Article(id=1311350294764679364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511272, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763568000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579873981, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579873981, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579873981, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579873981, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311350193946194882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579849945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588319569, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385718195315029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385718195315030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2713, endPage=2719, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350294961811653, articleId=1311350294764679364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Association of onset age and disease duration of diabetes with all-cause and cause-specific mortality, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the independent and combined effects of diabetes onset age and disease duration on all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

Methods

A total of 5 555 adult patients with diabetes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database between 1999 and 2018 were included. The associations of age at onset and disease duration of diabetes with all-cause and cause-specific mortality were analyzed using weighted Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic spline analysis.

Results

Multivariable analysis showed that diabetic patients with onset age of 60 years or older had lower all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, and diabetes-related mortality than those with onset age under 45 years [hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55 (0.46-0.65), 0.65 (0.49-0.88), 0.34 (0.19-0.64),respectively]. Patients with a disease duration of ≥17 years had higher all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, and diabetes-related mortality than those with a disease duration of <4 years [HR (95% CI): 1.85 (1.51-2.27), 1.66 (1.22-2.26),4.82 (2.11-8.69), respectively]. Compared with patients with onset age <45 years and disease duration ≥17 years, the subgroups with onset age of 45-<60 years and onset age ≥60 years (both with disease duration of 0-17 years) had a lower mortality risk[HR (95% CI): 0.37 (0.19-0.70), 0.59 (0.40-0.87), 0.72 (0.56-0.93), 0.55 (0.43-0.71), 0.59 (0.46-0.74), 0.72 (0.57-0.90),respectively].

Conclusion

Age at onset and disease duration have non-linear associations with mortality in diabetic patients,and the coexistence of the two factors further increases the risk of mortality.

, authors=Jia-nan SONG1, 2, Shi-zhen ZHANG1, 2, You-xiang WANG1, 2, Su-ying DING1, 2, 3, Jing-feng CHEN1, 2, 3, authorsList=Jia-nan SONG, Shi-zhen ZHANG, You-xiang WANG, Su-ying DING, Jing-feng CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing-feng CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350297537114314, articleId=1311350294764679364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=糖尿病发病年龄和病程与全因及特定病因死亡的关系, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨糖尿病发病年龄与病程对全因及特定病因死亡的独立或联合影响。

方法

纳入1999—2018年美国国家营养与健康调查数据库中5 555名糖尿病成年人,通过加权Cox比例风险模型和限制性立方样条分析糖尿病发病年龄和病程与全因及特定病因死亡率的关联。

结果

多因素分析显示,60岁及以上发病的糖尿病患者的全因死亡率、心血管疾病死亡率和糖尿病相关死亡率均低于45岁以下发病者[HR(95% CI):0.55(0.46~0.65)、0.65(0.49~0.88)、0.34(0.19~0.64)]。病程≥17年者全因死亡率、心血管疾病死亡率和糖尿病相关死亡率高于病程<4年者[HR(95% CI):1.85(1.51~2.27)、1.66(1.22~2.26)、4.82(2.11~8.69)]。与发病年龄<45岁及病程≥17年者相比, 45岁≤发病年龄<60岁和发病年龄≥60岁中病程为0~17年的亚组死亡率风险更低[HR(95% CI):0.37(0.19~0.70)、0.59(0.40~0.87)、0.72(0.56~0.93)、0.55(0.43~0.71)、0.59(0.46~0.74)、0.72(0.57~0.90)]。

结论

发病年龄和病程与糖尿病患者死亡存在非线性关联,两者共存时会进一步升高死亡风险。

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宋佳楠(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:分子流行病学

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陈静锋,E-mail:
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Einstein(S?o Paulo), 2020, 18: eAO5572., articleTitle=Association between health literacy and glycemic control in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and modifying effect of social support, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350308383584554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=192, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Chen J, Yi Q, Wang Y, journalName=Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen J, Yi Q, Wang Y, et al. Long-term glycemic variability and risk of adverse health outcomes in patients with diabetes:a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies[J]. 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Diabetes Care, 2020, 43(8): 1788-1795., articleTitle=The association between age of onset of type 2 diabetes and the long-term risk of End-Stage kidney disease: a National registry study, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311350306110271757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, awardId=72101236, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(72101236), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350306181574926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, awardId=25A320073, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省高等学校重点科研项目计划(25A320073), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350306336764175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, awardId=XTCX2023006, language=CN, fundingSource=郑州市协同创新项目(XTCX2023006), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350306408067344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, awardId=HLKY2023005, language=CN, fundingSource=郑州大学第一附属医院护理团队项目(HLKY2023005), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311350297990099147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350298002682060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, companyId=1311350297990099147, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350298011070669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, companyId=1311350297990099147, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.郑州大学公共卫生学院流行病学教研室,河南 郑州 450001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350298090762446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350298103345359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, companyId=1311350298090762446, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.郑州大学第一附属医院健康管理中心,河南 郑州 450045)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350298178842832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350298187231441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, companyId=1311350298178842832, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.河南省互联智慧健康管理研究院,河南 郑州 450045)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311350303023263997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Flowchart of screening the study population, figureFileSmall=f3vpQjd7u5BUYoPt92mfgw==, figureFileBig=n6abP6Vec2xjpoambyjRBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350303157481727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, language=CN, label=图1, caption=纳排流程图, figureFileSmall=f3vpQjd7u5BUYoPt92mfgw==, figureFileBig=n6abP6Vec2xjpoambyjRBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350303522386179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Restricted cubic spline analysis of the relationship between DM onset age, duration and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality, figureFileSmall=CHp6b+Po1vg67eqw8d05ug==, figureFileBig=Ve+CK9mu5hL/Qd+4dascfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350303820181764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, language=CN, label=图2, caption=糖尿病发病年龄及病程与全因死亡和特定病因死亡风险关系的RCS分析

注:A1糖尿病发病年龄与全因死亡;A2糖尿病发病年龄与癌症死亡;A3糖尿病发病年龄与心血管疾病死亡;A4糖尿病发病年龄与糖尿病相关死亡;B1糖尿病病程与全因死亡;B2糖尿病病程与癌症死亡;B3糖尿病病程与心血管疾病死亡;B4糖尿病病程与糖尿病相关死亡。

, figureFileSmall=CHp6b+Po1vg67eqw8d05ug==, figureFileBig=Ve+CK9mu5hL/Qd+4dascfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350303887290629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Baseline characteristics of patients with diabetes mellitus [n(%), M (P25, P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量糖尿病发病年龄分组
早发组
(权重后 n=6 232 287
非权重 n=1 9221)
中发组
(权重后 n=6 151 143
非权重 n=2 1681)
晚发组
(权重后 n=3 387 921
非权重 n=1 4651)
P值
性别0.5212
男性933 (50.0)1 124 (51.8)777 (49.0)
女性989 (50.0)1 044 (48.2)688 (51.0)
年龄(岁)47 (40, 56)60 (54, 65)73 (68, 78)<0.0013
种族<0.0012
墨西哥裔美国人443 (12.2)484 (9.2)273 (6.1)
其他西班牙裔192 (8.2)220 (6.0)104 (4.5)
非西班牙裔白人545 (53.2)594 (56.4)620 (67.6)
非西班牙裔黑人566 (18.7)655 (17.6)323 (12.0)
其他种族176 (7.6)215 (10.8)145 (9.8)
教育水平0.0012
高中以下714 (26.3)831 (24.7)644 (31.8)
高中396 (23.5)510 (27.2)353 (27.3)
大学及以上812 (50.3)827 (48.2)468 (40.9)
收入比率2.21 (1.17, 3.76)2.35 (1.42, 4.53)2.21 (1.34, 3.39)<0.0013
BMI(kg/m2)32 (28, 39)32 (28, 37)30 (27, 34)<0.0013
吸烟<0.0012
是392 (21.1)380 (17.5)128 (8.8)
否1 530 (78.9)1 788 (82.5)1 337 (91.2)
酒精摄入0.0152
是1 250 (64.9)1 365 (64.8)887 (58.4)
否672 (35.1)803 (35.2)578 (41.6)
死亡状态<0.0012
否1 474 (80.2)1 629 (78.8)804 (59.5)
是448 (19.8)539 (21.2)661 (40.5)
变量糖尿病病程
Q1 组
(权重后 n=4 306 891
非权重n=1 3661)
Q2 组
(权重后n=3 760 948
非权重n=1 2971)
Q3 组
(权重后n=4 072 722
非权重n=1 4641)
Q4 组
(权重后n=3 630 789
非权重n=1 4281)
P值
性别0.4773
男性708 (51.2)676 (52.3)746 (50.3)704 (48.0)
女性658 (48.8)621 (47.7)718 (49.7)724 (52.0)
年龄(岁)53 (44, 63)57 (49, 66)61 (51, 69)65 (55, 74)<0.0012
种族0.0243
墨西哥裔美国人297 (10.2)299 (10.0)303 (9.9)301 (8.6)
其他西班牙裔119 (6.5)120 (7.8)144 (6.5)133 (5.3)
非西班牙裔白人435 (55.7)392 (55.1)477 (58.6)455 (61.1)
非西班牙裔黑人362 (16.7)359 (16.9)380 (15.5)443 (18.5)
其他种族153 (10.8)127 (10.2)160 (9.5)96 (6.5)
教育水平0.1083
高中以下499 (24.7)522 (26.7)531 (25.3)637 (31.3)
高中333 (26.6)271 (24.7)348 (25.3)307 (26.1)
大学及以上534 (48.7)504 (48.6)585 (49.4)484 (42.6)
收入比率2.21 (1.33, 4.31)2.21 (1.30, 3.96)2.21 (1.27, 3.92)2.21 (1.27, 3.67)0.3042
BMI(kg/m2)32 (29, 38)32 (28, 37)32 (28, 36)31 (27, 36)<0.0012
吸烟<0.0013
是264 (19.8)235 (20.8)225 (15.0)176 (12.4)
否1 102 (80.2)1 062 (79.2)1 239 (85.0)1 252 (87.6)
酒精摄入<0.0013
是881 (68.0)837 (65.7)916 (62.2)868 (57.1)
否485 (32.0)460 (34.3)548 (37.8)560 (42.9)
死亡状态<0.0013
否1 081 (83.4)979 (77.6)1 020 (74.1)827 (64.3)
是285 (16.6)318 (22.4)444 (25.9)601 (35.7)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350303992148230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

糖尿病患者基线特征 [n(%),M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量糖尿病发病年龄分组
早发组
(权重后 n=6 232 287
非权重 n=1 9221)
中发组
(权重后 n=6 151 143
非权重 n=2 1681)
晚发组
(权重后 n=3 387 921
非权重 n=1 4651)
P值
性别0.5212
男性933 (50.0)1 124 (51.8)777 (49.0)
女性989 (50.0)1 044 (48.2)688 (51.0)
年龄(岁)47 (40, 56)60 (54, 65)73 (68, 78)<0.0013
种族<0.0012
墨西哥裔美国人443 (12.2)484 (9.2)273 (6.1)
其他西班牙裔192 (8.2)220 (6.0)104 (4.5)
非西班牙裔白人545 (53.2)594 (56.4)620 (67.6)
非西班牙裔黑人566 (18.7)655 (17.6)323 (12.0)
其他种族176 (7.6)215 (10.8)145 (9.8)
教育水平0.0012
高中以下714 (26.3)831 (24.7)644 (31.8)
高中396 (23.5)510 (27.2)353 (27.3)
大学及以上812 (50.3)827 (48.2)468 (40.9)
收入比率2.21 (1.17, 3.76)2.35 (1.42, 4.53)2.21 (1.34, 3.39)<0.0013
BMI(kg/m2)32 (28, 39)32 (28, 37)30 (27, 34)<0.0013
吸烟<0.0012
是392 (21.1)380 (17.5)128 (8.8)
否1 530 (78.9)1 788 (82.5)1 337 (91.2)
酒精摄入0.0152
是1 250 (64.9)1 365 (64.8)887 (58.4)
否672 (35.1)803 (35.2)578 (41.6)
死亡状态<0.0012
否1 474 (80.2)1 629 (78.8)804 (59.5)
是448 (19.8)539 (21.2)661 (40.5)
变量糖尿病病程
Q1 组
(权重后 n=4 306 891
非权重n=1 3661)
Q2 组
(权重后n=3 760 948
非权重n=1 2971)
Q3 组
(权重后n=4 072 722
非权重n=1 4641)
Q4 组
(权重后n=3 630 789
非权重n=1 4281)
P值
性别0.4773
男性708 (51.2)676 (52.3)746 (50.3)704 (48.0)
女性658 (48.8)621 (47.7)718 (49.7)724 (52.0)
年龄(岁)53 (44, 63)57 (49, 66)61 (51, 69)65 (55, 74)<0.0012
种族0.0243
墨西哥裔美国人297 (10.2)299 (10.0)303 (9.9)301 (8.6)
其他西班牙裔119 (6.5)120 (7.8)144 (6.5)133 (5.3)
非西班牙裔白人435 (55.7)392 (55.1)477 (58.6)455 (61.1)
非西班牙裔黑人362 (16.7)359 (16.9)380 (15.5)443 (18.5)
其他种族153 (10.8)127 (10.2)160 (9.5)96 (6.5)
教育水平0.1083
高中以下499 (24.7)522 (26.7)531 (25.3)637 (31.3)
高中333 (26.6)271 (24.7)348 (25.3)307 (26.1)
大学及以上534 (48.7)504 (48.6)585 (49.4)484 (42.6)
收入比率2.21 (1.33, 4.31)2.21 (1.30, 3.96)2.21 (1.27, 3.92)2.21 (1.27, 3.67)0.3042
BMI(kg/m2)32 (29, 38)32 (28, 37)32 (28, 36)31 (27, 36)<0.0012
吸烟<0.0013
是264 (19.8)235 (20.8)225 (15.0)176 (12.4)
否1 102 (80.2)1 062 (79.2)1 239 (85.0)1 252 (87.6)
酒精摄入<0.0013
是881 (68.0)837 (65.7)916 (62.2)868 (57.1)
否485 (32.0)460 (34.3)548 (37.8)560 (42.9)
死亡状态<0.0013
否1 081 (83.4)979 (77.6)1 020 (74.1)827 (64.3)
是285 (16.6)318 (22.4)444 (25.9)601 (35.7)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350304071840007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Weighted Cox regression analysis of DM onset age and duration with all-cause and cause-specific mortality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特定类型分组HR 95%CIP值
全因死亡发病年龄
早发组1.00
中发组0.640.53~0.77<0.001
晚发组0.550.46~0.65<0.001
病程
Q1组1.00
Q2组1.230.98~1.540.079
Q3组1.481.18~1.85<0.001
Q4组1.851.51~2.27<0.001
癌症死亡发病年龄
早发组1.00
中发组1.290.73~2.310.382
晚发组0.940.47~1.890.870
病程
Q1组1.00
Q2组1.460.87~2.450.148
Q3组1.751.09~2.790.020
Q4组1.340.67~2.690.411
心血管疾病死亡发病年龄
早发组1.00
中发组0.640.46~0.940.023
晚发组0.650.49~0.880.005
病程
Q1组1.00
Q2组1.050.69~1.610.809
Q3组1.641.17~2.290.004
Q4组1.661.22~2.260.001
糖尿病死亡发病年龄
早发组1.00
中发组0.760.50~1.140.180
晚发组0.340.19~0.64<0.001
病程
Q1组1.00
Q2组2.130.91~5.010.082
Q3组2.601.23~5.510.012
Q4组4.822.11~8.69<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1311350305682452744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

糖尿病发病年龄及病程与全因死亡和特定病因死亡的加权 Cox 回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特定类型分组HR 95%CIP值
全因死亡发病年龄
早发组1.00
中发组0.640.53~0.77<0.001
晚发组0.550.46~0.65<0.001
病程
Q1组1.00
Q2组1.230.98~1.540.079
Q3组1.481.18~1.85<0.001
Q4组1.851.51~2.27<0.001
癌症死亡发病年龄
早发组1.00
中发组1.290.73~2.310.382
晚发组0.940.47~1.890.870
病程
Q1组1.00
Q2组1.460.87~2.450.148
Q3组1.751.09~2.790.020
Q4组1.340.67~2.690.411
心血管疾病死亡发病年龄
早发组1.00
中发组0.640.46~0.940.023
晚发组0.650.49~0.880.005
病程
Q1组1.00
Q2组1.050.69~1.610.809
Q3组1.641.17~2.290.004
Q4组1.661.22~2.260.001
糖尿病死亡发病年龄
早发组1.00
中发组0.760.50~1.140.180
晚发组0.340.19~0.64<0.001
病程
Q1组1.00
Q2组2.130.91~5.010.082
Q3组2.601.23~5.510.012
Q4组4.822.11~8.69<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1311350305749561609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Weighted Cox regression analysis of the joint effect of DM onset age and duration with all-cause mortality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发病年龄与病程组合HR95%CIP值
早发 & Q4组 (n=887)1.001.00
早发 & Q1组(n=310)0.820.41~1.630.570
早发 & Q2 组 (n=304)1.050.65~ 1.670.853
早发 & Q3 组 (n=421)0.900.66~ 1.230.503
中发 & Q1 组 (n=518)0.370.19~ 0.700.002
中发 & Q2 组 (n=539)0.590.40~ 0.870.007
中发 & Q3 组 (n=665)0.720.56~ 0.930.012
中发 & Q4 组 (n=446)0.860.68~ 1.090.201
晚发 & Q1 组 (n=538)0.550.43~ 0.71<0.001
晚发 & Q2 组 (n=454)0.590.46~ 0.74<0.001
晚发 & Q3 组 (n=378)0.720.57~ 0.900.005
晚发 & Q4 组 (n=95)0.790.51~ 1.210.274
), ArticleFig(id=1311350305841836298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

糖尿病发病年龄与病程对全因死亡率联合作用的加权Cox回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发病年龄与病程组合HR95%CIP值
早发 & Q4组 (n=887)1.001.00
早发 & Q1组(n=310)0.820.41~1.630.570
早发 & Q2 组 (n=304)1.050.65~ 1.670.853
早发 & Q3 组 (n=421)0.900.66~ 1.230.503
中发 & Q1 组 (n=518)0.370.19~ 0.700.002
中发 & Q2 组 (n=539)0.590.40~ 0.870.007
中发 & Q3 组 (n=665)0.720.56~ 0.930.012
中发 & Q4 组 (n=446)0.860.68~ 1.090.201
晚发 & Q1 组 (n=538)0.550.43~ 0.71<0.001
晚发 & Q2 组 (n=454)0.590.46~ 0.74<0.001
晚发 & Q3 组 (n=378)0.720.57~ 0.900.005
晚发 & Q4 组 (n=95)0.790.51~ 1.210.274
), ArticleFig(id=1311350305917333771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Weighted Cox regression analysis of the joint effect of onset age and duration with cause-specific mortality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
联合分组癌症死亡率心血管疾病死亡率糖尿病死亡率
HR(95% CI)P值HR(95% CI)P值HR(95% CI)P值
早发 & Q4组 (n=887)1.001.001.00
早发 & Q1组 (n=310)2.37 (0.31~18.15)0.4071.24 (0.49~3.12)0.6530.25 (0.05~1.33)0.105
早发 & Q2组 (n=304)1.84 (0.26~13.19)0.5420.72 (0.23~2.19)0.5580.72 (0.25~2.06)0.536
早发 & Q3组 (n=421)2.06 (0.40~10.52)0.3861.13 (0.58~2.20)0.7170.7 (0.31~1.59)0.399
中发 & Q1组 (n=518)1.1 (0.27~4.52)0.8970.22 (0.04~1.12)0.0680.22 (0.08~0.66)0.006
中发 & Q2组 (n=539)2.16 (0.79~5.88)0.1320.55 (0.25~1.21)0.1390.66 (0.27~1.60)0.356
中发 & Q3组 (n=665)2.11 (0.88~5.10)0.0960.89 (0.60~1.31)0.5440.77 (0.41~1.43)0.404
中发 & Q4组 (n=446)1.36 (0.45~4.11)0.5831.11 (0.68~1.84)0.6711.67 (0.90~3.10)0.101
晚发 & Q1组 (n=538)0.88 (0.32~2.40)0.8010.71 (0.47~1.09)0.1160.34 (0.10~1.10)0.071
晚发 & Q2组 (n=454)1.08 (0.41~2.84)0.8800.7 (0.47~1.06)0.0890.44 (0.18~1.07)0.071
晚发 & Q3组 (n=378)1.32 (0.56~3.12)0.5211.1 (0.73~1.66)0.6430.66 (0.22~1.99)0.461
晚发 & Q4组 (n= 95)2.64 (1.03~6.78)0.0430.93 (0.39~2.20)0.8611.09 (0.26~4.61)0.904
), ArticleFig(id=1311350305984442636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350294764679364, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

发病年龄与病程联合作用对特定病因死亡率的加权Cox回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
联合分组癌症死亡率心血管疾病死亡率糖尿病死亡率
HR(95% CI)P值HR(95% CI)P值HR(95% CI)P值
早发 & Q4组 (n=887)1.001.001.00
早发 & Q1组 (n=310)2.37 (0.31~18.15)0.4071.24 (0.49~3.12)0.6530.25 (0.05~1.33)0.105
早发 & Q2组 (n=304)1.84 (0.26~13.19)0.5420.72 (0.23~2.19)0.5580.72 (0.25~2.06)0.536
早发 & Q3组 (n=421)2.06 (0.40~10.52)0.3861.13 (0.58~2.20)0.7170.7 (0.31~1.59)0.399
中发 & Q1组 (n=518)1.1 (0.27~4.52)0.8970.22 (0.04~1.12)0.0680.22 (0.08~0.66)0.006
中发 & Q2组 (n=539)2.16 (0.79~5.88)0.1320.55 (0.25~1.21)0.1390.66 (0.27~1.60)0.356
中发 & Q3组 (n=665)2.11 (0.88~5.10)0.0960.89 (0.60~1.31)0.5440.77 (0.41~1.43)0.404
中发 & Q4组 (n=446)1.36 (0.45~4.11)0.5831.11 (0.68~1.84)0.6711.67 (0.90~3.10)0.101
晚发 & Q1组 (n=538)0.88 (0.32~2.40)0.8010.71 (0.47~1.09)0.1160.34 (0.10~1.10)0.071
晚发 & Q2组 (n=454)1.08 (0.41~2.84)0.8800.7 (0.47~1.06)0.0890.44 (0.18~1.07)0.071
晚发 & Q3组 (n=378)1.32 (0.56~3.12)0.5211.1 (0.73~1.66)0.6430.66 (0.22~1.99)0.461
晚发 & Q4组 (n= 95)2.64 (1.03~6.78)0.0430.93 (0.39~2.20)0.8611.09 (0.26~4.61)0.904
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糖尿病发病年龄和病程与全因及特定病因死亡的关系
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宋佳楠 1, 2 , 张世圳 1, 2 , 王佑翔 1, 2 , 丁素英 1, 2, 3 , 陈静锋 1, 2, 3
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2026,53(15): 2713-2719
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2026 , 53 (15) : 2713 -2719
糖尿病发病年龄和病程与全因及特定病因死亡的关系
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宋佳楠1, 2, 张世圳1, 2, 王佑翔1, 2, 丁素英1, 2, 3, 陈静锋1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.郑州大学公共卫生学院流行病学教研室,河南 郑州 450001
  • 2.郑州大学第一附属医院健康管理中心,河南 郑州 450045
  • 3.河南省互联智慧健康管理研究院,河南 郑州 450045
通讯作者:
陈静锋,E-mail:
作者简介:

宋佳楠(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:分子流行病学

Association of onset age and disease duration of diabetes with all-cause and cause-specific mortality
Jia-nan SONG1, 2, Shi-zhen ZHANG1, 2, You-xiang WANG1, 2, Su-ying DING1, 2, 3, Jing-feng CHEN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511272
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目的

探讨糖尿病发病年龄与病程对全因及特定病因死亡的独立或联合影响。

方法

纳入1999—2018年美国国家营养与健康调查数据库中5 555名糖尿病成年人,通过加权Cox比例风险模型和限制性立方样条分析糖尿病发病年龄和病程与全因及特定病因死亡率的关联。

结果

多因素分析显示,60岁及以上发病的糖尿病患者的全因死亡率、心血管疾病死亡率和糖尿病相关死亡率均低于45岁以下发病者[HR(95% CI):0.55(0.46~0.65)、0.65(0.49~0.88)、0.34(0.19~0.64)]。病程≥17年者全因死亡率、心血管疾病死亡率和糖尿病相关死亡率高于病程<4年者[HR(95% CI):1.85(1.51~2.27)、1.66(1.22~2.26)、4.82(2.11~8.69)]。与发病年龄<45岁及病程≥17年者相比, 45岁≤发病年龄<60岁和发病年龄≥60岁中病程为0~17年的亚组死亡率风险更低[HR(95% CI):0.37(0.19~0.70)、0.59(0.40~0.87)、0.72(0.56~0.93)、0.55(0.43~0.71)、0.59(0.46~0.74)、0.72(0.57~0.90)]。

结论

发病年龄和病程与糖尿病患者死亡存在非线性关联,两者共存时会进一步升高死亡风险。

糖尿病  /  发病年龄  /  全因死亡率  /  特定病因死亡率  /  NHANES
Objective

To explore the independent and combined effects of diabetes onset age and disease duration on all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

Methods

A total of 5 555 adult patients with diabetes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database between 1999 and 2018 were included. The associations of age at onset and disease duration of diabetes with all-cause and cause-specific mortality were analyzed using weighted Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic spline analysis.

Results

Multivariable analysis showed that diabetic patients with onset age of 60 years or older had lower all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, and diabetes-related mortality than those with onset age under 45 years [hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55 (0.46-0.65), 0.65 (0.49-0.88), 0.34 (0.19-0.64),respectively]. Patients with a disease duration of ≥17 years had higher all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, and diabetes-related mortality than those with a disease duration of <4 years [HR (95% CI): 1.85 (1.51-2.27), 1.66 (1.22-2.26),4.82 (2.11-8.69), respectively]. Compared with patients with onset age <45 years and disease duration ≥17 years, the subgroups with onset age of 45-<60 years and onset age ≥60 years (both with disease duration of 0-17 years) had a lower mortality risk[HR (95% CI): 0.37 (0.19-0.70), 0.59 (0.40-0.87), 0.72 (0.56-0.93), 0.55 (0.43-0.71), 0.59 (0.46-0.74), 0.72 (0.57-0.90),respectively].

Conclusion

Age at onset and disease duration have non-linear associations with mortality in diabetic patients,and the coexistence of the two factors further increases the risk of mortality.

Diabetes  /  Age of onset  /  All-cause mortality  /  Cause-specific mortality  /  NHANES
宋佳楠, 张世圳, 王佑翔, 丁素英, 陈静锋. 糖尿病发病年龄和病程与全因及特定病因死亡的关系. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (15) : 2713 -2719 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511272
Jia-nan SONG, Shi-zhen ZHANG, You-xiang WANG, Su-ying DING, Jing-feng CHEN. Association of onset age and disease duration of diabetes with all-cause and cause-specific mortality[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (15) : 2713 -2719 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511272
糖尿病是一种以高血糖为特征的慢性疾病,若控制不佳可引发严重并发症,影响生活质量并增加死亡风险[1-2]。从1990—2019年,全球因糖尿病导致的伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life years,DALYs)数从2.83千万增长至6.99千万,随着全球糖尿病患病率持续上升,该疾病及其并发症已成为公共卫生领域的主要挑战之一[3-5],且全球早发性糖尿病发病率呈上升趋势,这一现象已引起广泛关注[6-8]。现有研究发现,早发糖尿病患者的死亡风险较晚发糖尿病患者高出3.85倍[9],发病年龄越早,全因死亡率和心血管疾病死亡率的风险越高[10-12],随着糖尿病病程延长,心血管疾病事件及死亡风险也会显著增加[13-15]。早发且病程较长的糖尿病意味着长期高血糖状态,这可能导致DNA损伤、胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症,以及相关的肥胖和炎症反应[16-17]。而目前针对糖尿病发病年龄与病程对全因死亡率及特定病因死亡率的影响研究尚不充分。因此,本研究拟探讨糖尿病发病年龄与病程对全因及特定病因死亡率的独立或联合影响,以期精准优化患者个体化风险分层与干预方案、助力高危人群早期预防,具有重要的临床实践与公共卫生价值。
本研究数据资料来源于美国国家健康与营养检查调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Surey,NHANES);为回顾性队列研究,随访起始时间为研究对象纳入NHANES的当年,随访终止时间为2018年12月31日,平均随访时间为7.9年。
糖尿病的诊断标准为[18]:(1)空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L或口服葡萄糖耐量试验中2 h血糖≥11.1 mmol/L;(2)随机血糖≥11.1 mmol/L;(3)糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)≥6.5;(4)使用降糖药物或胰岛素;(5)自我报告经医生诊断为糖尿病。筛选20岁及以上确诊糖尿病的个体,排除孕妇、癌症患者、失访者及数据缺失者后,最终纳入5 555名符合条件的糖尿病患者参与本研究。见图1。
根据糖尿病发病年龄,将患者分为三组:早发组(发病年龄<45岁)、中发组(45岁≤发病年龄<60岁)、晚发组(≥60岁)[19];根据病程四分位数,将患者分为四组:Q1组(病程<4年)、Q2组(4年≤病程<9年)、Q3组(9年≤病程<17年)、Q4组(病程≥17年)。
参与者通过问卷报告糖尿病诊断年龄,据此确定发病年龄。病程通过调查年龄与诊断年龄的差值计算得出。
将NHANES数据与国家死亡索引相关联,可获取截至2018年12月31日的死亡日期和死因信息。本研究采用国际疾病分类第十版(ICD-10)编码评估全因死亡率及特定病因死亡率。
人口统计学数据包括性别、年龄、种族/民族、教育程度和家庭收入贫困比。吸烟和饮酒状态为二分类变量(是/否)。计算身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)以反映体重范围是否健康。
根据NHANES相关指南,本研究采用加权法校正复杂抽样设计的影响。对加权后的基线数据,通过Kruskal-Wallis检验或χ2检验比较各组基线特征,其中分类变量缺失值以众数填补、连续变量缺失值以均值填补。采用加权Cox回归模型分析死亡率的影响因素,模型逐步调整协变量:模型1为未校正模型,模型2校正性别和年龄,模型3进一步校正种族、教育程度、收入、吸烟、饮酒及BMI(完全校正模型);同时按性别开展亚组分析,并通过排除缺失数据进行敏感性分析,绘制剂量-反应曲线探讨非线性效应。所有分析均使用R 4.3.1软件完成,采用双侧检验,检验水准α=0.05。
本研究共纳入5 555例糖尿病患者(加权后样本量为15 771 351人)。早发组1 922人、中发组2 168人、晚发组1 465人。各组间在年龄、种族、教育程度、收入比、BMI、吸烟和饮酒状态方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同病程分组在年龄、种族、BMI、吸烟和饮酒状态方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
基于完全校正模型(模型3),与早发组相比,中发组、晚发组全因死亡风险更低[HR(95% CI):0.64(0.53~0.77)、0.55(0.46~0.65)]。
糖尿病病程方面,Q3、Q4组死亡风险高于Q1组(HR=1.48,95% CI:1.18~1.85;HR=1.85,95% CI:1.51~2.27)。见表2。
表2 Cox回归分析显示,在完全校正模型中,发病年龄为中发组、晚发组者癌症死亡率差异无统计学意义,但病程较长(尤其Q3组)的癌症死亡率更高[HR(95% CI):1.75(1.09~2.79)]。
中发组、晚发组心血管疾病死亡风险低于早发组[HR(95%CI):0.64(0.46~0.94)、0.65(0.49~0.88)],Q3、Q4组心血管疾病死亡风险高于Q1组[HR(95%CI):1.64(1.17~2.29)、1.66(1.22~2.26)]。
晚发组糖尿病相关死亡风险低于早发组[HR(95%CI):0.34(0.19~0.64)],Q3、Q4组糖尿病相关死亡风险高于Q1组[HR(95%CI):2.60(1.23~5.51)、4.82(2.11~8.69)]。
由图2A1、A3可见,随糖尿病发病年龄与全因及心血管疾病死亡风险呈先升后降的非线性关联,约50岁后风险低于样本平均水平(HR<1);图2A4显示,41岁前糖尿病死亡风险先升后降(HR≥1),41岁后总体风险降低(HR<1),但50岁左右风险高于样本平均水平(HR≥1)。图2(B1、B3、B4)显示,糖尿病病程<9年时全因死亡风险低于样本平均水平(HR<1),病程>9年后风险总体呈先升后降趋势(HR≥1)。
表3加权Cox回归分析显示,在完全校正模型中,糖尿病发病年龄与病程对全因死亡率的联合影响:以早发组& Q4病程组(≥17年)为参照,中发组& Q1、Q2、Q3病程组(0~17年)[HR(95%CI):0.37(0.19~0.70)、0.59(0.40~0.87)、0.72(0.56~0.93)]及晚发组& Q1、Q2、Q3病程组(0~17年)[HR(95%CI):0.55(0.43~0.71)、0.59(0.46~0.74)、0.72(0.57~0.90)]全因死亡风险均低于参照组;早发组各病程组合、长病程组(≥17年)各发病年龄组合的死亡风险与参照组差异无统计学意义。
表4探讨了糖尿病发病年龄与病程对癌症、心血管疾病及糖尿病相关死亡率的联合影响,结果显示:与早发组& Q4病程组相比,晚发组& Q4病程组癌症特异性死亡风险更高[HR(95%CI):2.64(1.03~6.78)],中发组& Q1病程组糖尿病特异性死亡风险更低[HR(95%CI):0.22(0.08~0.66)];其余特定病因死亡的年龄与病程组合关联无统计学意义(P>0.05),但在未完全校正模型中多项关联存在统计学意义。
亚组分析结果显示,糖尿病发病年龄、病程及其联合作用对死亡风险的影响在男女性中基本一致:与早发组相比,男女中发组、晚发组全因死亡风险均降低;与Q1组相比,男女Q3、Q4组全因死亡风险均升高;与早发组&Q4病程组相比,晚发组&Q1、Q2病程组的男女全因死亡风险均降低。敏感性分析中校正缺失值后结果与此前一致。
本研究发现,糖尿病发病年龄越早、病程越长,患者死亡风险越高,该关联在总人群及按性别分层后均一致;限制性立方样条曲线亦证实发病年龄、病程与死亡风险存在非线性关联。具体而言,糖尿病发病年龄与全因及心血管疾病死亡率呈负相关,而病程与之呈正相关,这一结果与既往研究一致[20-21];晚发病、长病程同样与糖尿病相关死亡风险升高相关;此外,本研究观察到长病程组癌症死亡风险更高,且在相同糖尿病病程的患者中,晚发病者的癌症死亡风险高于早发病者。
早发糖尿病致不良结局的机制尚未明确,其发生可能涉及多重因素共同作用。晚发患者往往存在生存偏倚,其健康基础、健康意识及治疗依从性更佳,并发症更少[22];而年轻患者生活心理压力大,治疗依从性及血糖控制较差,易引发并发症[23-24];同时,老年人可能因其他慢性病死亡,使糖尿病健康影响被稀释;此外,50岁以上患者代谢机制稳定、病程较短,不易累积慢性并发症,而年轻患者病程长,并发症风险更高[25-26]。早发患者还可能存在更严重的胰岛素抵抗或胰岛β 细胞功能障碍,且面临更大的心理社会适应挑战[27-28]。综上,重视发病年龄与病程的联合作用,对优化糖尿病患者病情管理、降低死亡风险具有重要意义[29]。
本研究虽明确了糖尿病发病年龄与病程对死亡风险的独立及联合影响,但仍存在一定局限性。一方面,本研究为回顾性队列研究,无法完全控制所有潜在混杂因素;另一方面,研究数据来自美国NHANES数据库开展,研究结论的外推性受到一定限制。
综上,本研究明确了糖尿病发病年龄越晚,患者死亡风险越低以及长病程为糖尿病患者各种病因死亡的危险因素,强调需加强对早发患者的早期干预及老年患者的综合管理。研究为公共卫生领域提供了重要数据支撑,对优化糖尿病防治策略、指导临床实践及提升公众疾病认知具有重要价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金(72101236)
  • 河南省高等学校重点科研项目计划(25A320073)
  • 郑州市协同创新项目(XTCX2023006)
  • 郑州大学第一附属医院护理团队项目(HLKY2023005)
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2026年第53卷第15期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511272
  • 接收时间:2025-11-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-20
基金
国家自然科学基金(72101236)
河南省高等学校重点科研项目计划(25A320073)
郑州市协同创新项目(XTCX2023006)
郑州大学第一附属医院护理团队项目(HLKY2023005)
作者信息
    1.郑州大学公共卫生学院流行病学教研室,河南 郑州 450001
    2.郑州大学第一附属医院健康管理中心,河南 郑州 450045
    3.河南省互联智慧健康管理研究院,河南 郑州 450045

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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