Article(id=1324077476288274519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509048, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757001600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614270517, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1775750400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614270517, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614270517, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614270517, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077443828560770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775750400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614262778, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614352085, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324077818509918661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324077818509918662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1220, endPage=1227, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324077478104408152, articleId=1324077476288274519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The impact of heatwave exposure on social participation among middle-aged and older adults: the moderating effects of air pollution and green space exposure, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the impact of heatwave (HW) exposure on social participation among middle-aged and older adults, and provide empirical evidence for healthy aging intervention strategies under climate change.

Methods

Using two waves of data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2015 and 2018, the association between HW changes and decreased social participation was assessed via the generalized additive model combined with the generalized difference method. HW was defined by a city-specific threshold method: 12 HW definitions were constructed using the 90th, 92.5th, 95th, and 97.5th percentiles of daily maximum temperature as thresholds, combined with durations of ≥2, 3, and 4 days. Social participation was operationalized using social activity level, and sustained decline in social activity level and changes in social activity patterns were defined as different outcomes. Stratified analyses were conducted to examine the interaction effects of PM2.5 and green space exposure.

Results

In the analysis of sustained decline in social activity level, HW days (HW3: OR=1.130, 95% CI: 1.012-1.262; HW10: OR=1.056, 95% CI: 1.008-1.105) and HW events (HW10: OR=1.091, 95% CI: 1.013-1.175) were associated with sustained decline in social activity level. In the analysis of social activity pattern changes, HW days (HW1) were associated with increased risk of persistent low social activity (OR=1.069, 95% CI: 1.007-1.136). Stratified analysis showed that areas with slight decreases or increases in PM2.5 concentration were more sensitive to HW impacts, with statistical associations observed when using HW events (HW9, PInteraction=0.046) and HW days (HW1, PInteraction=0.007) as exposure indicators. In contrast, areas with increased normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed weakened HW impacts on social participation, with statistical associations observed when using HW events (HW3, PInteraction=0.008) and HW days (HW9, PInteraction=0.016) as exposure indicators.

Conclusion

HW is a key risk factor for reduced social participation among middle-aged and older adults. Thus, amid ongoing climate warming, integrating HW into public health and aging policies is of great significance.

, authors=Chun-xiu XU1, Wen-fei YANG1, Cai-hua YE2, Mei-ting JIANG2, Qing-xia WU1, Chun-zhen HUANG1, Hong-zhu WU1, Jia-xin LI1, Hua LIN1, authorsList=Chun-xiu XU, Wen-fei YANG, Cai-hua YE, Mei-ting JIANG, Qing-xia WU, Chun-zhen HUANG, Hong-zhu WU, Jia-xin LI, Hua LIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hua LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324077480788762735, articleId=1324077476288274519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=热浪暴露对中老年人社会参与的影响——空气污染与绿地暴露的调节效应, columnId=1228016571273113811, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=环境与职业卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨热浪暴露(heatwave)对中老年人社会参与的影响,为气候变化下的健康老龄化干预策略提供实证依据。

方法

基于2015与2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查两轮数据,采用广义加性模型结合广义差分法评估热浪暴露变化与社会参与下降之间的关联。热浪暴露采用城市特异阈值法进行定义:以日最高气温的第90、92.5、95和97.5百分位数为阈值,结合≥2、3和4 d持续时间构建12种热浪定义(HW1~HW12)。社会参与采用社交活跃度定义,并将社交活跃度持续下降和社交活跃度模式转变作为不同结局定义。同时,采用分层分析探讨PM2.5和绿地暴露的交互效应。

结果

在社交活跃度的持续下降分析中,热浪天数(HW3:OR=1.130,95% CI:1.012~1.262;HW10:OR=1.056,95% CI:1.008~1.105)以及热浪事件(HW10:OR=1.091,95% CI:1.013~1.175)与社交活跃度持续下降存在关联;在社交活跃模式转变的分析中,热浪天数HW1与持续处于低社交活跃状态的风险增加相关(OR=1.069,95% CI:1.007~1.136)。分层分析显示,在PM2.5浓度略有下降或上升的地区,对热浪暴露的影响更为敏感。在采用热浪事件HW9(PInteraction=0.046)、热浪天数HW1(PInteraction=0.007)等作为暴露指标时存在统计学关联。而归一化植被指数增加的地区,热浪对社会参与的影响减弱,在采用热浪事件HW3(PInteraction=0.008)、热浪天数HW9(PInteraction=0.016)等作为暴露指标时存在统计学关联。

结论

热浪暴露是导致中老年人社会参与度下降的重要风险因素,因此,在气候持续变暖的背景下,将热浪暴露纳入公共卫生与老龄化政策中具有重要意义。

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许春秀(1993—),女,本科,主管护师,研究方向:慢性病管理

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林桦,E-mail:
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许春秀(1993—),女,本科,主管护师,研究方向:慢性病管理

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Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2024, 117: 105233., articleTitle=Relationship between social participation and Life satisfaction in community-dwelling older adults: Multiple mediating roles of depression and cognitive function, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077492629283025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=24, issue=1, pageStart=24, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Wrotek M, Marginean I, Boni Z, journalName=Environmental Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wrotek M, Marginean I, Boni Z, et al. From inequalities to vulnerability paradoxes: juxtaposing older adults’ heat mortality risk and heat experiences[J]. Environmental Health, 2025, 24(1): 24., articleTitle=From inequalities to vulnerability paradoxes: juxtaposing older adults’ heat mortality risk and heat experiences, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077492713169106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=206, issue=9, pageStart=1117, pageEnd=1127, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Rahman MM, McConnell R, Schlaerth H, journalName=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rahman MM, McConnell R, Schlaerth H, et al. The effects of coexposure to extremes of heat and particulate air pollution on mortality in California: implications for climate change[J]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2022, 206(9): 1117-1127., articleTitle=The effects of coexposure to extremes of heat and particulate air pollution on mortality in California: implications for climate change, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077492809638099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=10, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Liu W, Zhao HY, Sun SB, journalName=Front Public Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu W, Zhao HY, Sun SB, et al. Green space cooling effect and contribution to mitigate heat island effect of surrounding communities in Beijing metropolitan area[J]. Front Public Health, 2022, 10: 870403., articleTitle=Green space cooling effect and contribution to mitigate heat island effect of surrounding communities in Beijing metropolitan area, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077492889329876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=104, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Coull NA, Hodder SG, Havenith G, journalName=Journal of Thermal Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Coull NA, Hodder SG, Havenith G. Age comparison of changes in local warm and cold sensitivity due to whole body cooling[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2022, 104: 103174., articleTitle=Age comparison of changes in local warm and cold sensitivity due to whole body cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077492973215957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=30, issue=16, pageStart=48062, pageEnd=48077, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Feng W, Jing WQ, Zhen M, journalName=Environmental Science and Pollution Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Feng W, Jing WQ, Zhen M, et al. The difference in thermal comfort between southern and northern Chinese living in the Xi'an cold climate region[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023, 30(16): 48062-48077., articleTitle=The difference in thermal comfort between southern and northern Chinese living in the Xi'an cold climate region, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324077489055735994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, awardId=822RC864, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(822RC864), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077482617479280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077482630062193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, companyId=1324077482617479280, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077482642645106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, companyId=1324077482617479280, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.海口市人民医院,海南 海口 571199)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077482705559667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077482718142580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, companyId=1324077482705559667, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.海南医科大学,海南 海口 570102)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324077487487066282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Correlation between HW and the risk of social activity decline, figureFileSmall=u3tntOvfm81/0OoPBZMocg==, figureFileBig=SR8fXJaM9vtW4OsdQe3bhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077487575146667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=CN, label=图1, caption=热浪暴露与社交活跃度下降发生风险之间的关联

注:图A为热浪天数与下降减少≥3分之间的关联;图B为热浪天数与下降减少≥5分之间的关联;图C为热浪事件与下降减少≥3分之间的关联;图D为热浪事件与下降减少≥5分之间的关联;图E为热浪天数与社交模式转变发生风险之间的关联;图F为热浪天数与持续低社交活跃度发生风险之间的关联;图G为热浪事件与社交模式转变发生风险之间的关联;图H为热浪事件与持续低社交活跃度发生风险之间的关联;模型1控制变量包括经纬度坐标、年龄、性别及文化程度;模型2在模型1基础上额外调整基线家庭消费水平、婚姻状况、居住地及地理区域;模型3在模型2基础上进一步调整高血压、肺部疾病等慢性病;模型4在模型3基础上调整了抑郁症状、睡眠时长、吸烟状态、饮酒情况及ADL的变化。

, figureFileSmall=u3tntOvfm81/0OoPBZMocg==, figureFileBig=SR8fXJaM9vtW4OsdQe3bhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077487810027692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Association between HW and the risk of social activity decline (stratified by PM2.5 and NDVI), figureFileSmall=eqQotwPaEPKprQfTFPVJ3w==, figureFileBig=hUUdBb6JHU7wwmxYKBetFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077487898108077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=CN, label=图2, caption=热浪暴露与社交活跃度下降发生风险之间的关联(按PM2.5、NDVI分层)

注:所有模型均控制地理坐标、人口学特征、健康状况、生活方式及ADL变化等协变量进行了调整;▲低水平的PM2.5减少或增加及NDVI减少或轻微增加;·表示高水平的PM2.5减少NDVI值增加;*表示所对应的热浪定义(HW)与分层变量之间的交互效应具有统计学显著性(Pinteraction<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=eqQotwPaEPKprQfTFPVJ3w==, figureFileBig=hUUdBb6JHU7wwmxYKBetFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077487973605550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Association between HW and the risk of continuous decline in social activity (gender, age, geographical stratification), figureFileSmall=zkios1TmLlLE7Yy5eU6hCQ==, figureFileBig=oHdCGS0Vc0CGPSz1XFERqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077488057491631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=CN, label=图3, caption=热浪暴露与社交活跃度持续下降发生风险之间的关联(性别、年龄、地理区域分层)

注:A按性别分层;B按年龄分层;C按地理区域分层;所有模型均调整了相关混杂因素;*表示所对应的热浪定义(HW)与分层变量之间的交互效应具有统计学显著性Pforinteraction<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=zkios1TmLlLE7Yy5eU6hCQ==, figureFileBig=oHdCGS0Vc0CGPSz1XFERqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077488132989104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Association between HW and the risk of social activity decline mode (stratified by sex, age, and geographical region), figureFileSmall=XjtBGEG94t+clnlmyt59XQ==, figureFileBig=zHWxyUZe0O3dnvB2vr9Xgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077488229458097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=CN, label=图4, caption=热浪暴露与社交活跃度下降模式发生风险的之间关联(性别、年龄、地理区域分层)

注:A按性别分层;B按年龄分层;C按地理区域分层;所有模型均调整了相关混杂因素;*表示对应的热浪定义(HW)与分层变量之间的交互效应具有统计学显著性Pforinteraction<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=XjtBGEG94t+clnlmyt59XQ==, figureFileBig=zHWxyUZe0O3dnvB2vr9Xgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077488296566962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Association between HW and risk of social activity decline (sensitivity analysis), figureFileSmall=O76q2wfGxpbHQ4cKW0Ejmg==, figureFileBig=+7eIsnOur+qC+ajhB62WBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077488401424563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=CN, label=图5, caption=热浪暴露与社交活跃度下降发生风险之间的关联(敏感性分析)

注:A为排除慢性病后;B为排除2015年低社交活跃度的参与者后;C为采用义线性混合效应模型分析。

, figureFileSmall=O76q2wfGxpbHQ4cKW0Ejmg==, figureFileBig=+7eIsnOur+qC+ajhB62WBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077488489504948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Descriptive analysis of the decline and change pattern of social activity score

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析类型类别/条件人数(%)
社交活跃度持续下降下降≥3分
是2 341(26.32)
否6 552(73.68)
下降≥5分
是655(7.37)
否8 238(92.63)
社交活跃度下降模式持续低社交活跃度1 150(12.93)
社交模式的转变2 456(27.61)
), ArticleFig(id=1324077488556613813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

社交活跃度得分下降和变化模式描述性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析类型类别/条件人数(%)
社交活跃度持续下降下降≥3分
是2 341(26.32)
否6 552(73.68)
下降≥5分
是655(7.37)
否8 238(92.63)
社交活跃度下降模式持续低社交活跃度1 150(12.93)
社交模式的转变2 456(27.61)
), ArticleFig(id=1324077488636305590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Descriptive analysis of 12 kinds of HW definitions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热浪定义阈值百分位(℃)持续时间(d)(热浪天数)()(热浪事件)()
HW190th≥20.61±3.130.20±2.10
HW290th≥30.06±2.610.03±2.05
HW390th≥40.29±2.410.30±1.62
HW492.5th≥2-0.56±2.52-0.05±0.97
HW592.5th≥30.48±4.960.14±1.65
HW692.5th≥40.37±5.160.18±1.55
HW795th≥2-0.25±4.800.03±1.28
HW895th≥3-0.56±3.16-0.05±0.82
HW995th≥4-0.10±6.69-0.05±1.43
HW1097.5th≥2-0.92±5.86-0.24±1.15
HW1197.5th≥3-0.42±5.19-0.02±0.97
HW1297.5th≥4-0.95±3.27-0.18±0.70
), ArticleFig(id=1324077488703414455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

12种热浪暴露定义的描述性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热浪定义阈值百分位(℃)持续时间(d)(热浪天数)()(热浪事件)()
HW190th≥20.61±3.130.20±2.10
HW290th≥30.06±2.610.03±2.05
HW390th≥40.29±2.410.30±1.62
HW492.5th≥2-0.56±2.52-0.05±0.97
HW592.5th≥30.48±4.960.14±1.65
HW692.5th≥40.37±5.160.18±1.55
HW795th≥2-0.25±4.800.03±1.28
HW895th≥3-0.56±3.16-0.05±0.82
HW995th≥4-0.10±6.69-0.05±1.43
HW1097.5th≥2-0.92±5.86-0.24±1.15
HW1197.5th≥3-0.42±5.19-0.02±0.97
HW1297.5th≥4-0.95±3.27-0.18±0.70
), ArticleFig(id=1324077488837632184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Descriptive analysis of the characteristics of study participants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量()/[n(%)]/[M(P25,P75)]变量()/[n(%)]/[M(P25,P75)]
年龄(岁)58.64±9.44高血压
性别否6 440(72.42)
男4 396(49.43)是2 453(27.58)
女4 497(50.57)糖尿病
文化程度否8 111(91.21)
文盲1 763(19.82)是782(8.79)
小学3 882(43.65)癌症
初中2 781(31.27)否8 781(98.74)
高中及以上467(5.25)是112(1.26)
婚姻状况肺病
已婚7 312(82.22)否7 891(88.73)
未婚、离异及其他1 581(17.78)是1 002(11.27)
家庭消费水平(元)17 600(5 469.33,9 789.4)肝病
居住地否8 385(94.29)
城市5 983(67.28)是508(5.71)
农村2 910(32.72)心脏病
饮酒否7 505(84.39)
从未饮酒5 345(60.10)是1 388(15.61)
饮酒但每月少于一次886(9.96)脑卒中
饮酒但每月多于一次2 662(29.93)否8 654(97.31)
饮酒习惯改变是239(2.69)
无变化7 343(82.57)哮喘
从不饮酒到饮酒650(7.31)否7 338(82.51)
戒酒900(10.12)是1 555(17.49)
吸烟地理区域
目前吸烟2 692(30.27)北4 518(50.80)
以前吸烟1 314(14.78)南4 375(49.20)
从未吸烟4 887(54.95)PM2.5(μg/m3)-10.58±-3.32
吸烟状态改变NDVI0.06±-0.06
无变化8 311(93.46)抑郁得分6(3,11)
从不吸烟到吸烟230(2.59)抑郁得分变化0(-3,4)
戒烟352(3.95)ADL得分0(0,1)
睡眠时长(h)6.40±1.84ADL得分变化0(0,1)
睡眠变化-0.19±1.96
), ArticleFig(id=1324077488942489785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077476288274519, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

研究参与者特征的描述性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量()/[n(%)]/[M(P25,P75)]变量()/[n(%)]/[M(P25,P75)]
年龄(岁)58.64±9.44高血压
性别否6 440(72.42)
男4 396(49.43)是2 453(27.58)
女4 497(50.57)糖尿病
文化程度否8 111(91.21)
文盲1 763(19.82)是782(8.79)
小学3 882(43.65)癌症
初中2 781(31.27)否8 781(98.74)
高中及以上467(5.25)是112(1.26)
婚姻状况肺病
已婚7 312(82.22)否7 891(88.73)
未婚、离异及其他1 581(17.78)是1 002(11.27)
家庭消费水平(元)17 600(5 469.33,9 789.4)肝病
居住地否8 385(94.29)
城市5 983(67.28)是508(5.71)
农村2 910(32.72)心脏病
饮酒否7 505(84.39)
从未饮酒5 345(60.10)是1 388(15.61)
饮酒但每月少于一次886(9.96)脑卒中
饮酒但每月多于一次2 662(29.93)否8 654(97.31)
饮酒习惯改变是239(2.69)
无变化7 343(82.57)哮喘
从不饮酒到饮酒650(7.31)否7 338(82.51)
戒酒900(10.12)是1 555(17.49)
吸烟地理区域
目前吸烟2 692(30.27)北4 518(50.80)
以前吸烟1 314(14.78)南4 375(49.20)
从未吸烟4 887(54.95)PM2.5(μg/m3)-10.58±-3.32
吸烟状态改变NDVI0.06±-0.06
无变化8 311(93.46)抑郁得分6(3,11)
从不吸烟到吸烟230(2.59)抑郁得分变化0(-3,4)
戒烟352(3.95)ADL得分0(0,1)
睡眠时长(h)6.40±1.84ADL得分变化0(0,1)
睡眠变化-0.19±1.96
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热浪暴露对中老年人社会参与的影响——空气污染与绿地暴露的调节效应
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许春秀 1 , 杨文菲 1 , 叶彩花 2 , 江美婷 2 , 吴清霞 1 , 黄春珍 1 , 吴红珠 1 , 李佳欣 1 , 林桦 1
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2026,53(7): 1220-1227
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现代预防医学 |环境与职业卫生 2026 , 53 (7) : 1220 -1227
热浪暴露对中老年人社会参与的影响——空气污染与绿地暴露的调节效应
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许春秀1, 杨文菲1, 叶彩花2, 江美婷2, 吴清霞1, 黄春珍1, 吴红珠1, 李佳欣1, 林桦1
作者信息
  • 1.海口市人民医院,海南 海口 571199
  • 2.海南医科大学,海南 海口 570102
通讯作者:
林桦,E-mail:
作者简介:

许春秀(1993—),女,本科,主管护师,研究方向:慢性病管理

The impact of heatwave exposure on social participation among middle-aged and older adults: the moderating effects of air pollution and green space exposure
Chun-xiu XU1, Wen-fei YANG1, Cai-hua YE2, Mei-ting JIANG2, Qing-xia WU1, Chun-zhen HUANG1, Hong-zhu WU1, Jia-xin LI1, Hua LIN1
Affiliations
  • Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
出版时间: 2026-04-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509048
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目的

探讨热浪暴露(heatwave)对中老年人社会参与的影响,为气候变化下的健康老龄化干预策略提供实证依据。

方法

基于2015与2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查两轮数据,采用广义加性模型结合广义差分法评估热浪暴露变化与社会参与下降之间的关联。热浪暴露采用城市特异阈值法进行定义:以日最高气温的第90、92.5、95和97.5百分位数为阈值,结合≥2、3和4 d持续时间构建12种热浪定义(HW1~HW12)。社会参与采用社交活跃度定义,并将社交活跃度持续下降和社交活跃度模式转变作为不同结局定义。同时,采用分层分析探讨PM2.5和绿地暴露的交互效应。

结果

在社交活跃度的持续下降分析中,热浪天数(HW3:OR=1.130,95% CI:1.012~1.262;HW10:OR=1.056,95% CI:1.008~1.105)以及热浪事件(HW10:OR=1.091,95% CI:1.013~1.175)与社交活跃度持续下降存在关联;在社交活跃模式转变的分析中,热浪天数HW1与持续处于低社交活跃状态的风险增加相关(OR=1.069,95% CI:1.007~1.136)。分层分析显示,在PM2.5浓度略有下降或上升的地区,对热浪暴露的影响更为敏感。在采用热浪事件HW9(PInteraction=0.046)、热浪天数HW1(PInteraction=0.007)等作为暴露指标时存在统计学关联。而归一化植被指数增加的地区,热浪对社会参与的影响减弱,在采用热浪事件HW3(PInteraction=0.008)、热浪天数HW9(PInteraction=0.016)等作为暴露指标时存在统计学关联。

结论

热浪暴露是导致中老年人社会参与度下降的重要风险因素,因此,在气候持续变暖的背景下,将热浪暴露纳入公共卫生与老龄化政策中具有重要意义。

社会参与  /  热浪暴露  /  空气污染  /  绿地暴露
Objective

To explore the impact of heatwave (HW) exposure on social participation among middle-aged and older adults, and provide empirical evidence for healthy aging intervention strategies under climate change.

Methods

Using two waves of data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2015 and 2018, the association between HW changes and decreased social participation was assessed via the generalized additive model combined with the generalized difference method. HW was defined by a city-specific threshold method: 12 HW definitions were constructed using the 90th, 92.5th, 95th, and 97.5th percentiles of daily maximum temperature as thresholds, combined with durations of ≥2, 3, and 4 days. Social participation was operationalized using social activity level, and sustained decline in social activity level and changes in social activity patterns were defined as different outcomes. Stratified analyses were conducted to examine the interaction effects of PM2.5 and green space exposure.

Results

In the analysis of sustained decline in social activity level, HW days (HW3: OR=1.130, 95% CI: 1.012-1.262; HW10: OR=1.056, 95% CI: 1.008-1.105) and HW events (HW10: OR=1.091, 95% CI: 1.013-1.175) were associated with sustained decline in social activity level. In the analysis of social activity pattern changes, HW days (HW1) were associated with increased risk of persistent low social activity (OR=1.069, 95% CI: 1.007-1.136). Stratified analysis showed that areas with slight decreases or increases in PM2.5 concentration were more sensitive to HW impacts, with statistical associations observed when using HW events (HW9, PInteraction=0.046) and HW days (HW1, PInteraction=0.007) as exposure indicators. In contrast, areas with increased normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed weakened HW impacts on social participation, with statistical associations observed when using HW events (HW3, PInteraction=0.008) and HW days (HW9, PInteraction=0.016) as exposure indicators.

Conclusion

HW is a key risk factor for reduced social participation among middle-aged and older adults. Thus, amid ongoing climate warming, integrating HW into public health and aging policies is of great significance.

Social participation  /  Heatwave exposure  /  Air pollution  /  Green space exposure
许春秀, 杨文菲, 叶彩花, 江美婷, 吴清霞, 黄春珍, 吴红珠, 李佳欣, 林桦. 热浪暴露对中老年人社会参与的影响——空气污染与绿地暴露的调节效应. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (7) : 1220 -1227 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509048
Chun-xiu XU, Wen-fei YANG, Cai-hua YE, Mei-ting JIANG, Qing-xia WU, Chun-zhen HUANG, Hong-zhu WU, Jia-xin LI, Hua LIN. The impact of heatwave exposure on social participation among middle-aged and older adults: the moderating effects of air pollution and green space exposure[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (7) : 1220 -1227 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509048
社会参与被认为是维持中老人心理健康、认知功能和生活质量的重要因素[1]。然而,随着年龄增长,中老年人更易面临社交活动减少、社会角色弱化等问题[2]。研究表明,积极的社会参与(如社区活动、志愿服务等)能有效延缓认知衰退、降低抑郁风险[3-4]。相反,社会隔离则与一系列负面健康结局密切相关,包括抑郁、认知能力下降乃至全因死亡率上升[5]。
中老年人的社会参与,尤其是户外社交活动,会受到外部环境条件,尤其是气温波动的显著影响。热浪暴露(heatwave)是指某地日最高气温连续达到或超过该地历史气温分布第90、92.5、95或97.5百分位数,并持续至少2~4天的极端高温事件[6]。一项针对居住在公寓的德国老年人的研究发现,当夏季室内温度在24~34°C范围内时,每升高1°C,社会参与得分下降4.53分[7]。Kuras等[8]的研究也发现,当体感温度超过42 °C时,老年人的户外活动骤减。但这些研究多采用单一日均温度指标来界定暴露,缺乏对当地人群气候适应性以及热浪暴露特征(如强度与持续时间)的综合考量。且现有研究主要关注身体活动、生理健康等结果,对中老年健康相关行为的“社会参与”的研究较少。而社会参与是中老年人维持心理健康与生活质量的重要基础,其在热浪与健康关系中的作用机制仍有待进一步探讨。
此外,在探讨热浪暴露对社会参与的影响时,空气污染和绿地暴露是两个不容忽视的因素。空气污染不仅直接阻碍居民的户外活动,其与高温的协同效应可能进一步抑制个体的户外活动意愿[9];与之相对,城市绿地暴露则因其在缓解城市热岛效应、改善微气候方面的积极作用而备受关注[10]。因此,在探究热浪暴露与社会参与的关系时,考虑其他环境因素的协同或拮抗作用是非常有必要的。这有助于更真实地评估真实公共健康风险。基于此,本研究拟利用中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)数据,探讨热浪暴露与中老年人社会参与的关联,并进一步探讨空气污染和绿地暴露的潜在调节效应。
本研究数据来源于CHARLS,CHARLS是由北京大学中国社会科学调查中心执行的一项全国代表性大型跨学科调查。CHARLS数据库涵盖了家庭结构、健康状况、经济行为与社会保障等多维度指标。为老龄化研究、公共政策评估以及跨学科分析提供了实证支持,CHARLS项目的研究详细情况已由Zhao等[11]发表。本研究采用2015和2018年的调查数据,纳入标准:(1)年龄≥45岁;(2)同时参与2015与2018年两轮调查;(3)社会参与及相关的核心变量数据完整。
采用社交活跃度来评估社会参与程度,根据CHARLS询问参与者在过去一个月内参与的八项社交活动的频率来衡量。计算公式为),其中,C代表社交活跃度;Ai表示社交活动有无,分别取值1或0;Fi则表示每一项社交的频率,根据赋值取值为1~3[12]。在本研究中,得分范围为0~18分,其中0~2分为低社交活跃度,≥3分为高社交活跃度。本研究采用多种方法对社交活跃度下降进行定义,主要包括社交活跃度的持续下降以及社交模式的转变。见表1。
气温数据获取自中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心。本研究选取每日最高气温的第90、92.5、95及97.5百分位数作为城市特定阈值,结合三种持续时间(≥2、3和4 d),构建了12种热浪定义(HW1~HW12)[13],见表2。其中,热浪天数定义为满足上述标准的累积总天数,热浪事件为独立的连续高温过程次数。本研究以热浪暴露的变化量为核心指标,即分别计算出每位参与者在2015和2018年调查月份及其前11个月(共12个月)内经历的热浪天数及事件,并将两年份的差值纳入模型分析。
采用PM2.5浓度和归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)评估空气污染与绿地暴露。PM2.5数据来源于中国高分辨率高质量近地表空气污染物数据集,空间分辨率为1 km(约0.01°×0.01°)。NDVI数据来源于Google Earth Engine平台,其空间分辨率为500 m。其值范围为-1~1,数值越高表明植被覆盖度越高。为捕捉环境暴露的动态特征,我们分别计算了每位参与者在2015和2018年两次调查前12个月内PM2.5和NDVI的平均值。
协变量人口学特征包括性别、年龄、文化程度及地理区域(秦岭–淮河线以南/以北)等。健康行为包括吸烟、饮酒及睡眠时长等;健康状况包括高血压等慢性疾病以及日常生活能力(activities of daily living,ADL),抑郁则采用CESD-10量表测量。此外,为捕捉健康与行为的动态变化,本研究分析了抑郁症状、ADL得分、吸烟状态、饮酒习惯在2015—2018年的变化,旨在揭示生活习惯的时间演变特征。
本研究以广义差异方法为基础,采用广义加性模型结合对数链接函数,并通过样条函数控制空间效应,来探讨两者之间的关联。热浪暴露的变化量计算公式为:Δ值=第二次访视值-第一次访视值。自变量为热浪天数(每增加3 d)及热浪事件次数(每增加一次)。分层分析根据PM2.5和NDVI的百分比变化(第二次值-第一次值)/第一次值,将PM2.5变化低于中位数(-20.39%)者定义为高水平减少,其余为较低减少或增加;NDVI变化低于中位数(19.07%)者定义为减少或轻微增加,其余为增加。此外,本研究按照性别、年龄及居住地状况分析了进行了亚组分析。为评估分层及亚组是否存在交互作用,本研究通过比较不同亚组的回归系数来检验组间差异的统计学显著性。公式为来计算差异的置信区间。其中β1与β2为两组的估计值,sx1与sx2为对应的标准误。若计算所得的差值95% CI不包含0,则判定交互作用具有统计学意义,检验水准α=0.05,双侧检验。
敏感性分析:首先,使用广义线性混合效应模型纳入城市水平的随机效应;其次,排除基线患有慢性疾病的参与者,在相对健康人群中重复分析;最后,排除基线时社交活跃度已较低的个体,仅保留基线高活跃群体,并将结局定义为2018年随访时转为低活跃状态。所有分析均在R软件(版本4.4.1)中完成。
共有8 893名完成两轮调查且数据完整的参与者被纳入本研究中,见表3。参与者的平均年龄为(58.64±9.44)岁,其中女性占比50.58%,略高于男性。在研究期间,社交活跃度的变化情况见表1。分别有26.32%和7.3%的参与者报告其社交活跃度下降得分减少了至少3分和5分。27.61%的参与者经历了从高社交参与到低社交参与的转变,12.93%的参与者则持续处于低社交活跃状态。环境暴露数据显示,研究期间,参与者经历的热浪暴露呈现下降趋势,PM2.5的年平均浓度有所降低,而NDVI则有轻微上升。
图1显示了热浪暴露变化与社交活跃度得分下降之间的关联。在针对社交活跃度得分持续下降(≥5分)的分析中,模型4结果显示,热浪暴露与社交活跃度得分下降的风险增加存在关联,具体来说,热浪天数(HW3:OR=1.130,95%CI:1.012~1.262;HW10:OR=1.056,95%CI:1.008~1.105)以及热浪事件次数(HW10:OR=1.091,95% CI:1.013~1.175)均与社交活跃度得分持续下降呈显著正相关,见图2B、D。在社交活跃模式转变的分析中,结果显示热浪天数HW1与持续处于低社交活跃状态的风险增加相关(OR=1.069,95%CI:1.007~1.136),见图2F。
如图2所示,尽管部分PM2.5下降或NDVI增加的效应方向与预期假设存在差异,但研究结果显示,居住在PM2.5浓度略有下降或上升地区的参与者,对高强度热浪暴露的影响更为敏感。该差异在采用热浪事件HW9(PInteraction=0.046)及热浪天数HW1(PInteracion=0.007)等作为暴露指标时与社交活跃度等下降存在统计学关联。类似地,相较于NDVI下降地区,NDVI增加的区域的参与者发生社交活跃度下降的风险更低。该差异在采用热浪天数HW3(PInteraction=0.008)等作为暴露指标时与社交活跃度下降存在统计学关联。
亚组分析显示,与男性相比,女性因热浪暴露导致社交活跃度下降的风险较高;南方参与者的风险亦高于北方参与者;此外,年龄也是一个重要的影响因素,60岁及以上人群在经历热浪暴露时,其社交活跃度下降的风险相对更高。见图3、4。
线性混合效应分析结果显示,在控制了城市层面的聚类效应后,热浪暴露与社交活跃度的下降存在关联;在排除了基线中患有慢性病的参与者后,热浪暴露与社交活跃度下降的关联依然存在;此外,在进一步排除2015年社交活跃度较低的参与者后,热浪暴露与社交活跃度的降低同样保持了关联性。表明本研究结果具有较好的稳健性。见图5。
本研究发现热浪暴露的增加会导致社交参与的下降,这一发现与既往的流行病学研究结论基本一致[7,14-16]。一项针对青年群体的研究发现[17],热浪暴露会导致户外活动与社会互动的减少,但由于研究对象差异性,其结论难以直接推演至中老年群体。尽管如此,上述研究与本研究的发现一致支持“热浪暴露是导致社会参与度下降的风险因素”这一结论。本研究的优势在于,通过结合日最高气温阈值与持续时间来定义热浪,从而更精确地量化了热浪暴露。先前已有研究证实[18-20],社会隔离是导致老年人抑郁、认知能力下降及全因死亡率增加的重要风险因素。因此,热浪诱发的社会参与减少,即便幅度轻微,也可能通过加剧社会隔离状态,对该群体的长期健康构成威胁。鉴于社会参与对身心健康和健康老龄化的重要作用,未来的干预策略应着重缓解极端高温对老年群体社会连接性的潜在损害,从而为促进健康老龄化提供支持。
分层分析显示,在低PM2.5减少水平的地区,热浪暴露对社会参与下降的影响更为显著。其原因可能为高温与空气污染对心血管及呼吸系统存在协同效应,双重压力使得中老年人(尤其患有基础疾病者)更不愿意进行户外活动[21]。相比之下,绿地暴露表现出一定的保护作用,可能通过遮阴效应缓解热岛现象,形成相对凉爽与舒适的微环境,从而为居民创造在高温天气下维持社会互动的有利条件[22]。亚组分析进一步揭示了特定人群在热浪暴露下的脆弱性:女性社会参与更易受热浪负面影响,可能与生理差异(如体温调节能力)有关;≥60岁老年人因生理功能衰退和慢性病高发,对热浪较中年人更为敏感[23];此外,北方居民表现出更高的敏感性,反映出其对长期气候适应所带来的行为与生理适应差异[24]。
本研究的发现具有一定实践意义。首先,应将热浪暴露视为影响中老年人社会参与的重要环境因素,可通过开展室内社交活动、开放公共避暑空间等方式,减轻热浪暴露对社会参与的影响。其次,城市规划应重视绿地的布局,为老年人提供安全、舒适的社交环境。此外,针对患有慢性病的中老年人群,应制定更具针对性的高温健康防护与社会支持策略,以降低热浪所致社会隔离风险。但本研究也存在一定的局限性,第一,暴露评估仅基于城市级的环境数据,可能存在一定程度的暴露误分类。第二,尽管研究控制了多种潜在混杂因素,但仍可能存在未测量的混杂因素,如空调使用等,这些因素可能对本研究的结果造成一定影响。尽管存在一定的局限,但本研究仍为评估热浪暴露对中老年社会参与的影响提供了一定的基础。
综述所述,本研究发现热浪暴露是导致我国中老年人社会参与度下降的一个重要环境风险因素。这一发现不仅揭示了气候变化对公共健康的新的间接作用路径,也拓展了对环境因素影响社会行为机制的理解。为制定有效的公共卫生策略及干预措施提供了重要的支持。
  • 海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(822RC864)
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2026年第53卷第7期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509048
  • 接收时间:2025-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-05
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海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(822RC864)
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    1.海口市人民医院,海南 海口 571199
    2.海南医科大学,海南 海口 570102

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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