Article(id=1324077489366106592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511339, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763827200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614273635, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1775750400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614273635, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614273635, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614273635, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077443828560770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775750400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614262778, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614352085, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324077818509918661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324077818509918662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1228, endPage=1234, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324077489638736353, articleId=1324077489366106592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Characterization of bacterial contamination in household air conditioners of Chengdu: a high-throughput sequencing analysis, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the composition and distribution characteristics of bacterial communities in different parts of household air conditioners (ACs) in Chengdu, providing a basis for effective contamination control.

Methods

Using convenience sampling, 15 households in Chengdu were selected, with the most frequently used household air-conditioning unit from each household included in the study. Microbial samples were collected using sterile swabs from four key components of the air-conditioning system, including the air outlet, filter screen, heat sink, and condensate tray, resulting in a total of 60 samples. All samples underwent 16S rRNA sequencing, followed by bioinformatics analysis to assess α-diversity, β-diversity, and bacterial community composition. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test were employed to determine whether there were differences in α-diversity, β-diversity, and phenotypes among the four components.

Results

Through high-throughput sequencing, the 60 samples collectively yielded 52 bacterial phyla and 1 618 bacterial genera. The differences in the sobs index, Simpson diversity index, and Shannon diversity index, representing the α-diversity of the four components, were all statistically significant (F=12.392, P=1.981×10-5; F=6.290, P=1.898×10-3; F=8.294, P=3.479×10-4). Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were the three dominant phyla across all samples, with Methylobacterium, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas being the predominant genera. Six categories of potential pathogenic genera were detected: Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and Streptococcus. PCoA analysis revealed that the bacterial community composition of air outlet samples was similar to that of filter screen samples, while the composition of heat sink samples resembled that of condensate tray samples. The differences in bacterial community composition, i.e., β-diversity, among the four components were statistically significant (H=41.135, P=3.469×10-10). BugBase phenotypic intergroup difference testing showed that the bacteria from the four components of household air conditioners exhibited statistically significant differences in biofilm formation (H=25.772, P=7.663×10-7), stress tolerance (H=14.933, P=1.538×10-3), pathogenic potential (H=17.606, P=2.169×10-4), and the proportion of Gram-positive bacteria (H=17.882, P=1.737×10-4).

Conclusion

High-throughput sequencing revealed differences in bacterial community composition and the distribution of potential pathogenic bacteria across four components of household ACs from 15 households sampled in Chengdu. These findings suggest that differentiated cleaning and disinfection strategies should be implemented for different components to reduce the risk of bacterial exposure.

, authors=Li TANG1, 2, Ling ZHANG1, Jing-jie LI1, Zhu NING1, authorsList=Li TANG, Ling ZHANG, Jing-jie LI, Zhu NING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhu NING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324077492436337136, articleId=1324077489366106592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=基于高通量测序的成都市家用空调细菌污染特征分析, columnId=1228016571273113811, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=环境与职业卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解成都市家用空调不同部位细菌菌群组成和分布特点,为有效控制家用空调污染提供依据。

方法

采用方便抽样法,在成都市选取15户居民家庭,将每户使用频率最高的家用空调机组纳入研究,针对空调系统的四个关键部位——出风口、过滤网、散热片及接水槽,分别使用无菌拭子采集微生物样本,共获得样本60份;对所有样本采取16s rRNA测序,测序完成后用生物信息学分析样本的α多样性、β多样性和细菌群落组成等;分别采用单因素方差分析、Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验判断四个部位的α多样性、β多样性以及表型是否存在差异。

结果

经高通量测序,60个样本共获得52个细菌门和1 618个细菌属;四个部位代表α多样性的sobs指数、Simpson多样性指数、Shannon多样性指数的差异均具有统计学意义(F=12.392,P=1.981×10-5;F=6.290,P=1.898×10-3;F=8.294,P=3.479×10-4);变形菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门是所有样本中的三大优势菌门;甲基杆菌属、红球菌属、假单胞菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属占主导地位;共检测到6类潜在致病菌属:假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、芽孢杆菌属、棒状杆菌属、链球菌属;PCoA分析显示,出风口样本和过滤网样本的细菌群落组成相似,散热片样本和接水槽样本的细菌群落组成相似;四个部位之间的细菌群落组成差异即β多样性具有统计学意义(H=41.135,P=3.469×10-10);BugBase表型组间差异检验结果显示,家用空调4个部位的细菌在生物膜形成(H=25.772,P=7.663×10-7)、耐受能力(H=14.933,P=1.538×10-3)、致病潜力(H=17.606,P= 2.169×10-4)和革兰阳性菌比例(H=17.882,P=1.737×10-4)上均具有统计学差异。

结论

高通量测序揭示了成都市15户家用空调四个部位的细菌群落差异及潜在致病菌分布特征,提示应针对不同部位采取差异化的清洗消毒策略,以降低细菌暴露风险。

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唐丽(1999—),女,硕士,医师,研究方向:环境与健康

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宁柱,E-mail:
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2.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041, bio={"content":"

唐丽(1999—),女,硕士,医师,研究方向:环境与健康

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New Microbes and New Infections, 2024, 62: 101501., articleTitle=Anthrax: a narrative review, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324077497498862111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, awardId=22H0245, language=CN, fundingSource=四川大学横向课题(22H0245), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077492675412465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077492687995378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, companyId=1324077492675412465, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Zigong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077492696383987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, companyId=1324077492675412465, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.自贡市疾病预防控制中心结核病防治所,四川 自贡 643000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077492776075764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077492788658677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, companyId=1324077492776075764, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324077495946969617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Testing the differences in α-diversity indices among samples from various parts, figureFileSmall=XCXPF4uc+6YrCX3bF1FBBA==, figureFileBig=4tjPHEEkisPRfMbEotHJyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077496035050002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, language=CN, label=图1, caption=各部位样本α多样性指数差异检验

注:图A、B和C分别是四个部位的sobs指数、Simpson多样性指数和Shannon多样性指数差异检验;**表示P<0.01;***表示P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=XCXPF4uc+6YrCX3bF1FBBA==, figureFileBig=4tjPHEEkisPRfMbEotHJyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077496257348115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Phylum-level community composition of samples from different parts, figureFileSmall=KtKWjYWOOXXdC/rM5TwMZg==, figureFileBig=Imc9o7NQ+Sbw1q8O16H6Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077496337039892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各部位样本群落柱形图(门水平)

注:图A、B、C和D分别是出风口、过滤网、散热片和接水槽样本群落柱形图。

, figureFileSmall=KtKWjYWOOXXdC/rM5TwMZg==, figureFileBig=Imc9o7NQ+Sbw1q8O16H6Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077496425120277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Genus-level community composition of samples from different parts, figureFileSmall=YOhvTGyN6FkNY7DWVAdBKA==, figureFileBig=sG/qPlzEUfu3kD/Qkjoi/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077496517394966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各部位样本群落柱形图(属水平), figureFileSmall=YOhvTGyN6FkNY7DWVAdBKA==, figureFileBig=sG/qPlzEUfu3kD/Qkjoi/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077496626446871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=PCoA of household air-conditioner microbiota by parts, figureFileSmall=5EdJr97G5jF8loRXDS8+kA==, figureFileBig=wrN/wNvV4u126mmILpuVEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077496706138648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, language=CN, label=图4, caption=家用空调各部位微生物群的PCoA分析, figureFileSmall=5EdJr97G5jF8loRXDS8+kA==, figureFileBig=wrN/wNvV4u126mmILpuVEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077496777441817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Box plot of β-diversity differences among the four parts, figureFileSmall=1yzytYhjczD7qQz3woDsfA==, figureFileBig=CvlnkfX5AndlMDxhFSkA7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077496844550682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, language=CN, label=图5, caption=四个部位β多样性组间差异箱式图, figureFileSmall=1yzytYhjczD7qQz3woDsfA==, figureFileBig=CvlnkfX5AndlMDxhFSkA7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077496978768411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Enriched functional and phenotypic gene pathways of household air-conditioner bacterial communities, figureFileSmall=W08x0utbO7N0vSdGtbA3zQ==, figureFileBig=bQ6qfJTTarjXEFdLE00wBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077497117180444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, language=CN, label=图6, caption=家用空调细菌菌群功能和表型基因富集的信号通路, figureFileSmall=W08x0utbO7N0vSdGtbA3zQ==, figureFileBig=bQ6qfJTTarjXEFdLE00wBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077497205260829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Taxonomic composition of household air-conditioner components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类单元出风口过滤网散热片接水槽空调整体
Phylum(门)4644373452
Class(纲)12212710489154
Order(目)284309242227358
Family(科)522542400386636
Genus(属)1 2311 3688658191 618
Species(种)2 3112 7341 4171 3393 413
OTU3 8064 7091 8911 9136 550
), ArticleFig(id=1324077497335284254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077489366106592, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

家用空调各部位物种分类统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类单元出风口过滤网散热片接水槽空调整体
Phylum(门)4644373452
Class(纲)12212710489154
Order(目)284309242227358
Family(科)522542400386636
Genus(属)1 2311 3688658191 618
Species(种)2 3112 7341 4171 3393 413
OTU3 8064 7091 8911 9136 550
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基于高通量测序的成都市家用空调细菌污染特征分析
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唐丽 1, 2 , 张玲 1 , 李静洁 1 , 宁柱 1
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2026,53(7): 1228-1234
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现代预防医学 |环境与职业卫生 2026 , 53 (7) : 1228 -1234
基于高通量测序的成都市家用空调细菌污染特征分析
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唐丽1, 2, 张玲1, 李静洁1, 宁柱1
作者信息
  • 1.自贡市疾病预防控制中心结核病防治所,四川 自贡 643000
  • 2.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
通讯作者:
宁柱,E-mail:
作者简介:

唐丽(1999—),女,硕士,医师,研究方向:环境与健康

Characterization of bacterial contamination in household air conditioners of Chengdu: a high-throughput sequencing analysis
Li TANG1, 2, Ling ZHANG1, Jing-jie LI1, Zhu NING1
Affiliations
  • Institute for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Zigong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511339
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目的

了解成都市家用空调不同部位细菌菌群组成和分布特点,为有效控制家用空调污染提供依据。

方法

采用方便抽样法,在成都市选取15户居民家庭,将每户使用频率最高的家用空调机组纳入研究,针对空调系统的四个关键部位——出风口、过滤网、散热片及接水槽,分别使用无菌拭子采集微生物样本,共获得样本60份;对所有样本采取16s rRNA测序,测序完成后用生物信息学分析样本的α多样性、β多样性和细菌群落组成等;分别采用单因素方差分析、Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验判断四个部位的α多样性、β多样性以及表型是否存在差异。

结果

经高通量测序,60个样本共获得52个细菌门和1 618个细菌属;四个部位代表α多样性的sobs指数、Simpson多样性指数、Shannon多样性指数的差异均具有统计学意义(F=12.392,P=1.981×10-5;F=6.290,P=1.898×10-3;F=8.294,P=3.479×10-4);变形菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门是所有样本中的三大优势菌门;甲基杆菌属、红球菌属、假单胞菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属占主导地位;共检测到6类潜在致病菌属:假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、芽孢杆菌属、棒状杆菌属、链球菌属;PCoA分析显示,出风口样本和过滤网样本的细菌群落组成相似,散热片样本和接水槽样本的细菌群落组成相似;四个部位之间的细菌群落组成差异即β多样性具有统计学意义(H=41.135,P=3.469×10-10);BugBase表型组间差异检验结果显示,家用空调4个部位的细菌在生物膜形成(H=25.772,P=7.663×10-7)、耐受能力(H=14.933,P=1.538×10-3)、致病潜力(H=17.606,P= 2.169×10-4)和革兰阳性菌比例(H=17.882,P=1.737×10-4)上均具有统计学差异。

结论

高通量测序揭示了成都市15户家用空调四个部位的细菌群落差异及潜在致病菌分布特征,提示应针对不同部位采取差异化的清洗消毒策略,以降低细菌暴露风险。

家用空调  /  细菌污染  /  高通量测序
Objective

To investigate the composition and distribution characteristics of bacterial communities in different parts of household air conditioners (ACs) in Chengdu, providing a basis for effective contamination control.

Methods

Using convenience sampling, 15 households in Chengdu were selected, with the most frequently used household air-conditioning unit from each household included in the study. Microbial samples were collected using sterile swabs from four key components of the air-conditioning system, including the air outlet, filter screen, heat sink, and condensate tray, resulting in a total of 60 samples. All samples underwent 16S rRNA sequencing, followed by bioinformatics analysis to assess α-diversity, β-diversity, and bacterial community composition. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test were employed to determine whether there were differences in α-diversity, β-diversity, and phenotypes among the four components.

Results

Through high-throughput sequencing, the 60 samples collectively yielded 52 bacterial phyla and 1 618 bacterial genera. The differences in the sobs index, Simpson diversity index, and Shannon diversity index, representing the α-diversity of the four components, were all statistically significant (F=12.392, P=1.981×10-5; F=6.290, P=1.898×10-3; F=8.294, P=3.479×10-4). Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were the three dominant phyla across all samples, with Methylobacterium, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas being the predominant genera. Six categories of potential pathogenic genera were detected: Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and Streptococcus. PCoA analysis revealed that the bacterial community composition of air outlet samples was similar to that of filter screen samples, while the composition of heat sink samples resembled that of condensate tray samples. The differences in bacterial community composition, i.e., β-diversity, among the four components were statistically significant (H=41.135, P=3.469×10-10). BugBase phenotypic intergroup difference testing showed that the bacteria from the four components of household air conditioners exhibited statistically significant differences in biofilm formation (H=25.772, P=7.663×10-7), stress tolerance (H=14.933, P=1.538×10-3), pathogenic potential (H=17.606, P=2.169×10-4), and the proportion of Gram-positive bacteria (H=17.882, P=1.737×10-4).

Conclusion

High-throughput sequencing revealed differences in bacterial community composition and the distribution of potential pathogenic bacteria across four components of household ACs from 15 households sampled in Chengdu. These findings suggest that differentiated cleaning and disinfection strategies should be implemented for different components to reduce the risk of bacterial exposure.

Household air conditioners  /  Bacterial pollution  /  High-throughput sequencing
唐丽, 张玲, 李静洁, 宁柱. 基于高通量测序的成都市家用空调细菌污染特征分析. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (7) : 1228 -1234 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511339
Li TANG, Ling ZHANG, Jing-jie LI, Zhu NING. Characterization of bacterial contamination in household air conditioners of Chengdu: a high-throughput sequencing analysis[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (7) : 1228 -1234 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511339
空调系统作为调节室内环境的核心设备,其微生物污染与室内空气质量及居民健康风险密切相关。相较于受卫生规范强制监管的公共场所集中式空调[1],家用空调缺乏系统维护,内部微生物污染状况,尤其是细菌污染,长期被低估,构成了潜在的公共卫生问题。
目前,针对空调系统细菌污染的评估主要依赖于传统培养法[2-3],该方法虽可定量检测菌落总数及特定致病菌,如军团菌、β-溶血性链球菌,但难以覆盖不可培养或难培养的细菌,因而无法全面揭示空调内部菌群的复杂性与多样性。近年来,高通量测序技术因不依赖于培养的特性,在环境微生物研究中得到广泛应用,国内外已有研究利用该技术对公共场所集中空调系统的微生物群落进行分析[4-5]。然而,针对家用空调内部多个功能部位进行系统性的细菌群落对比研究仍较为有限。此外,现有研究多侧重于单一技术层面的描述,缺乏将高通量测序结果与传统培养数据相结合,以多维度评估健康风险的整合性分析。
因此,本研究在前期对成都市15户家用空调相同样本完成传统微生物培养分析的基础上[6],进一步采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,对出风口、过滤网、散热片和接水槽四个关键部位的60份样本进行深度测序,系统揭示家用空调不同部位细菌群落的组成结构、α与β多样性差异、潜在致病菌分布以及基于BugBase的表型功能预测,以弥补传统培养法的不足,为制定针对性的清洗消毒策略提供科学依据。
家用空调纳入标准:(1)购买并使用2年或2年以上;(2)选择居民家中使用频率最高的空调;(3)从未进行专业清洗。采用方便抽样法在成都市选择15台符合纳入标准的社区居民家用空调,于2022年5—10月进行入户采样,每台空调的采样点设为4个,分别为出风口、过滤网、散热片和接水槽,共计60个样本。
将无菌采样棉签于无菌生理盐水中浸湿,分别在家用空调出风口、过滤网、散热片和接水槽的采样点区域进行涂抹采样,横竖交叉来回涂抹5次。阴性对照为将浸湿后的棉签暴露于室内空气中10 s。取样后将棉签头剪断放入无菌冻存管,4 h内带回实验室,-80 ℃保存。
将采集的拭子样品溶解在10 ml磷酸缓冲盐溶液中,然后进行离心沉淀,使用细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取各样本的总DNA,选取细菌16S rDNA的V4-V5区片段(引物序列:515F:5'-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGG-3';907R 5'-CCGTCAATTCMTT TRAGTTT-3')进行聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增。将PCR产物用QuantiFluorTM-ST蓝色荧光定量系统进行检测定量,双链DNA总量≥10 μg且浓度≥50 ng/μl的样本送上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行测序。测序平台为Illumina MiSeq,采用双端测序(PE300),每个样本测序深度不低于20 000条reads。
使用Uparse软件对序列进行97%相似性聚类,生成OTU表格。通过RDP classifier对OTU代表序列进行物种分类分析,并以Silva数据库进行比对注释,获得各样本在不同分类级别下的群落组成。进一步利用Qiime平台与R软件,对细菌群落进行α多样性、菌落组成及β多样性分析,并采用单因素方差分析与Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验,判断四个部位在α多样性、β多样性及表型方面是否存在显著差异。
家用空调4个部位共收集60个样本(每组15个样本),全部建库合格,以97%相似度聚类,共获得6 550个OTU,归属于52个门、154个纲、358个目、636个科、1 618个属、3 413个种,见表1。文献中通常展示门、属水平,后续的物种分析也将从门、属水平出发。
图1中的A、B、C分别展示了四个部位的sobs指数、Simpson多样性指数、Shannon多样性指数差异检验结果。经单因素方差分析,四个部位的sobs指数(F=12.392,P=1.981×10-5)、Simpson多样性指数(F=6.290,P=1.898×10-3)、Shannon多样性指数(F=8.294,P=3.479×10-4)均存在差异。具体而言,过滤网的Sobs指数与Shannon指数最高,而Simpson指数最低,表明过滤网微生物群落丰富度及多样性均为最高。反之,散热片的Sobs指数与Shannon指数最低,Simpson指数最高,说明散热片群落丰富度与多样性最低。出风口和接水槽的多样性指标排序介于两者之间。
高通量测序结果显示,不同部位的家用空调样本中微生物群落组成不同。在门水平下,各部位细菌群落结构如图2所示,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)是三大优势菌门,在样本中三大优势菌门相对丰度之和占比59.42%~99.88%。
在属水平下,各部位细菌群落结构如图3所示,为了便于统计和描述,将同一个部位的样本合并在一起,以均值代表。出风口样本中排名前三的菌属分别是产己酸菌属(Caproiciproducens)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomona),分别为12.87%、9.31%、8.54%;过滤网样本排名前三的菌属分别是假单胞菌属、红球菌属、产己酸菌属,分别为10.31%、6.80%、6.73%;散热片样本排名前三的菌属分别是甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)、鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas),分别为48.82%、8.98%、7.55%;接水槽样本排名前三的菌属分别是甲基杆菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属、红球菌属,分别为52.31%、16.42%、5.27%。以上结果提示不同部位的优势菌属在种类和比例上存在一定差异。此外,四个部位的样本中均检出潜在致病菌属:假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(bacillus)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)。
基于Bray-Curtis距离矩阵,利用PCoA分析计算样本间的物种距离,样本的细菌群落组成差异越大,PCoA图中的样本间距离越远,反之距离越近。样本主坐标分析结果如图4所示,PC1轴和PC2轴累积贡献度为52.86%,表示两轴对细菌群落差异解释度占52.86%。出风口样本和过滤网样本的距离较近,提示出风口样本和过滤网样本的细菌群落组成相似;散热片样本和接水槽样本的距离较近甚至有的样本发生了重合,提示散热片样本和接水槽样本的细菌群落组成相似。但有部分样本远离该部位样本的集中位置,反映不同家庭的空调内部细菌群落组成存在差异。
为深入探索不同部位样本细菌群落是否具有差异性,对不同部位之间的距离差异做统计检验,来反映不同部位之间是否存在显著的细菌群落差异。图5是四个部位β多样性组间差异箱式图,箱子的纵向距离反映了同一部位的样本间的离散程度,出风口样本间的距离相对集中,接水槽样本间的距离相对分散,提示不同家庭的空调出风口细菌群落组成相对接近,而不同家庭的空调接水槽细菌群落组成有较大差异。经Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验,四个部位之间的细菌群落组成存在差异性,且差异具有统计学意义。
为探究家用空调样本中细菌群落的功能特征,采用BugBase工具对空调四个部位的细菌群落表型进行了预测分析。其中表型类型包括革兰阳性、革兰阴性、生物膜形成、致病潜力、移动元件、氧需求及耐受能力七大类,BugBase表型组间差异检验结果显示,空调4个部位的细菌在生物膜形成、耐受能力、致病潜力和革兰阳性菌比例上均具有统计学差异,见图6。来自散热片和接水槽的细菌具有更高的生物膜形成和耐受能力;出风口和过滤网中的细菌表现出更高的致病潜力。
家用空调作为室内环境的重要组成部分,其内部积聚的细菌污染问题虽普遍存在,却长期未被公众充分认知与重视。我们前期的传统培养结果显示[6],清洗消毒前空调各部位细菌总数严重超标,其中接水槽污染最重,细菌总数平均值高达1.40×105 CFU/cm2,其次为过滤网和散热片。传统培养结果直观地反映了可培养、生长迅速的细菌的生物负载量,凸显了家用空调卫生状况的严峻性。
然而,传统培养方法在揭示家用空调细菌污染的全貌方面存在局限,为此,本研究对相同样本进行16S rRNA高通量测序,从定性层面解析家用空调细菌群落物种组成、多样性与结构。本研究共鉴定出52个门、1 618个属,其中变形菌门、厚壁菌门和放线菌门为绝对优势菌门,这一结果与Hoisington[7]、Sibanda[8]等研究中对空调系统菌群的报道一致,说明空调内部已形成相对稳定的菌群生态。更为重要的是,我们的研究在四个部位均检出潜在致病菌属:假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、芽孢杆菌属、链球菌属,这些致病菌或条件致病菌对人体的危害已经被充分研究和证实。其中链球菌属在出风口与过滤网亦有分布,而《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》(WS 394—2012)明确规定送风中不得检出β-溶血性链球菌。结合BugBase表型预测显示出风口和过滤网菌群具有较高“致病潜力”,表明家用空调可能成为潜在病原体的传播载体,致病菌可随送风在室内扩散。这一发现提示,家用空调的微生物风险需得到更深入的评估与关注。
通过对空调不同部位样本的16S rRNA测序结果进一步分析,我们发现空调不同部位的细菌污染特征存在显著差异。PCoA分析表明,出风口与过滤网的细菌群落结构相似,而散热片与接水槽的群落结构聚为一类,这种空间分布特征可能与各部位的微环境及污染物来源有关。出风口和过滤网直接暴露于室内气流,菌群主要受空气影响。研究证实,空调过滤网因过滤、吸附空气中的悬浮颗粒物、气溶胶而附着各类微生物,如同一个长期空气采样器[9-10],成为了多种细菌的定植位点。出风口和过滤网作为空调系统与室内环境的关键界面,应作为日常清洗重点,以有效降低微生物暴露风险。而在空调内部,散热片表面因制冷产生的冷凝水持续流入接水槽,可能导致两个部位的菌群通过水流扩散逐渐相似。我们的研究发现,甲基杆菌属、红球菌属、假单胞菌属和鞘氨醇单胞菌属在散热片和接水槽中占据主导地位,甲基杆菌属即使在寡营养的干燥环境中也能存活并表现出生长的潜力,所以在恶劣环境中甲基杆菌属往往占据较大比例[11-12]。此外,甲基杆菌属与鞘氨醇单胞菌属、红球菌属通常协同形成丰富的生物膜,以抵御不同的环境压力[13],这从生态机制上解释了为何前期传统培养发现接水槽清洗消毒后合格率仍较低[6],说明生物膜保护下的菌群更难被物理冲刷和常规消毒剂清除。
进一步评估空调各部位细菌群落的潜在健康风险与功能特征,本研究利用BugBase进行了细菌群落表型预测。结果显示,四个部位的细菌在生物膜形成能力、环境耐受性、致病潜力及革兰阳性菌比例上存在显著差异,且该差异与上述群落分布规律高度吻合。具体而言,为适应散热片与接水槽潮湿且动态的微环境(如水流波动、寡营养和间歇干燥等),散热片和接水槽的细菌群落进化出较强的生物膜形成能力与环境耐受性,有助于菌群抵御环境压力,维持长期定植[14]。此发现与前述散热片和接水槽中优势菌属的生物膜形成特性相互印证,提示针对散热片和接水槽的清洗消毒需要更严苛的条件才能达到理想的效果。与之对应的是,出风口和过滤网相对干燥且气流交换频繁,更适合耐受干燥、易通过气溶胶传播的细菌生存,细菌群落表型预测显示出风口与过滤网的细菌群落则表现出更强的致病潜力和更高的革兰阳性菌比例。本研究检出的葡萄球菌属、链球菌属、芽孢杆菌属均属于革兰阳性菌,其中包括金黄色葡萄球菌[15]、肺炎链球菌[16]、化脓性链球菌[17]及炭疽芽孢杆菌[18]等致病菌,可能随送风扩散,构成呼吸道感染风险。以上提示对于出风口和过滤网的清洁,首要目标是高效移除和杀灭附着于表面的潜在病原菌。
本研究通过覆盖空调使用高峰期(5—10月)的样本测序分析,证实家用空调内部存在丰富细菌及多种潜在致病菌。空调作为室内空气循环核心设备,可能成为微生物暴露的潜在来源,对居民尤其是易感人群健康构成风险。基于此,建议采取更具针对性的清洗消毒策略:对于出风口和过滤网,应实施高频清洁并重点杀灭致病菌;对于散热片和接水槽,则需采用能有效穿透生物膜的专业技术或试剂进行清洗,并确保后续彻底干燥,以破坏其适宜生存环境。
本研究也存在一定的局限性。首先,样本数量有限,研究结果的代表性和外推性需谨慎对待;其次,采样仅在夏季,未包含冬季制热模式下的微生物动态;此外,研究仅聚焦细菌群落,未涉及同样可能构成健康风险的真菌和病毒。未来研究需扩大样本量,实施跨季节纵向采样,并结合宏基因组学等方法,以更全面解析家用空调微生物污染全貌,从而为制定精准的卫生管理规范提供科学依据。
  • 四川大学横向课题(22H0245)
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2026年第53卷第7期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511339
  • 接收时间:2025-11-23
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-23
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四川大学横向课题(22H0245)
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    1.自贡市疾病预防控制中心结核病防治所,四川 自贡 643000
    2.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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