosine, sphingolipid and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and other metabolic pathways.

Conclusion

Citric acid can antagonize subchronic B[a]P-induced renal injury in mice by inhibiting inflammatory response, enhancing antioxidant capacity, regulating hormone and bile acid levels such as aldosterone and cortisol, and repairing energy and lipid metabolism homeostasis.

Benzopyrene  /  Kidney injury  /  Citric acid  /  Antagonism  /  Lipidomics  /  metabolomics
郭星笛, 马智瑞, 张小莉, 丁诗涵, 陈洁, 孙婧, 王彩云, 万国威, 陈学怡, 贾艳茹, 凃晴, 余瑞花, 谭铮, 李克峰, 郑金平. 柠檬酸拮抗苯并[a]芘诱发小鼠肾损伤的实验研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (8) : 1471 -1477 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512119
Xing-di GUO, Zhi-rui MA, Xiao-li ZHANG, Shi-han DING, Jie CHEN, Jing SUN, Cai-yun Wang, Guo-wei WAN, Xue-yi CHEN, Yan-ru JIA, Qing TU, Rui-hua YU, Zheng TAN, Ke-feng LI, Jin-ping ZHENG. Experimental study of citric acid against benzo[a] pyrene-induced renal injury in mice[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (8) : 1471 -1477 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512119
苯并[a]芘(benzo[a]pyrene,B[a]P)作为多环芳烃类化合物的典型代表广泛存在于环境中[1],长期暴露可诱发多器官损伤。肾脏是机体主要的代谢器官,有研究显示,B[a]P可通过诱导氧化应激、扰乱脂质代谢、引发DNA损伤等机制诱发肾损伤,表现为血清肌酐、尿素氮水平升高,同时伴随肾小球及肾小管病理损伤[2]。柠檬酸(citric acid,CA)是存在于多种果蔬中的天然有机酸,能够与镉、锌等金属离子结合形成稳定的螯合物,降低金属离子对环境和生物体的危害,同时通过清除自由基、抑制氧化应激来缓解毒性作用[3-4]。已有研究发现,柑橘类提取物中的柠檬苦素可以通过诱导谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活性抑制B[a]P诱发的小鼠前胃癌变[5]。但其对B[a]P肾毒性的拮抗作用及其机制尚不清楚。
本研究以“B[a]P诱导肾脏的代谢紊乱”为切入点,采用广谱靶向脂质组与代谢组学技术,探究柠檬酸拮抗B[a]P染毒诱发小鼠肾脏损伤的机制,为B[a]P肾损伤防治提供新的理论依据与潜在靶点。
48只3周龄健康C57BL/6雄性小鼠(清洁级)购于山西医科大学实验动物中心[许可证号:SCXK(晋)2019-0007],适应一周后开展实验。置于12 h/12 h光照黑暗周期,饲养温度为(25±5)℃,相对湿度为40%~60%,提供普通饲料和饮水。实验方案经长治医学院伦理委员会的批准(伦理审批号:DW2021086)。
小鼠被随机分为对照组(CT组)、低剂量B[a]P组(L组,2.5 mg/kg)、中剂量B[a]P组(M组,5 mg/kg)、高剂量B[a]P组(H组,10 mg/kg)、柠檬酸组(CA组,400 mg/kg)和高剂量B[a]P+柠檬酸组(HC组,10 mg/kg+400 mg/kg),每组各8只。将纯度大于97%的B[a]P(Sigma,美国)溶于玉米油(索莱宝,中国)内,隔日灌胃染毒[6],CT组和CA组按10 ml/kg灌胃玉米油;柠檬酸溶于生理盐水,于染毒次日灌胃,其余组统一给予生理盐水灌胃处理。每日观察小鼠状态,并在染毒开始前和实验期间(每两周)称重记录。试验持续90 d。
取小鼠肾组织,固定于4%的多聚甲醛(Sigma,美国)中,24 h后脱水、石蜡包埋后制作成4 μm的石蜡切片。使用苏木素-伊红染液染色后在光学显微镜下进行观察。
取小鼠肾脏称量(约50 mg),记录重量后加入研磨珠匀浆,按30∶30∶30∶10比例加入9倍提取液(甲醇[MEOH,HPLC级]∶乙腈[ACN,HPLC级]∶丙酮[分析纯]∶UP水),冰上静置10~15 min,低温高速离心10 min后取上清液于EP管中,二次离心取上清放入进样瓶待测。每组8只小鼠的肾组织样本均进行检测。
参考文献[7]介绍方法,采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析(LC-MS/MS)技术(超高效液相色谱仪,UHPLC,SHIMADZU公司;SCIEX TripleQuadTM 6500+串联质谱仪,美国AB SCIEX公司)开展广谱靶向脂质组与代谢组学检测,选取并量化92种关键脂质分子包括磷脂、鞘脂、花生四烯酸衍生物、甾体相关物质;以及对氨基酸衍生物、核酸类物质、维生素及辅酶在内的553个化合物展开检测。使用同一检测系统测定肾样本中肌酐、尿酸和尿素的含量。
色谱条件:脂质组用Ascentis Express Biphenyl色谱柱(15 cm×2.1 mm,2.7 μm),柱温40 ℃。流动相A:90% H2O和10%甲醇。流动相B∶甲醇-异丙醇(50∶50,v/v)。梯度为:0~2 min 10% B,2.1~4 min 40% B,4~12 min线性斜坡到100% B,12~18 min 100% B,19~24 min 10% B,24.1 min停止,流速0.3ml/min,进样量10μl。代谢组使用apHeraTMNH2 Polymer(23 cm×4.6 mm,5 um)色谱柱,柱温25 ℃。流动相A:95% H2O,20 mM碳酸铵和5%乙腈。流动相B:100%乙腈。梯度为:0~3.5 min 95% B,3.6~8 min 85% B,8.1~13 min 75% B,14~30 min 0% B,31~41min 95% B,41.1 min结束,流速0.2 ml/min,进样量10 μl。
质谱条件:电喷雾离子源在正离子(ESI+)和负离子(ESI-)两种模式下分别独立采集样本。脂质组检测参数设置如下:离子源温度500 ℃,离子源电压1、2均为50 psi,气帘气30 psi,目标周期时间1 000 ms,正离子模式的喷射电压为5 500 V,负离子模式的喷射电压为-4 500 V。代谢组参数设置中,离子源温度同上,离子源电压1、2均为35 psi,气帘气30 psi,目标周期时间为1 000 ms,正离子模式下的喷射电压为5 500 V,负离子模式下的喷射电压为-4 500 V。
质控:肾脏样本随机上机。每批次开始前使用质量控制(QC)样本连续进样多次进行系统平衡。进样后使用BLANK(甲醇∶乙睛=1∶1)进行清洗,增强实验数据的可靠性。
对所采集的原始数据,需要使用MS软件进行一些预处理工作,如基线校正、特征峰筛选、去噪和峰匹配对齐等,并且要完成峰面积积分与归一化处理。通过GraphPad Prism 8.0分析肌酐、尿酸和尿素的数据,所有数据用表示,单因素方差分析进行组间差异分析,Tukey' HSD进行两组之间的比较。处理好的脂质和代谢两个组学的数据合并统一,使用MetaboAnalyst 6.0检查数据完整性后移除缺失值超过20%的代谢物,其余缺失变量选择PPCA插补,通过对数转换和自动缩放(进行均值中心化并除以各变量的标准差)使数据规范化后进行主成分(PCA)和偏最小二乘法判别(PLS-DA),以倍数变化(FC≥1.5或≤0.67)、统计显著性(P<0.05)并结合PLS-DA计算的变量投影重要性(VIP)>1筛选差异代谢产物。使用KEGG数据库完成通路富集分析。以韦恩图呈现交集区域来显示全部逆转的差异代谢物,通过联川生物云平台生成被定位的逆转差异物的结果图。
CT和CA组小鼠精神活动正常,毛发光亮,体重保持稳定增长;B[a]P染毒组尤其是H组小鼠精神萎靡、活动量减少,毛色干枯并脱落,体重增长缓慢、后期呈现下降趋势;HC组大部分小鼠精神状态、毛色及活动度较H组改善,体重恢复正常水平(图1)。
HE结果显示,CT组和CA组小鼠肾脏没有明显病理变化,肾小球和肾小管结构完整,系膜细胞及相关基质没有明显增生,肾间质无炎细胞浸润和纤维化现象(图2的A和E)。染毒组系膜细胞增殖,肾小管上皮细胞肿胀出现损伤,肾间质可见淋巴细胞与单核细胞浸润,其中H组可见节段性硬化、细胞和蛋白管型、胶原纤维大量增生(图2B-2D)。HC组显示肾小球硬化程度较H组明显减轻;肾小管坏死及管型形成的情况有所减轻,上皮细胞损伤改善;肾间质炎症细胞浸润及纤维化程度显著降低(图2F),提示柠檬酸对B[a]P的肾毒性具有拮抗作用。图3A-C显示,与CT组相比,L、M、H组肾脏肌酐和尿酸浓度有所上升;H组尿素浓度(3935000±1 043 140.86)比CT组(2 706 250±385 484.39)显著升高(P<0.05);HC组中肾脏肌酐、尿酸、尿素浓度(10 625 750±6541890.63、1042907.5±692 189.5、1 849 501.25±1 150 570.62)与H组(19 150 000±3 523 796.65、1 985 000±363 396.67、3 935 000±1 043 140.86)相比显著下降(P<0.05)。
将代谢组和脂质组学检测结果合并后统一分析。使用主成分分析(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别(PLS-DA)分析CT组与各染毒组(L、M、H)代谢物的分布情况,结果显示(图4A、4B)各染毒组与对照组部分重叠但随剂量变化呈现分离趋势,提示CT组与染毒组在代谢谱整体特征上存在差异,结合病理学和肾功能生化指标,提示损伤主要集中H组。
我们联合FC、t检验及VIP三重筛选标准对差异代谢物进行筛选,结果发现,与CT组相比,L组共鉴定出62个具有显著差异的代谢物(脂质组11个,代谢组51个),基于KEGG数据库信息,共富集到21条差异信号通路;M组共鉴定出65个差异显著的代谢物(脂质组8个,代谢组57个),共富集到24条差异信号通路。而H组则找到了白三烯B4(LTB4)、15-羟二十碳四烯酸(15-HETE)、腺苷(Adenosine)、腺嘌呤(Adenine)、鸟苷酸(Guanosine monophosphate)、L-缬氨酸(L-Valine)、谷胱甘肽(Glutathione)、组胺(Histamine)、皮质酮(Corticosterone)、前列腺素E2(Prostaglandin E2)、前列腺素D2(Prostaglandin D2)、L-犬尿氨酸(L-Kynurenine)、油酸(Oleic acid)等114个差异代谢物(脂质组20个,代谢组63个)。其中脂类和脂肪酸衍生物类占比41.38%;氨基酸及其衍生物类占比18.97%;核苷、核苷酸及其衍生物类占比10.34%;有机酸类占比9.48%;维生素和辅因子类占比8.62%;胆汁酸类占比6.03%;碳水化合物及其衍生物类占比5.17%(见图4C)。显著富集于花生四烯酸(Arachidonic acid metabolism)、嘌呤(Purine metabolism)、谷胱甘肽(Glutathione metabolism)、亮氨酸,异亮氨酸和缬氨酸(Valine,leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis)、牛磺酸和次牛磺酸(Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism)、鞘脂(Sphingolipid metabolism)、组氨酸(Histidine metabolism)等32条代谢通路(图4D)。这些差异代谢产物和相应的代谢通路可能是高剂量B[a]P暴露诱发肾脏损伤的主要机制。
相较于H组,HC组共筛选出106个差异代谢物(VIP>1、P<0.05、FC≥1.5或≤0.67),其中脂质组学差异代谢物共17个,代谢组学差异代谢物共89个。分类占比情况如图5A:脂质与脂肪酸衍生物类39.6%;氨基酸及其衍生物类19.8%;有机酸13.2%;核苷酸及其衍生物类11.3%;维生素及辅酶类7.5%;胆汁酸及类固醇7.5%;糖类及糖衍生物类0.9%。将筛选出的差异代谢物同H组筛选出的差异代谢物进行交集分析(图5C),发现了48个共有差异代谢物,这48个代谢物(脂质组10个,代谢组38个)在B[a]P染毒后水平均发生了显著改变,而柠檬酸干预后均被显著逆转。KEGG通路富集结果(图5D、5E)显示这些代谢产物主要富集于花生四烯酸代谢、类固醇激素生物合成、组氨酸代谢、谷胱甘肽、精氨酸与脯氨酸、初级胆汁酸生物合成、牛磺酸与次牛磺酸、嘧啶、嘌呤、酪氨酸、鞘脂代谢以及不饱和脂肪酸生物合成等17条代谢通路。根据通路关联,并结合差异倍数和统计显著性(图5B),主要聚焦在白三烯B4、5,6-DHET、14,15-环氧-5,8,11-二十碳三烯酸(14,15-Epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid)、15-羟二十碳四烯酸、皮质酮、醛固酮(Aldosterone)、皮质醇(Cortisol)、11-脱氧皮质醇(11-Deoxycortisol)、皮质素(Cortisone)、13-羟基十八碳二烯(13S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid)、羟脯氨酸(Hydroxyproline)、硫酸吲哚酚(Indoxyl sulfate)、组胺、咪唑乙酸(Imidazoleacetic acid)、胆酸(cholic acid)、牛磺胆酸(Taurocholic acid)、尿苷5-单磷酸(Uridine 5-monophosphate)、胞苷(Cytidine)、鸟苷酸、鞘氨醇-1-磷酸(Sphingosine 1-phosphate)、油酸、辅酶Q10、辅酶Q10H2等差异代谢物,在各组具体表达情况见图5F。
已有研究证实,长期B[a]P暴露可诱发肾损伤。本研究也发现,亚慢性染毒B[a]P后,肾脏肌酐、尿酸和尿素的含量升高,肾脏病理学也出现明显的剂量依赖性损伤。而使用柠檬酸干预剂后,上述肾功能标志物水平和病理学损伤显著恢复,说明柠檬酸对B[a]P肾损伤具有较好的拮抗作用。组学结果也显示,用柠檬酸干预后,114个被B[a]P扰乱的差异代谢物中有48个被显著逆转,也提示,柠檬酸对B[a]P暴露诱发的肾代谢紊乱具有较好的拮抗效应。进一步对这48个差异代谢产物进行分析,发现它们主要集中富集于炎症调控、氧化应激及脂质能量代谢等相关通路,这揭示了柠檬酸多靶点的拮抗机制。
柠檬酸可以抑制炎症反应。B[a]P暴露过度激活炎症通路,使花生四烯酸代谢通路中白三烯B4、14,15-环氧-5,8,11-二十碳三烯酸、环氧二十碳三烯酸代谢产物(5,6-DHET)、15-羟二十碳四烯酸等促炎介质显著升高,组氨酸代谢通路中组胺及其代谢终产物咪唑乙酸上调,增加血管通透性,协同放大了肾组织炎症效应[8]。柠檬酸干预后,上述炎症代谢产物水平显著回落,提示柠檬酸可能通过调控脂氧合酶、环氧合酶及细胞色素P450途径,减少花生四烯酸向促炎介质的转化[9];同时柠檬酸下调组氨酸和咪唑乙酸水平,阻断肥大细胞活化并增强组胺N-甲基转移酶活性,抑制了组胺介导血管通透性和炎症损伤放大[10]。
柠檬酸修复氧化应激能力。B[a]P染毒后13-羟基十八碳二烯酸、羟脯氨酸等氧化标志物水平上升,说明肾脏氧化应激加剧,且尿毒症毒素硫酸吲哚酚蓄积,进一步诱导活性氧(ROS)生成,放大氧化损伤[11];而谷胱甘肽作为核心抗氧化剂,其代谢通路关键物质γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸水平下降,导致ROS清除能力受损,加重肾小管上皮细胞结构与功能损伤[12];柠檬酸干预后则显著下调13-羟基十八碳二烯酸、羟脯氨酸和硫酸吲哚酚水平,减少ROS过量生成,同时上调辅酶Q10(CoQ10)及其还原形式CoQ10H2,二者作为强大脂溶性抗氧化剂,能直接清除ROS并保护线粒体膜完整性,增强肾脏抗氧化效能,从而减缓组织退行性损伤[13]。
柠檬酸调控激素与胆汁酸,改善能量和脂质代谢稳态。B[a]P高剂量染毒后导致类固醇激素生物合成通路紊乱,皮质醇、醛固酮、皮质酮等激素异常升高,引发水钠潴留、免疫抑制等继发损伤;而柠檬酸干预后这些激素水平回落,说明其能下调过度活跃的肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统,减轻激素介导的肾损伤[14]。同时,柠檬酸可调节初级胆汁酸生物合成及牛磺酸-次牛磺酸代谢通路,使胆酸、牛磺胆酸水平恢复正常,避免胆汁酸在肾脏蓄积引发的肾小管损伤与纤维化[15]。在能量代谢层面,柠檬酸逆转了B[a]P染毒后嘌呤、嘧啶代谢通路中尿苷、胞苷和鸟苷的异常水平,恢复核苷酸平衡与细胞能量稳态,为肾细胞修复提供物质基础[16]。此外,B[a]P诱导肾损伤进程与脂质代谢紊乱密切相关,本研究中其扰动了甘油磷脂、鞘脂核心代谢通路,引发细胞膜磷脂合成失衡,破坏肾脏细胞结构完整性[17];而柠檬酸显著逆转了鞘脂代谢通路中1-磷酸鞘氨醇和不饱和脂肪酸生物合成通路中油酸的异常表达,有效调控了肾脏局部免疫反应,使正常细胞信号转导和细胞膜结构完整性恢复。
综上所述,柠檬酸作为三羧酸循环的关键中间产物,多机制发挥协同作用拮抗B[a]P亚慢性染毒引发的小鼠肾损伤:核心机制包括抑制炎症通路的过度激活、增强抗氧化能力、调控激素和胆汁酸,修复能量和脂质代谢稳态,最终减轻肾脏病理损伤并恢复肾功能。本研究首次采用脂质组学与代谢组学整合分析,为理解柠檬酸拮抗B[a]P毒性机制提供了理论基础,也为干预B[a]P暴露的毒性作用提供了科学决策,展现出柠檬酸良好的应用前景。
  • 山西省自然科学基金(202203021211106)
  • 山西省“1331工程”项目(2021-5-2-2-B1)
  • 长治医学院创新团队(CX202001)
  • 长治医学院1+1科研合作项目(HZZD202404)
  • 衰老机制研究与转化应用山西省重点实验室建设经费
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2026年第53卷第8期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202512119
  • 接收时间:2025-12-08
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-08
基金
山西省自然科学基金(202203021211106)
山西省“1331工程”项目(2021-5-2-2-B1)
长治医学院创新团队(CX202001)
长治医学院1+1科研合作项目(HZZD202404)
衰老机制研究与转化应用山西省重点实验室建设经费
作者信息
    1.山西医科大学公共卫生学院卫生毒理学教研室,山西 太原 030001
    2.衰老机制研究与转化应用山西省重点实验室;长治医学院公共卫生学院;长治医学院老年健康研究中心;长治市衰老与再生医学技术创新中心
    3.澳门理工大学应用科学学院人工智能驱动药物研究中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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