Article(id=1324050812984500741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324050669933572771, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510159, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760284800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793607913490, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1778342400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793607913490, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793607913490, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793607913490, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324050669933572771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='9', pageStart='1537', pageEnd='1728', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778342400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793607879384, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793670100562, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324311644528050975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324050669933572771, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324311644528050976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324050669933572771, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1723, endPage=1728, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324050813349405190, articleId=1324050812984500741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Association between the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to cystatin C ratio and chronic kidney disease in middle-aged and older Chinese adults, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the association between the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to cystatin C ratio (HDL-C/CysC) and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in middle-aged and older Chinese populations.

Methods

Utilizing demographic statistics, disease history, physical examination, and blood test data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) between 2011 and 2020, we excluded individuals with missing key indicators, pre-existing CKD at baseline, or renal dysfunction. Participants were categorized into quartiles based on HDL-C/CysC ratios. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to examine the relationship between HDL-C/CysC ratio levels and CKD risk, with subgroup analyses conducted by age, sex, and body mass index (BMI).

Results

The study included 6 429 subjects with an age distribution of 59.00 (53.00-66.00) and a 9-year follow-up period. During follow-up, 1 007 incident CKD cases were identified, yielding an incidence density of 20.46 per 1 000 person-years. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, using the lowest quartile (Q1) of HDL-C/CysC ratio as reference, the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CKD risk in Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.81 (0.68-0.97), 0.50 (0.41-0.61), and 0.22 (0.16-0.29), respectively. A significant inverse association was observed between increasing HDL-C/CysC quartiles and CKD risk (P<0.001).

Conclusion

In middle-aged and older Chinese adults, the HDL-C/CysC ratio is independently and significantly associated with CKD risk. A higher HDL-C/CysC ratio may be a protective factor for CKD.

, authors=Xin LI, Qian-qian MA, Ming-yu ZUO, Jun-ke FU, Han ZHANG, Guo-li YAN, De-chen LIU, Jin-jin WANG, authorsList=Xin LI, Qian-qian MA, Ming-yu ZUO, Jun-ke FU, Han ZHANG, Guo-li YAN, De-chen LIU, Jin-jin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jin-jin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324050816159588873, articleId=1324050812984500741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=中国中老年人高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与胱抑素C的比值与慢性肾病的关联研究, columnId=1228016570119680182, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=临床与预防, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨中国中老年人群高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)和血清胱抑素C(cystatin C,CysC)比值与慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)发病风险的关联。

方法

基于中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)2011—2020年的人口学统计数据、疾病史、体格检查和血液检查数据,排除主要指标缺失、基线患CKD以及有肾功能障碍者,按照HDL-C/CysC比值的四分位数进行分组,采用Cox比例风险回归模型探讨HDL-C/CysC比值水平与CKD发病风险之间的关联,并且按照年龄、性别和身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)进行亚组分析。

结果

本研究最终纳入6 429例研究对象,并随访9年,随访期间1 007人患CKD,发病密度为20.46/千人年,年龄分布为59.00(53.00,66.00)岁。调整潜在混杂因素后,以基线HDL-C/CysC比值分组后的Q1组为参照,分析得出Q2组、Q3组、Q4组CKD发病风险的HR值(95%CI)分别为0.81(0.68~0.97)、0.50(0.41~0.61)和0.22(0.16~0.29)。随着HDL-C/CysC比值四分位数的逐渐增加,研究对象的CKD发病风险均显著减小(P<0.001),HDL-C/CysC比值与CKD发病风险呈负相关。

结论

中国中老年人群中,HDL-C/CysC比值与CKD的发病风险存在独立的显著相关关系,较高的HDL-C/CysC比值可能是CKD发病的保护因素。

, authors=李鑫, 马倩倩, 左铭钰, 符竣轲, 张涵, 闫国立, 刘德臣, 王瑾瑾, authorsList=李鑫, 马倩倩, 左铭钰, 符竣轲, 张涵, 闫国立, 刘德臣, 王瑾瑾, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王瑾瑾, authorNote=

李鑫(2000—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治慢性代谢性疾病的机制研究

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王瑾瑾,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=G7Lo5lrYBuEcC/avWkJykg==, magXml=47fxtk0ILKSKIRsjGo24mA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=1UaAllaz42nLIJKxhJk61w==, pdfFileSize=1005435, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=BM6S6reH8HpQDz5MXDLVzw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=eITLi3JXh6GLiI6IfL+Fng==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1324050817409491470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324050817522737680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, authorId=1324050817409491470, language=EN, stringName=Xin LI, firstName=Xin, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1324050817791173137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, authorId=1324050817409491470, language=CN, stringName=李鑫, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=河南中医药大学,河南 郑州 450000, bio={"content":"

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Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2018, 29(5): 1356-1371., articleTitle=HDL in CKD-The devil is in the detail, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324050831020008032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=10, issue=4, pageStart=764, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Strazzella A, Ossoli A, Calabresi L, journalName=Cells (Basel, Switzerland), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Strazzella A, Ossoli A, Calabresi L. High-Density lipoproteins and the kidney [J]. Cells (Basel, Switzerland), 2021, 10(4): 764., articleTitle=High-Density lipoproteins and the kidney, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324050831087116897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=26, authorNames=You AJ, Li YX, Tomlinson B, journalName=Front Cardiovasc Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=You AJ, Li YX, Tomlinson B, et al. Association between renal dysfunction and low HDL cholesterol among the elderly in China [J]. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2021, 8: 644208., articleTitle=Association between renal dysfunction and low HDL cholesterol among the elderly in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324050831162614370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=8, issue=6, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Nam KH, Chang TI, Joo YS, journalName=Journal of the American Heart Association, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nam KH, Chang TI, Joo YS, et al. Association between serum High- Density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and progression of chronic kidney disease:results from the KNOW-CKD [J]. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2019, 8(6): e011162., articleTitle=Association between serum High- Density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and progression of chronic kidney disease:results from the KNOW-CKD, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324050831229723235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=100, issue=8, pageStart=1305, pageEnd=1313, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Theodorakakou F, Fotiou D, Apostolakou F, journalName=American Journal of Hematology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Theodorakakou F, Fotiou D, Apostolakou F, et al. Cystatin C as biomarker for the evaluation of renal outcome in AL amyloidosis [J]. American Journal of Hematology, 2025, 100(8): 1305-1313., articleTitle=Cystatin C as biomarker for the evaluation of renal outcome in AL amyloidosis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324050826716652101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, awardId=242102311282, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省科技攻关项目(242102311282), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324050816969089546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324050817296245259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, companyId=1324050816969089546, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324050817321411084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, companyId=1324050816969089546, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河南中医药大学,河南 郑州 450000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324050825814876733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Subgroup analysis of the association between baseline HDL-C/CysC ratio and incident CKD risk, figureFileSmall=ht5vT97ifGiy7XStof5YOw==, figureFileBig=BM6S6reH8HpQDz5MXDLVzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324050825923928638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基线HDL-C/CysC比值对CKD发病风险的亚组分析, figureFileSmall=ht5vT97ifGiy7XStof5YOw==, figureFileBig=BM6S6reH8HpQDz5MXDLVzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324050826154615359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Baseline characteristics of the study participants stratified by baseline HDL-C/CysC ratio [M(P25,P75),n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量HDL-C/CysC 比值四分位分组χ2值P值
Q1 (n=1 608)Q2 (n=1 606)Q3 (n=1 610)Q4 (n=1 605)
年龄(岁)62.00 (55.00,70.00)59.00 (53.00,67.00)58.00 (52.00,65.00)56.00 (49.00,63.00)253.156<0.001
性别193.74<0.001
男性956 (59.45)769 (47.88)642 (39.88)597 (37.20)
女性652 (40.55)837 (52.12)968 (60.12)1 008 (62.80)
教育水平1.3680.713
初中及以下1 450 (90.17)1 457 (90.72)1 471 (91.37)1 457 (90.78)
高中及以上158 (9.83)149 (9.28)139 (8.63)148 (9.22)
已婚/同居1 302 (80.97)1 363 (84.87)1 338 (83.11)1 317 (82.06)9.3060.025
城镇居民641 (39.86)569 (35.43)528 (32.80)499 (31.09)31.037<0.001
饮酒262 (16.29)313 (19.49)294 (18.26)373 (23.24)30.164<0.001
吸烟586 (36.44)502 (31.26)427 (26.52)422 (26.29)54.680<0.001
收缩压(mm Hg)130.50 (116.50,145.50)128.00 (115.00,142.50)126.50 (113.50,140.88)122.50 (110.50,136.50)108.116<0.001
舒张压(mm Hg)75.00 (67.00,83.50)75.00 (67.50,83.50)74.00 (66.00,83.00)73.00 (65.00,81.00)34.944<0.001
总胆固醇(mg/dl)178.61 (153.87,204.12)189.05 (165.85,213.40)193.69 (170.88,219.20)200.65 (178.61,225.00)313.755<0.001
甘油三酯(mg/dl)134.52 (95.58,198.24)112.39 (81.42,161.96)100.00 (74.34,137.40)82.31 (61.06,113.28)717.040<0.001
HDL-C(mg/dl)37.11 (31.70,42.53)46.01 (40.98,51.80)53.35 (47.55,59.92)65.34 (57.99,75.00)3 613.087<0.001
CRP(mg/dl)1.47 (0.79,3.16)1.12 (0.62,2.27)0.90 (0.52,1.85)0.70 (0.42,1.46)419.410<0.001
血尿酸(mg/dl)4.77 (4.01,5.60)4.36 (3.67,5.18)4.10 (3.43,4.88)3.92 (3.27,4.69)434.785<0.001
CysC(mg/L)1.13 (1.00,1.28)1.01 (0.90,1.12)0.94 (0.84,1.05)0.86 (0.77,0.95)1 671.915<0.001
BMI(kg/m2)23.88 (21.33,26.79)23.45 (21.09,26.27)22.96 (20.73,25.34)22.14 (20.20,24.42)185.879<0.001
血尿素氮(mg/L)15.35 (12.93,18.54)15.15 (12.72,18.00)14.93 (12.44,17.79)15.01 (12.24,17.84)16.351<0.001
血肌酐(mg/L)0.82 (0.71,0.96)0.77 (0.67,0.88)0.72 (0.63,0.84)0.69 (0.61,0.79)563.305<0.001
HbA1c(%)5.10 (4.90,5.50)5.20 (4.90,5.40)5.10 (4.90,5.40)5.10 (4.90,5.40)9.5920.022
eGFR[60 ml/(min·1.73 m2)]87.66 (77.25,97.41)93.00 (83.46,101.04)95.94 (87.85,102.59)99.02 (91.65,105.47)571.965<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1324050826238501440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

根据基线HDL-C/CysC比值分组研究对象的基线特征[M(P25,P75),n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量HDL-C/CysC 比值四分位分组χ2值P值
Q1 (n=1 608)Q2 (n=1 606)Q3 (n=1 610)Q4 (n=1 605)
年龄(岁)62.00 (55.00,70.00)59.00 (53.00,67.00)58.00 (52.00,65.00)56.00 (49.00,63.00)253.156<0.001
性别193.74<0.001
男性956 (59.45)769 (47.88)642 (39.88)597 (37.20)
女性652 (40.55)837 (52.12)968 (60.12)1 008 (62.80)
教育水平1.3680.713
初中及以下1 450 (90.17)1 457 (90.72)1 471 (91.37)1 457 (90.78)
高中及以上158 (9.83)149 (9.28)139 (8.63)148 (9.22)
已婚/同居1 302 (80.97)1 363 (84.87)1 338 (83.11)1 317 (82.06)9.3060.025
城镇居民641 (39.86)569 (35.43)528 (32.80)499 (31.09)31.037<0.001
饮酒262 (16.29)313 (19.49)294 (18.26)373 (23.24)30.164<0.001
吸烟586 (36.44)502 (31.26)427 (26.52)422 (26.29)54.680<0.001
收缩压(mm Hg)130.50 (116.50,145.50)128.00 (115.00,142.50)126.50 (113.50,140.88)122.50 (110.50,136.50)108.116<0.001
舒张压(mm Hg)75.00 (67.00,83.50)75.00 (67.50,83.50)74.00 (66.00,83.00)73.00 (65.00,81.00)34.944<0.001
总胆固醇(mg/dl)178.61 (153.87,204.12)189.05 (165.85,213.40)193.69 (170.88,219.20)200.65 (178.61,225.00)313.755<0.001
甘油三酯(mg/dl)134.52 (95.58,198.24)112.39 (81.42,161.96)100.00 (74.34,137.40)82.31 (61.06,113.28)717.040<0.001
HDL-C(mg/dl)37.11 (31.70,42.53)46.01 (40.98,51.80)53.35 (47.55,59.92)65.34 (57.99,75.00)3 613.087<0.001
CRP(mg/dl)1.47 (0.79,3.16)1.12 (0.62,2.27)0.90 (0.52,1.85)0.70 (0.42,1.46)419.410<0.001
血尿酸(mg/dl)4.77 (4.01,5.60)4.36 (3.67,5.18)4.10 (3.43,4.88)3.92 (3.27,4.69)434.785<0.001
CysC(mg/L)1.13 (1.00,1.28)1.01 (0.90,1.12)0.94 (0.84,1.05)0.86 (0.77,0.95)1 671.915<0.001
BMI(kg/m2)23.88 (21.33,26.79)23.45 (21.09,26.27)22.96 (20.73,25.34)22.14 (20.20,24.42)185.879<0.001
血尿素氮(mg/L)15.35 (12.93,18.54)15.15 (12.72,18.00)14.93 (12.44,17.79)15.01 (12.24,17.84)16.351<0.001
血肌酐(mg/L)0.82 (0.71,0.96)0.77 (0.67,0.88)0.72 (0.63,0.84)0.69 (0.61,0.79)563.305<0.001
HbA1c(%)5.10 (4.90,5.50)5.20 (4.90,5.40)5.10 (4.90,5.40)5.10 (4.90,5.40)9.5920.022
eGFR[60 ml/(min·1.73 m2)]87.66 (77.25,97.41)93.00 (83.46,101.04)95.94 (87.85,102.59)99.02 (91.65,105.47)571.965<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1324050826330776129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Impact of baseline HDL-C/CysC ratio on the risk of incident CKD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HDL-C/CysC比值总人数病例数发病密度
(每千人年)
HR (95% CI)
模型一模型二模型三
Q1组1 60828524.301.001.001.00
Q2组1 60627722.470.76 (0.64~0.90)0.83 (0.70~0.98)0.81 (0.68~0.97)
Q3组1 61022317.880.42 (0.35~0.51)0.53 (0.43~0.64)0.50 (0.41~0.61)
Q4组1 60522217.500.04 (0.03~0.06)0.19 (0.15~0.26)0.22 (0.16~0.29)
趋势检验 (P值)<0.001<0.001<0.001
每增加1个标准差0.22 (0.20~0.25)0.41 (0.37~0.47)0.45 (0.40~0.51)
), ArticleFig(id=1324050826410467906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基线HDL-C/CysC比值对CKD发病风险的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HDL-C/CysC比值总人数病例数发病密度
(每千人年)
HR (95% CI)
模型一模型二模型三
Q1组1 60828524.301.001.001.00
Q2组1 60627722.470.76 (0.64~0.90)0.83 (0.70~0.98)0.81 (0.68~0.97)
Q3组1 61022317.880.42 (0.35~0.51)0.53 (0.43~0.64)0.50 (0.41~0.61)
Q4组1 60522217.500.04 (0.03~0.06)0.19 (0.15~0.26)0.22 (0.16~0.29)
趋势检验 (P值)<0.001<0.001<0.001
每增加1个标准差0.22 (0.20~0.25)0.41 (0.37~0.47)0.45 (0.40~0.51)
), ArticleFig(id=1324050826477576771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Impact of baseline HDL-C/CysC ratio on the risk of incident CKD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型HDL-C/CysC 比值四分位分组趋势性
P值
Q1组Q2组Q3组Q4组
排除基线时患有糖尿病的研究对象 (n=5 492)
模型一1.000.73 (0.61~0.88)0.43 (0.36~0.53)0.05 (0.03~0.06)<0.001
模型二1.000.82 (0.68~0.99)0.55 (0.45~0.68)0.18 (0.13~0.25)<0.001
模型三1.000.81 (0.67~0.99)0.56 (0.45~0.69)0.26 (0.19~0.36)<0.001
排除基线时患有肝脏疾病、消化系统疾病的研究对象 (n=4 554)
模型一1.000.70 (0.57~0.86)0.41 (0.33~0.51)0.04 (0.03~0.07)<0.001
模型二1.000.75 (0.61~0.93)0.47 (0.37~0.60)0.23 (0.16~0.32)<0.001
模型三1.000.75 (0.60~0.94)0.45 (0.35~0.58)0.22 (0.15~0.31)<0.001
排除基线时患有记忆系统疾病、精神类疾病的研究对象 (n=6 208)
模型一1.000.77 (0.65~0.91)0.41 (0.34~0.50)0.05 (0.03~0.06)<0.001
模型二1.000.84 (0.71~1.00)0.52 (0.43~0.63)0.20 (0.15~0.27)<0.001
模型三1.000.83 (0.69~1.00)0.40 (0.40~0.61)0.23 (0.17~0.31)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1324050826569851460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324050812984500741, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基线HDL-C/CysC比值对CKD发病风险的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型HDL-C/CysC 比值四分位分组趋势性
P值
Q1组Q2组Q3组Q4组
排除基线时患有糖尿病的研究对象 (n=5 492)
模型一1.000.73 (0.61~0.88)0.43 (0.36~0.53)0.05 (0.03~0.06)<0.001
模型二1.000.82 (0.68~0.99)0.55 (0.45~0.68)0.18 (0.13~0.25)<0.001
模型三1.000.81 (0.67~0.99)0.56 (0.45~0.69)0.26 (0.19~0.36)<0.001
排除基线时患有肝脏疾病、消化系统疾病的研究对象 (n=4 554)
模型一1.000.70 (0.57~0.86)0.41 (0.33~0.51)0.04 (0.03~0.07)<0.001
模型二1.000.75 (0.61~0.93)0.47 (0.37~0.60)0.23 (0.16~0.32)<0.001
模型三1.000.75 (0.60~0.94)0.45 (0.35~0.58)0.22 (0.15~0.31)<0.001
排除基线时患有记忆系统疾病、精神类疾病的研究对象 (n=6 208)
模型一1.000.77 (0.65~0.91)0.41 (0.34~0.50)0.05 (0.03~0.06)<0.001
模型二1.000.84 (0.71~1.00)0.52 (0.43~0.63)0.20 (0.15~0.27)<0.001
模型三1.000.83 (0.69~1.00)0.40 (0.40~0.61)0.23 (0.17~0.31)<0.001
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中国中老年人高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与胱抑素C的比值与慢性肾病的关联研究
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李鑫 , 马倩倩 , 左铭钰 , 符竣轲 , 张涵 , 闫国立 , 刘德臣 , 王瑾瑾
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2026,53(9): 1723-1728
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现代预防医学 |临床与预防 2026 , 53 (9) : 1723 -1728
中国中老年人高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与胱抑素C的比值与慢性肾病的关联研究
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李鑫, 马倩倩, 左铭钰, 符竣轲, 张涵, 闫国立, 刘德臣, 王瑾瑾
作者信息
  • 河南中医药大学,河南 郑州 450000
通讯作者:
王瑾瑾,E-mail:
作者简介:

李鑫(2000—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治慢性代谢性疾病的机制研究

Association between the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to cystatin C ratio and chronic kidney disease in middle-aged and older Chinese adults
Xin LI, Qian-qian MA, Ming-yu ZUO, Jun-ke FU, Han ZHANG, Guo-li YAN, De-chen LIU, Jin-jin WANG
Affiliations
  • College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510159
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目的

探讨中国中老年人群高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)和血清胱抑素C(cystatin C,CysC)比值与慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)发病风险的关联。

方法

基于中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)2011—2020年的人口学统计数据、疾病史、体格检查和血液检查数据,排除主要指标缺失、基线患CKD以及有肾功能障碍者,按照HDL-C/CysC比值的四分位数进行分组,采用Cox比例风险回归模型探讨HDL-C/CysC比值水平与CKD发病风险之间的关联,并且按照年龄、性别和身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)进行亚组分析。

结果

本研究最终纳入6 429例研究对象,并随访9年,随访期间1 007人患CKD,发病密度为20.46/千人年,年龄分布为59.00(53.00,66.00)岁。调整潜在混杂因素后,以基线HDL-C/CysC比值分组后的Q1组为参照,分析得出Q2组、Q3组、Q4组CKD发病风险的HR值(95%CI)分别为0.81(0.68~0.97)、0.50(0.41~0.61)和0.22(0.16~0.29)。随着HDL-C/CysC比值四分位数的逐渐增加,研究对象的CKD发病风险均显著减小(P<0.001),HDL-C/CysC比值与CKD发病风险呈负相关。

结论

中国中老年人群中,HDL-C/CysC比值与CKD的发病风险存在独立的显著相关关系,较高的HDL-C/CysC比值可能是CKD发病的保护因素。

高密度脂蛋白胆固醇  /  胱抑素C  /  慢性肾病  /  队列研究
Objective

To investigate the association between the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to cystatin C ratio (HDL-C/CysC) and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in middle-aged and older Chinese populations.

Methods

Utilizing demographic statistics, disease history, physical examination, and blood test data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) between 2011 and 2020, we excluded individuals with missing key indicators, pre-existing CKD at baseline, or renal dysfunction. Participants were categorized into quartiles based on HDL-C/CysC ratios. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to examine the relationship between HDL-C/CysC ratio levels and CKD risk, with subgroup analyses conducted by age, sex, and body mass index (BMI).

Results

The study included 6 429 subjects with an age distribution of 59.00 (53.00-66.00) and a 9-year follow-up period. During follow-up, 1 007 incident CKD cases were identified, yielding an incidence density of 20.46 per 1 000 person-years. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, using the lowest quartile (Q1) of HDL-C/CysC ratio as reference, the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CKD risk in Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.81 (0.68-0.97), 0.50 (0.41-0.61), and 0.22 (0.16-0.29), respectively. A significant inverse association was observed between increasing HDL-C/CysC quartiles and CKD risk (P<0.001).

Conclusion

In middle-aged and older Chinese adults, the HDL-C/CysC ratio is independently and significantly associated with CKD risk. A higher HDL-C/CysC ratio may be a protective factor for CKD.

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol  /  Cystatin C  /  Chronic kidney disease  /  Cohort study
李鑫, 马倩倩, 左铭钰, 符竣轲, 张涵, 闫国立, 刘德臣, 王瑾瑾. 中国中老年人高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与胱抑素C的比值与慢性肾病的关联研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (9) : 1723 -1728 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510159
Xin LI, Qian-qian MA, Ming-yu ZUO, Jun-ke FU, Han ZHANG, Guo-li YAN, De-chen LIU, Jin-jin WANG. Association between the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to cystatin C ratio and chronic kidney disease in middle-aged and older Chinese adults[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (9) : 1723 -1728 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510159
慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)是指肾脏结构持续异常,功能进行性减退为特征的疾病,改善全球肾脏病预后组织(Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO)认为肾脏结构或者功能发生异常超过三个月,并对人体健康造成影响,即可认定为CKD[1]。CKD在全球主要死亡原因中的排名已从2000年的第13位上升至2019年的第10位,预计到2040年将成为第五大死亡原因[2]。CKD的核心生理变化是肾单位丢失,而早期临床诊断标志为估计肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)和尿白蛋白与肌酐比(urine albumin creatine ratio,UACR)升高[3]。然而,并非所有出现蛋白尿或肾功能下降的患者都可被诊断为CKD[4]。CKD的诊断金标准肾活检因其有创性应用有限,因此积极寻找更敏感、无创的CKD诊断标志物具有重要的临床意义[5]。
既往研究认为,脂代谢异常和脂质沉积与CKD的发生发展密切相关,特别是高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)已经被证实是CKD的保护因素[6-8]。研究显示,HDL-C与CKD的发病和死亡风险独立相关,但其受年龄、性别及血脂代谢等因素影响显著,反映肾脏的损伤的作用有限[9-10]。血清胱抑素C(cystatin C,CysC)可作为CKD早期检测的生物标志物,能更敏感、更早地反映肾小球滤过功能变化,是CKD早期检测和风险评估的可靠指标[11-12]。因此,探索CysC与其他指标的联合应用,是提升CKD诊疗水平的重要方向。
既往研究表明,HDL-C与CysC均与CKD发病存在显著相关,但二者作为单一指标均受肾功能以外的多种因素干扰。我们探索发现,HDL-C降低提示肾脏保护作用减弱,CysC升高则提示肾脏损伤加剧,两者结合实现了病理生理的全面覆盖。一项关于中老年人群脂质参数与CKD发展的研究发现,甘油三酯、HDL-C、nonHDL-C/HDL-C和甘油三酯/HDL-C均与CKD发病率独立相关,尤其nonHDL-C/HDL-C和甘油三酯/HDL-C关联显著,提示此类比值指标在CKD风险评估中具有重要价值[13]。故本研究将二者联合为HDL-C/CysC比值的形式,旨在同时反映肾脏保护能力下降和损伤加剧的双重变化,并增强其在CKD早期的辨识度。
HDL-C/CysC比值与CKD发病之间是否存在关联尚无相关研究,故本研究采取HDL-C/CysC比值作为研究因素,在我国中老年人群中探讨HDL-C/CysC比值与CKD发病风险的关系。
数据资料来源于中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)数据库,该数据是一项全国代表性的纵向调查,并于2011年开展基线调查,此后每2~3年进行随访[14-15]。本研究采用了CHARLS数据库2011—2020年主要的调查数据,随访时间截至2020年,并通过2013、2015、2018和2020年追访面板数据获得结局数据。本研究通过剔除其中基线年龄小于45岁、曾诊断患肾病或者eGFR<60 ml/(min·1.73 m2)的人群(n=1 802),以及缺少HDL-C、CysC指标和缺失其他研究指标超过10%的人群(n= 9 471),最终筛选6 429例中老年人群纳入本研究。该研究基于血液的生物标志物样本采集研究的方案得到了北京大学伦理审查委员会(IRB)的批准,获得所有研究参与者的书面知情同意书。
人口统计学数据包括年龄、性别、受教育程度、婚姻状况、居住地、生活习惯(是否吸烟、饮酒);慢性病史包括肾病、糖尿病、高血压、血脂异常;既往服药史等。
(1)采用Seca 213身高仪测量身高,测量时脱鞋直立,头部保持法兰克福(眼耳平面)水平,且双眼平视前方;(2)采用Omron HN-286体重秤测量体重,测量时脱去厚重衣物,空腹或排空大小便;(3)采用软尺在肚脐水平呼气末测量腰围;(4)采用Omron HEM-7112血压计测量收缩压和舒张压,血压采取坐姿测量左臂,测量三次取后两次的平均值;(5)身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)通过体重(kg)除以身高的二次方(m2)计算得出。
由中国疾控中心的专业医护人员执行静脉采血操作,血浆和白细胞层分离后分装,-20℃冷冻运输至北京中国疾控中心总部,由首都医科大学佑安医院临床检验中心检测,包括:HDL-C、CysC、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)、血尿酸、血尿素氮、血肌酐、糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c)。
将研究对象根据HDL-C/CysC的四分位数分为四组:Q1组(HDL-C/CysC<40.36)、Q2组(40.36≤HDL-C/CysC <50.72)、Q3组(50.72≤ HDL-C/CysC<63.89)、Q4组(63.89≤HDL-C/CysC),其中以Q1组作为参照组。
本研究中将结局定义为在追踪调查中首次发现医生诊断患肾病、在基线调查后接受过肾病相关治疗或估计eGFR<60 ml/(min·1.73 m2),其中估计eGFR是采用基于血清肌酐的CKD流行病学(CKD-EPI)方程[16]计算而得。
本研究将从基线调查开始到首次出现结局事件的时间定义为结局事件发生时间。
研究对象被判定为患有糖尿病、肝脏疾病、消化系统疾病、记忆相关疾病或精神疾病的标准为经临床医生明确诊断,或曾接受过相关疾病的治疗[17-19]。
正态性检验显示,所有定量变量均不服从正态性分布。定量变量以[M(P25,P75)]描述,采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较组间差异,分类变量以数量(构成比,%)描述,采用χ2检验比较组间差异。采用Cox比例风险回归模型探讨不同水平HDL-C/CysC比值的研究对象CKD发病风险的关系,关联强度的效应值使用风险比(hazard ratio,HR)值及其95%CI进行评估,共拟合了三个模型:模型一调整交互作用项(HDL-C/CysC×生存时间的自然对数);模型二调整了年龄、性别、教育水平、居住地、吸烟情况、BMI以及交互作用项(HDL-C/CysC×生存时间的自然对数、性别×生存时间的自然对数);模型三在模型二的基础上进一步调整了总胆固醇、甘油三酯、CRP、血尿酸以及交互作用项(UA×生存时间的自然对数)等因素[20-21]。此外进一步进行亚组分析,根据性别、年龄和BMI评估HDL-C/CysC比值与CKD发病风险的相关性。为验证结果的稳健性采用模型三进行敏感性分析:(1)剔除患有糖尿病的人群;(2)剔除患有肝脏疾病和消化系统疾病的人群;(3)剔除记忆系统疾病和精神类疾病的人群。本研究所有统计分析均使用R 4.4.3统计软件进行处理,双侧检验,检验水准α=0.05。
本研究共纳入6 429名中老年研究对象,其中男性2 964人,女性3 456人,年龄分布为59.00(53.00,66.00)岁。不同HDL-C/ CysC比值分组在年龄、性别、婚姻状况、居住地、生活习惯(吸烟、饮酒)、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、HDL-C、CRP、血尿酸、CysC、BMI、血尿素氮、血肌酐、HbA1c和eGFR的差异均有统计学意义(均有P<0.05)。见表1。
本研究累积随访49 213.94人年(平均随访9年),随访期间1 007人患CKD,发病密度为25.99 / 千人年,其中男性发病密度为22.55 / 千人年,女性发病密度为18.74 /千人年,Q1~Q4组发病密度依次为24.30 / 千人年、22.47 / 千人年、17.88 / 千人年、17.50 / 千人年。
表2描述了基线HDL-C/CysC比值与CKD发病风险的关系。随着HDL-C/CysC比值四分位数的逐渐增加,研究对象的CKD发病风险均显著降低(P<0.001)。以基线HDL-C/CysC比值的Q1组为参照,Q2组、Q3组、Q4组CKD发病风险的HR值(95%CI)分别为0.81(0.68~0.97)、0.50(0.41~0.61)和0.22(0.16~0.29)(均有P<0.05)。在控制潜在的混杂因素后(模型三),HDL-C/CysC比值每增加1个标准差,CKD的发病风险降低55%(HR=0.45,95%CI:0.40~0.51,P<0.001)。见表2。
本研究按照年龄(<60岁和 ≥ 60岁)、性别和BMI(<24 kg/m2和≥ 24 kg/m2)分别进行亚组分析,在控制可能的混杂因素后,结果显示,在基于年龄、性别、BMI的亚组分析中,HDL-C/CysC比值与CKD发病的关联结果与表2的结果一致。见图1。
排除基线时患有糖尿病、患有肝脏疾病、消化系统疾病、患有记忆系统疾病、精神类疾病的研究对象后,以基线HDL-C/CysC比值分组的Q1组为参照,Q2组、Q3组、Q4组CKD发病风险仍有降低(均有P<0.05)。见表3。
本研究利用了CHARLS数据库分析了在中老年人群中基线HDL-C/CysC比值与CKD发病风险的关联。结果显示,在中国中老年人群中,HDL-C/CysC比值的水平与CKD的发病风险呈负相关,在亚组分析以及敏感性分析中这种关联依旧稳定存在。这一发现与既往同类研究有着相似的结果。Bea JC等[22]对韩国的10 288例成年人的健康检查数据研究后发现,HDL-C水平每升高一个标准差单位,CKD的发病风险降低23%;Li X等[23]在对中国珠海市湾仔镇4个社区的3 553名研究对象进行研究后发现,CKD患者的CysC水平显著高于健康对照组,且在男性2型糖尿病患者中CysC与HDL-C呈负相关。
关于这种关联,我们对HDL-C和CysC的功能及特性进行了研究。HDL-C主要在肝脏合成,其在将胆固醇由肝外转移至肝脏进行代谢、并经胆汁排出体外的过程中发挥关键作用,因而具有抗动脉粥样硬化的功能。其与肾功能状态密切相关,在CKD患者中HDL-C的水平普遍较低,而在肾功能正常人群中,HDL-C水平降低可能与肾小球滤过率增高有关[24-25]。CKD的早期以肾单位走失为主要特征,可引起eGFR代偿性的升高进而导致HDL-C水平的降低[12]。既往研究进一步表明,低HDL-C水平人群肾罹患肾功能受损的风险显著高于正常水平的人群,其发生不良结局的风险也更高[26-27],提示HDL-C可能作为CKD早期预测的重要指标。CysC是一种非糖基化小分子碱性蛋白,广泛存在于人体多种组织器官中,其产生及释放入血的速率恒定,可自由穿过肾小球滤过膜,并在近曲小管中被重吸收和降解,不与其他蛋白形成复合物,且不在进入循环。与其他肾功能标志物相比,CysC水平不易受性别、年龄、肌肉量等多种生理、病理状态的干扰,与肾小球滤过率独立相关,因此被广泛认为是一种更可靠、稳定的肾功能评估指标,是一种评价肾功能是否损伤及损伤程度的理想指标[28]。
本研究通过HDL-C/CysC比值的形式联合HDL-C和CysC进行研究,放大了两者在CKD早期的变化,弥补了单一指标灵敏性不足的问题;HDL-C作为一种保护性因素与反应损伤的因素CysC联合直观地反映了机体对肾脏保护能力与肾脏的损伤程度,其比值下降可能意味着保护机制相对不足或损伤过重,从两个维度对CKD早期变化进行观测;所以HDL-C/CysC比值和CKD发病存在在显著性的关联。
本研究的优势在于:(1)本研究采取大型前瞻性中国中老年人队列研究不同HDL_C/CysC水平与CKD发病风险的联系。(2)是对中老年人CKD发病风险研究新的尝试,为预测CKD的发病风险提供了新的研究思路。
本研究的局限性:(1)使用CKD-EPI方程获取eGFR从而判断是否患有CKD存在一些误差[16]。(2)本研究没有调整社会经济状况、膳食状况等潜在混杂因素,可能会过高或过低的估计HDL-C/CysC比值与CKD发病率之间的关联程度。(3)结局定义中CKD的诊断不能排除急性肾病的可能,并且由于纳入了自我报告的医生诊断,可能引入回忆偏倚。(4)本研究仅使用基线单次测量指标,无法反映指标随时间的变化。
综上所述,本研究显示中国中老年人群中,HDL-C/CysC比值与CKD的发病风险存在独立的显著相关关系,较高的HDL-C/CysC比值可能是CKD发病的保护因素,CKD的发病风险随着HDL-C/CysC比值水平的上升呈下降趋势。
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(242102311282)
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2026年第53卷第9期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510159
  • 接收时间:2025-10-13
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-13
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河南省科技攻关项目(242102311282)
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    河南中医药大学,河南 郑州 450000

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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