Article(id=1324044668668871305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324044540067328424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509040, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756742400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793606448570, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793606448570, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793606448570, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793606448570, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324044540067328424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793606417910, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793670137580, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324311799788602160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324044540067328424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324311799788602161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324044540067328424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1466, endPage=1470, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324044670677942923, articleId=1324044668668871305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The effect of sleep duration and BMI on self-reported pain in elderly people in China: A cohort study, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore nonlinear effect of BMI and sleep duration on the risk of self-reported pain in Chinese elderly and explore their potential interactions.

Methods

The cohort study was conducted based on the Chinese health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Piecewise linear splines modeled nonlinear exposures, and competing risk models (Fine-Gray) analyzed associations between BMI, sleep duration, and self-reported pain, after adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and health status with all-cause death as competing event.

Results

Total of 4 409 elderly individuals were included, with a median follow-up of 3.1 years. During follow-up, 1 521 participants (34.50%) reported pain occurrence, and 199 (4.51%) died. Both underweight (BMI<20.0 kg/m2) and overweight/obese (BMI>26.9 kg/m2) were associated with a significantly increased short-term risk of pain (β=5.447, P<0.001; β=3.582, P<0.001), which gradually decreased over time (β=-1.436, P<0.001; β=-0.960, P<0.001). Similarly, short sleep (<6 hours) and long sleep (>9 hours) were associated with an elevated short-term pain risk (β=5.516, P<0.001; β=8.771, P<0.001), with the risk diminishing over time (β=-1.448, P<0.001; β=-2.354, P<0.001). Notably, long sleep duration exhibited the strongest effect. Interaction analysis revealed negative multiplicative interactions at baseline for underweight with short sleep (β=-1.953, P<0.001), overweight/obesity with short sleep (β=-1.326, P<0.001), and overweight/obesity with long sleep (β=-1.612, P<0.001), indicating that the short-term pain risk in these combined-risk groups was lower than the sum of their individual effects. However, time-interaction analysis showed that the pain risk in these combined-risk groups declined significantly slower over time compared to those with single risk factors (β=0.521, P<0.001; β=0.355, P<0.001; β=0.435, P<0.001), suggesting more persistent pain and slower recovery.

Conclusion

Abnormal BMI and abnormal sleep duration are significantly associated with an increased risk of pain requiring medication intervention in the Chinese elderly population, with long sleep duration showing the strongest association. Complex synergistic effects exist between abnormal weight and sleep problems: although combined-risk groups do not exhibit additive short-term pain risk, they experience prolonged pain duration and slower recovery, making them a high-risk population for pain chronification.

, authors=Hao TANG1, 2, Jiang TIAN1, Xiao-nan WANG1, Qi GAO1, Hui-ping ZHU3, authorsList=Hao TANG, Jiang TIAN, Xiao-nan WANG, Qi GAO, Hui-ping ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hui-ping ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324044675270705810, articleId=1324044668668871305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=睡眠时长与BMI对老年人群疼痛的影响, columnId=1228016572640461823, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=健康与社会行为, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨中国老年人群(≥60岁)睡眠时长与身体质量指数(Body mass index,BMI)对自我报告疼痛发生风险的影响。

方法

基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2013、2015和2018年数据构建动态队列。采用分段线性样条函数处理BMI和睡眠时长的非线性效应,通过竞争风险模型以全因死亡为竞争事件,在调整基本人口学特征、生活方式和健康状况等相关变量后分析BMI和睡眠时长与自我报告疼痛发生的关联性。

结果

研究共纳入4 409名老年人,中位随访3.1年,1 521人(34.50%)报告疼痛发生,199人(4.51%)死亡。BMI<20.0和BMI>26.9人群短期疼痛风险升高(β=5.447,P<0.001;β=3.582,P<0.001),随时间推移风险逐渐降低(β=-1.436,P<0.001;β=-0.960,P<0.001)。睡眠时长<6小时和睡眠过长>9小时人群短期疼痛风险亦升高(β=5.516,P<0.001;β=8.771,P<0.001),随时间推移风险逐渐降低(β=-1.448,P<0.001;β=-2.354,P<0.001)。交互作用分析显示,低体重与睡眠不足(β=-1.953,P<0.001)、超重/肥胖与睡眠不足(β=-1.326,P<0.001)以及超重/肥胖与睡眠过长(β=-1.612,P<0.001)在基线期存在负向交互作用。时间交互项分析显示,上述复合风险人群的疼痛风险随时间下降的速度慢于单一风险人群(β=0.521,P<0.001;β=0.355,P<0.001;β=0.435,P<0.001)。

结论

老年人群BMI异常及睡眠时长异常均与需要药物治疗的疼痛风险增加相关。体重异常与睡眠问题存在协同效应:复合风险人群虽然短期疼痛风险未呈现叠加效应,但其疼痛持续时间更长、恢复更缓慢,是疼痛慢性化的高危人群。

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唐颢和田江为共同第一作者。

唐颢(1992—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

田江(1998—),男,博士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Advances in research on the association between chronic pain and multidimensional frailtyin the older adults, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324044695013294818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044668668871305, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=30, issue=1, pageStart=120, pageEnd=128, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=21, authorNames=施博文, 熊巨洋, journalName=人口与发展, refType=null, unstructuredReference=施博文, 熊巨洋. 慢性病共病对中国老年人健康相关生命质量的影响研究[J]. 人口与发展, 2024, 30(1): 120-128., articleTitle=慢性病共病对中国老年人健康相关生命质量的影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324044695206232803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044668668871305, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=30, issue=1, pageStart=120, pageEnd=128, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Shi BW, Xiong JY, journalName=Population and Development, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shi BW, Xiong JY. 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Transformation forms of sleep duration and BMI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类变量转换
BMI(单位:kg/m2)
<20BMIunder=max(0,20-BMI)
20~26.9BMInormal=min(max(0,BMI-20),6.9)
>26.9BMIover=max(0,BMI-26.9)
睡眠时长(单位:小时)
<6Sleepshort=max(0,6-Sleep)
6~9Sleepnormal=min(max(0,Sleep-6),3)
>9Sleeplong=max(0,Sleep-9)
), ArticleFig(id=1324044686163313350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044668668871305, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

睡眠时长和BMI的转换形式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类变量转换
BMI(单位:kg/m2)
<20BMIunder=max(0,20-BMI)
20~26.9BMInormal=min(max(0,BMI-20),6.9)
>26.9BMIover=max(0,BMI-26.9)
睡眠时长(单位:小时)
<6Sleepshort=max(0,6-Sleep)
6~9Sleepnormal=min(max(0,Sleep-6),3)
>9Sleeplong=max(0,Sleep-9)
), ArticleFig(id=1324044686276559559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044668668871305, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristics of the participants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量未报告疼痛(n=2 689)报告疼痛(n=1 521)死亡(n=199)
BMI()23.63±3.8323.82±3.9424.02±3.78
睡眠时长()7.22±2.007.22±2.017.09±2.16
年龄()68.29±6.8067.71±6.4467.41±5.79
性别[n(%)]
女1 278(28.99)741(16.81)106(2.40)
男1 411(32.00)780(17.69)93(2.11)
婚姻状况[n(%)]
在婚2 196(49.81)1 249(28.33)162(3.67)
不在婚493(11.18)272(6.17)37(0.84)
教育程度[n(%)]
文盲697(15.81)427(9.68)51(1.16)
小学1 273(28.87)744(16.87)93(2.11)
中学531(12.04)282(6.40)45(1.02)
大学及以上188(4.26)68(1.54)10(0.23)
工作史[n(%)]
机关单位/部门809(18.35)360(8.17)54(1.22)
个体经营/其它1 880(42.64)1 161(26.33)145(3.29)
是否吸烟[n(%)]
否1 471(33.37)833(18.90)114(2.59)
是1 217(27.61)688(15.61)85(1.93)
是否饮酒[n(%)]
否1 655(37.54)945(21.43)121(2.74)
是1 034(23.45)576(13.06)78(1.77)
慢性病数量[n(%)]
0种883(20.03)515(11.68)53(1.20)
≤2种520(11.79)348(7.89)35(0.79)
>2种1 286(29.17)658(14.92)111(2.52)
是否服用药物[n(%)]
否1 899(43.07)993(22.52)138(3.13)
是790(17.92)528(11.98)61(1.38)
抑郁症状[n(%)]
无2 525(57.27)1 433(32.50)192(4.35)
有1 64(3.72)88(2.00)7(0.16)
), ArticleFig(id=1324044686373028552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044668668871305, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研究对象的基线特征分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量未报告疼痛(n=2 689)报告疼痛(n=1 521)死亡(n=199)
BMI()23.63±3.8323.82±3.9424.02±3.78
睡眠时长()7.22±2.007.22±2.017.09±2.16
年龄()68.29±6.8067.71±6.4467.41±5.79
性别[n(%)]
女1 278(28.99)741(16.81)106(2.40)
男1 411(32.00)780(17.69)93(2.11)
婚姻状况[n(%)]
在婚2 196(49.81)1 249(28.33)162(3.67)
不在婚493(11.18)272(6.17)37(0.84)
教育程度[n(%)]
文盲697(15.81)427(9.68)51(1.16)
小学1 273(28.87)744(16.87)93(2.11)
中学531(12.04)282(6.40)45(1.02)
大学及以上188(4.26)68(1.54)10(0.23)
工作史[n(%)]
机关单位/部门809(18.35)360(8.17)54(1.22)
个体经营/其它1 880(42.64)1 161(26.33)145(3.29)
是否吸烟[n(%)]
否1 471(33.37)833(18.90)114(2.59)
是1 217(27.61)688(15.61)85(1.93)
是否饮酒[n(%)]
否1 655(37.54)945(21.43)121(2.74)
是1 034(23.45)576(13.06)78(1.77)
慢性病数量[n(%)]
0种883(20.03)515(11.68)53(1.20)
≤2种520(11.79)348(7.89)35(0.79)
>2种1 286(29.17)658(14.92)111(2.52)
是否服用药物[n(%)]
否1 899(43.07)993(22.52)138(3.13)
是790(17.92)528(11.98)61(1.38)
抑郁症状[n(%)]
无2 525(57.27)1 433(32.50)192(4.35)
有1 64(3.72)88(2.00)7(0.16)
), ArticleFig(id=1324044688205939402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044668668871305, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fine-Gray regression model of sleep duration, BMI, and self-reported pain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β(95%CI)SEP value
BMI分类(单位:kg/m2)
1. <20.05.447(3.912,6.982)0.783<0.001
2. 20.0~26.90.014(-0.010,0.038)0.0120.251
3. >26.93.582(2.708,4.456)0.446<0.001
睡眠时长(单位:小时)
1. <65.516(4.797,6.235)0.367<0.001
2. 6~90.086(-0.055,0.227)0.0720.230
3. >98.771(7.583,9.959)0.606<0.001
BMI、睡眠时长和时间的交互项
1. Log(t+1)×(BMI<20.0)-1.436(-1.853,-1.019)0.213<0.001
2. Log(t+1)×(BMI>26.9)-1.448(-1.640,-1.256)0.098<0.001
3. Log(t+1)×(Sleep<6)-2.354(-2.681,-2.027)0.167<0.001
4. Log(t+1)×(Sleep>9)-1.436(-1.853,-1.019)0.213<0.001
5.(BMI<20.0)×(Sleep>9)-1.656(-3.951,0.639)1.1710.157
6.(BMI>29.9)×(Sleep>9)-1.612(-2.369,-0.855)0.386<0.001
7.(BMI<20.0)×(Sleep<9)-1.953(-2.827,-1.079)0.446<0.001
8.(BMI>29.9)×(Sleep<9)-1.326(-1.757,-0.895)0.220<0.001
9.(BMI<20.0)×(Sleep>9)×Log(t+1)0.427(-0.204,1.058)0.3220.185
10.(BMI>29.9)×(Sleep>9)×Log(t+1)0.435(0.227,0.643)0.106<0.001
11.(BMI<20.0)×(Sleep<9)×Log(t+1)0.521(0.290,0.752)0.118<0.001
12.(BMI>29.9)×(Sleep<9)×Log(t+1)0.355(0.239,0.471)0.059<0.001
性别
女性Ref--
男性-0.027(-0.127,0.073)0.0510.606
年龄
60~69Ref--
70~79-0.040(-0.157,0.077)0.0600.508
≥80-0.151(-0.369,0.067)0.1110.174
婚姻状况
在婚Ref--
不在婚0.034(-0.099,0.167)0.0680.613
是否饮酒
否Ref--
是0.001(-0.111,0.113)0.0570.983
是否吸烟
否Ref--
是-0.031(-0.141,0.079)0.0560.571
教育程度
文盲Ref--
小学-0.037(-0.162,0.088)0.0640.559
中学-0.078(-0.241,0.085)0.0830.349
大学-0.266(-0.542,0.010)0.1410.059
慢性病数量
0种Ref--
≤2种0.077(-0.064,0.218)0.0720.285
>2种-0.520(-0.657,-0.383)0.070<0.001
服用药物
否Ref--
是0.186(0.076,0.296)0.0560.001
抑郁症状
无Ref--
有-0.175(-0.395,0.045)0.1120.119
), ArticleFig(id=1324044688340157131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324044668668871305, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

睡眠时长和BMI与自我报告疼痛的Fine-Gray回归模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β(95%CI)SEP value
BMI分类(单位:kg/m2)
1. <20.05.447(3.912,6.982)0.783<0.001
2. 20.0~26.90.014(-0.010,0.038)0.0120.251
3. >26.93.582(2.708,4.456)0.446<0.001
睡眠时长(单位:小时)
1. <65.516(4.797,6.235)0.367<0.001
2. 6~90.086(-0.055,0.227)0.0720.230
3. >98.771(7.583,9.959)0.606<0.001
BMI、睡眠时长和时间的交互项
1. Log(t+1)×(BMI<20.0)-1.436(-1.853,-1.019)0.213<0.001
2. Log(t+1)×(BMI>26.9)-1.448(-1.640,-1.256)0.098<0.001
3. Log(t+1)×(Sleep<6)-2.354(-2.681,-2.027)0.167<0.001
4. Log(t+1)×(Sleep>9)-1.436(-1.853,-1.019)0.213<0.001
5.(BMI<20.0)×(Sleep>9)-1.656(-3.951,0.639)1.1710.157
6.(BMI>29.9)×(Sleep>9)-1.612(-2.369,-0.855)0.386<0.001
7.(BMI<20.0)×(Sleep<9)-1.953(-2.827,-1.079)0.446<0.001
8.(BMI>29.9)×(Sleep<9)-1.326(-1.757,-0.895)0.220<0.001
9.(BMI<20.0)×(Sleep>9)×Log(t+1)0.427(-0.204,1.058)0.3220.185
10.(BMI>29.9)×(Sleep>9)×Log(t+1)0.435(0.227,0.643)0.106<0.001
11.(BMI<20.0)×(Sleep<9)×Log(t+1)0.521(0.290,0.752)0.118<0.001
12.(BMI>29.9)×(Sleep<9)×Log(t+1)0.355(0.239,0.471)0.059<0.001
性别
女性Ref--
男性-0.027(-0.127,0.073)0.0510.606
年龄
60~69Ref--
70~79-0.040(-0.157,0.077)0.0600.508
≥80-0.151(-0.369,0.067)0.1110.174
婚姻状况
在婚Ref--
不在婚0.034(-0.099,0.167)0.0680.613
是否饮酒
否Ref--
是0.001(-0.111,0.113)0.0570.983
是否吸烟
否Ref--
是-0.031(-0.141,0.079)0.0560.571
教育程度
文盲Ref--
小学-0.037(-0.162,0.088)0.0640.559
中学-0.078(-0.241,0.085)0.0830.349
大学-0.266(-0.542,0.010)0.1410.059
慢性病数量
0种Ref--
≤2种0.077(-0.064,0.218)0.0720.285
>2种-0.520(-0.657,-0.383)0.070<0.001
服用药物
否Ref--
是0.186(0.076,0.296)0.0560.001
抑郁症状
无Ref--
有-0.175(-0.395,0.045)0.1120.119
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睡眠时长与BMI对老年人群疼痛的影响
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唐颢 1, 2 , 田江 1 , 王肖南 1 , 高琦 1 , 祝慧萍 3
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2026,53(8): 1466-1470
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现代预防医学 |健康与社会行为 2026 , 53 (8) : 1466 -1470
睡眠时长与BMI对老年人群疼痛的影响
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唐颢1, 2, 田江1, 王肖南1, 高琦1, 祝慧萍3
作者信息
  • 1.首都医科大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100069
  • 2.国家儿童医学中心 首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院信息中心
  • 3.首都医科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系
通讯作者:
祝慧萍,E-mail:
作者简介:

唐颢和田江为共同第一作者。

唐颢(1992—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

田江(1998—),男,博士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

The effect of sleep duration and BMI on self-reported pain in elderly people in China: A cohort study
Hao TANG1, 2, Jiang TIAN1, Xiao-nan WANG1, Qi GAO1, Hui-ping ZHU3
Affiliations
  • Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509040
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目的

探讨中国老年人群(≥60岁)睡眠时长与身体质量指数(Body mass index,BMI)对自我报告疼痛发生风险的影响。

方法

基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2013、2015和2018年数据构建动态队列。采用分段线性样条函数处理BMI和睡眠时长的非线性效应,通过竞争风险模型以全因死亡为竞争事件,在调整基本人口学特征、生活方式和健康状况等相关变量后分析BMI和睡眠时长与自我报告疼痛发生的关联性。

结果

研究共纳入4 409名老年人,中位随访3.1年,1 521人(34.50%)报告疼痛发生,199人(4.51%)死亡。BMI<20.0和BMI>26.9人群短期疼痛风险升高(β=5.447,P<0.001;β=3.582,P<0.001),随时间推移风险逐渐降低(β=-1.436,P<0.001;β=-0.960,P<0.001)。睡眠时长<6小时和睡眠过长>9小时人群短期疼痛风险亦升高(β=5.516,P<0.001;β=8.771,P<0.001),随时间推移风险逐渐降低(β=-1.448,P<0.001;β=-2.354,P<0.001)。交互作用分析显示,低体重与睡眠不足(β=-1.953,P<0.001)、超重/肥胖与睡眠不足(β=-1.326,P<0.001)以及超重/肥胖与睡眠过长(β=-1.612,P<0.001)在基线期存在负向交互作用。时间交互项分析显示,上述复合风险人群的疼痛风险随时间下降的速度慢于单一风险人群(β=0.521,P<0.001;β=0.355,P<0.001;β=0.435,P<0.001)。

结论

老年人群BMI异常及睡眠时长异常均与需要药物治疗的疼痛风险增加相关。体重异常与睡眠问题存在协同效应:复合风险人群虽然短期疼痛风险未呈现叠加效应,但其疼痛持续时间更长、恢复更缓慢,是疼痛慢性化的高危人群。

疼痛  /  睡眠时长  /  队列研究  /  老年人  /  身体质量指数
Objective

To explore nonlinear effect of BMI and sleep duration on the risk of self-reported pain in Chinese elderly and explore their potential interactions.

Methods

The cohort study was conducted based on the Chinese health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Piecewise linear splines modeled nonlinear exposures, and competing risk models (Fine-Gray) analyzed associations between BMI, sleep duration, and self-reported pain, after adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and health status with all-cause death as competing event.

Results

Total of 4 409 elderly individuals were included, with a median follow-up of 3.1 years. During follow-up, 1 521 participants (34.50%) reported pain occurrence, and 199 (4.51%) died. Both underweight (BMI<20.0 kg/m2) and overweight/obese (BMI>26.9 kg/m2) were associated with a significantly increased short-term risk of pain (β=5.447, P<0.001; β=3.582, P<0.001), which gradually decreased over time (β=-1.436, P<0.001; β=-0.960, P<0.001). Similarly, short sleep (<6 hours) and long sleep (>9 hours) were associated with an elevated short-term pain risk (β=5.516, P<0.001; β=8.771, P<0.001), with the risk diminishing over time (β=-1.448, P<0.001; β=-2.354, P<0.001). Notably, long sleep duration exhibited the strongest effect. Interaction analysis revealed negative multiplicative interactions at baseline for underweight with short sleep (β=-1.953, P<0.001), overweight/obesity with short sleep (β=-1.326, P<0.001), and overweight/obesity with long sleep (β=-1.612, P<0.001), indicating that the short-term pain risk in these combined-risk groups was lower than the sum of their individual effects. However, time-interaction analysis showed that the pain risk in these combined-risk groups declined significantly slower over time compared to those with single risk factors (β=0.521, P<0.001; β=0.355, P<0.001; β=0.435, P<0.001), suggesting more persistent pain and slower recovery.

Conclusion

Abnormal BMI and abnormal sleep duration are significantly associated with an increased risk of pain requiring medication intervention in the Chinese elderly population, with long sleep duration showing the strongest association. Complex synergistic effects exist between abnormal weight and sleep problems: although combined-risk groups do not exhibit additive short-term pain risk, they experience prolonged pain duration and slower recovery, making them a high-risk population for pain chronification.

Pain  /  Sleep duration  /  Cohort study  /  Elderly adults  /  BMI
唐颢, 田江, 王肖南, 高琦, 祝慧萍. 睡眠时长与BMI对老年人群疼痛的影响. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (8) : 1466 -1470 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509040
Hao TANG, Jiang TIAN, Xiao-nan WANG, Qi GAO, Hui-ping ZHU. The effect of sleep duration and BMI on self-reported pain in elderly people in China: A cohort study[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (8) : 1466 -1470 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509040
疼痛是指“与实际或潜在组织损伤,或描述的类似损伤相关的一种不愉快的感觉和情感体验”[1-2]。既往研究虽探索了睡眠时长或身体质量指数(Body mass index,BMI)与老年人疼痛发生的关联性[3-6]。但尚缺乏采用队列研究的设计方式同时考虑睡眠时长、BMI以及二者交互作用对老年疼痛发生影响的研究。本研究利用2013—2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查(Chinese health and retirement longitudinal study,CHARLS)数据,探究老年人群(≥60岁)睡眠时长与BMI对自我报告疼痛发生风险的影响,并探索睡眠时长和BMI可能存在的交互作用,以期为中国老年人疼痛的早期干预提供新思路。
本研究数据来源于CHARLS数据库,该项研究采用了多阶段分层抽样方法,调查了中国28省中老年(≥60岁)居民社会经济状况、个人和家户收入、健康等信息。CHARLS研究于2011年开展基线调查,2013、2015、2018和2020年开展了随访调查(伦理审批号:IRB00001052-11015),该项研究参与者均签署知情同意书。本研究选择2013、2015和2018年的调查数据作为数据来源。
纳入标准:(1)年龄≥60岁;(2)参与基线调查时未报告疼痛的研究对象;(3)基线调查的信息完整无缺失。排除标准:基线疼痛情况缺失的研究对象。
分别以2013及2015年新进入队列的研究对象作为基线人群,调查内容包括:采用问卷调查收集研究对象的基本人口学特征(性别、年龄、婚姻状况、教育程度、工作史),生活方式(吸烟、饮酒、睡眠时长),健康状况(BMI、慢性病数量、用药情况、抑郁状况)。本研究将过去一个月每日午睡时长和夜间睡眠时长合计为每日睡眠总时长,通过研究对象的体重和身高的测量数据,计算获得个体BMI数据。
分别在2015和2018年随访基线调查人群的自我报告疼痛的发生情况,具体调查内容包括:“您身体哪些部位感到疼痛?”和“您是否采取以下措施减轻疼痛(服用中药/服用西药/针灸疗法/推拿按摩/其它)”;同时收集研究对象发生死亡的情况。
采用SAS studio 3.82软件进行数据整理和统计分析。采用均数和标准差,频数与百分比描述纳入变量的分布特征;由于老年人在随访期间可能因死亡而无法观察到疼痛事件,死亡与疼痛结局存在竞争关系,若仅考虑疼痛发生而忽略死亡风险,会导致估计偏倚。因此,本研究采用以全因死亡为竞争事件的Fine-Gray竞争风险模型,以更准确地评估疼痛发生的累积风险,并计算亚分布风险比(Subdistribution Hazard Ratios,sHR),P<0.05视为存在统计学差异。为探索睡眠时长和BMI与疼痛发生可能存在的非线性关联,本研究采用分段线性样条函数(piecewise linear splines)对研究对象BMI和睡眠时长的连续性数值进行转换,转换方式如表1所示。
将年龄按小于65岁,65~74岁,75~84岁,85岁及以上分为四类;婚姻状况分为在婚和不在婚两大类;吸烟饮酒分为是和否两类;教育程度分为文盲、小学、中学、大学及以上四类;工作史分为机关单位/部门和个体经营/其它两大类;慢性病数量分为0、≤2种和2种及以上三类;用药情况分为是否两大类;抑郁状况则根据抑郁量表(Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale,CES-D)得分划分为有(CES-D≥16)无(CES-D<16)抑郁状况两大类。将BMI按<18.5,18.5~24.9,25~29.9和≥30分为低体重、正常体重、超重和肥胖四组;睡眠时长按<6小时、6~9小时、≥9小时分为睡眠不足、睡眠正常和睡眠过长三组。
hk(t|X)=hk0(t)exp(β1BMI+β2Sleep+β3(BMI×Sleep)+β4(BMI×log(t+1))+β5(Sleep×log(t+1))+β6(BMI×Sleep×log(t+1))+γZ)
BMI为BMIunder,BMInormal,BMIover;Sleep为Sleepshort,Sleepnormal,Sleeplong;Z为协变量(年龄、性别、教育程度等),其回归系数为γ。
本研究最终纳入4 409名老年人,中位随访时间3.1年,1 521(34.50%)名老年人在随访中报告了疼痛发生(需进行干预),199(4.51%)名的老年人在随访中死亡。见表2。
低体重(BMI<20.0)和超重/肥胖(BMI>26.9)人群的疼痛发生风险呈非线性变化,短期内风险随BMI偏离正常范围明显升高(β=5.447,P<0.001;β=3.582,P<0.001),但该风险随时间推移逐渐降低(β=-1.436,P<0.001;β=-0.960,P<0.001);睡眠不足(<6小时)和睡眠过长(>9小时)人群的疼痛发生风险亦呈非线性变化,短期内风险随睡眠时长偏离正常范围明显升高(β=5.516,P<0.001;β=8.771,P<0.001),随时间推移风险逐渐降低(β=-1.448,P<0.001;β=-2.354,P<0.001)。
交互项结果显示,低体重与睡眠不足(β=-1.953,P<0.001)、超重/肥胖与睡眠不足(β=-1.326,P<0.001)以及超重/肥胖与睡眠过长(β=-1.612,P<0.001)在基线期均存在负向交互作用,提示同时具有上述风险特征的人群,其短期疼痛风险低于各主效应之和;时间交互项分析显示,低体重与睡眠不足(β=0.521,P<0.001)、超重/肥胖与睡眠不足(β=0.355,P<0.001)以及超重/肥胖与睡眠过长(β=0.435,P<0.001)的三阶交互作用均为正,提示这些复合风险人群的疼痛风险随时间下降的速度显著慢于单一风险人群,意味着其疼痛更具持续性,恢复更为缓慢(表3)。
本研究发现,低体重、超重/肥胖、睡眠不足及睡眠过长均与需要药物治疗的疼痛风险显著相关,且这种关联呈现非线性特征。值得注意的是,睡眠过长与需要药物治疗的疼痛关联性最强,其效应值远高于睡眠不足和超重/肥胖,提示睡眠过长可能不仅是疼痛的危险因素,更可能是潜在健康状况不佳的临床标志,这一发现与既往研究一致[7-9]。
时间交互项分析显示,单一风险因素对需要药物治疗的疼痛的增强效应均随时间推移而显著减弱。这一现象可能反映了两方面机制:其一,疼痛具有一定的自限性,多数疼痛事件会随着时间自然缓解;其二,需要药物治疗的疼痛可能代表了疼痛的急性发作期,随着病情稳定或治疗介入,药物需求自然下降。
BMI与睡眠时长之间存在复杂的交互作用,且这种交互作用随时间呈现动态变化。在基线期,低体重与睡眠不足、超重/肥胖与睡眠不足以及超重/肥胖与睡眠过长均存在显著的负向交互作用,即同时具有上述风险特征的人群,其需要药物治疗的疼痛风险低于各主效应之和。这一现象可能的原因为:长期处于多重风险因素暴露下的个体可能产生了某种程度的生理适应或疼痛耐受[10-12];其次,这类人群的就医行为和服药依从性可能存在差异,如超重/肥胖人群可能因既往多次就医经历而对药物治疗持更谨慎态度[8-11];此外,疼痛报告行为的差异也可能导致这一现象,即某些人群虽然感受到疼痛,但倾向于不使用药物干预[12-14]。
低体重与睡眠不足、超重/肥胖与睡眠不足以及超重/肥胖与睡眠过长的三阶交互项均显著为正,表明这些复合风险人群需要药物治疗的疼痛风险随时间的下降速度显著慢于单一风险人群。这一发现具有重要临床意义:虽然复合风险人群在短期内并不表现出叠加的药物需求,但他们对药物治疗的依赖持续时间更长,疼痛恢复更为缓慢,提示其疼痛可能更容易演变为慢性状态[13-15]。本研究采用的结局定义"随访报告疼痛且服药"增强了结果的临床相关性。需要药物治疗的疼痛通常代表更具临床意义的疼痛事件,而非一过性的轻微不适[2,15]。因此,本研究发现的多重风险因素导致的疼痛恢复延迟,直接指向了这些人群长期药物依赖和医疗资源消耗增加的风险。从公共卫生角度而言,超重/肥胖合并睡眠问题的患者应被识别为疼痛慢性化的高危人群,需要针对性的综合干预策略,包括体重管理、睡眠卫生教育以及疼痛的早期综合干预,以阻断从急性疼痛向慢性疼痛的转化[14-16]。
本研究尚存在一定的局限性:首先,研究结局依赖研究对象的自我报告,可能存在回忆偏倚或报告偏倚;其次部分暴露因素如睡眠时长、慢性病数量和服药情况也都依赖于研究对象的自我报告进行收集,可能导致暴露因素评估误差。此外,研究为观察性队列设计,虽控制了部分混杂因素,但无法完全排除未测量混杂变量(如心理应激、遗传易感性)的影响,尚无法确立明确的因果关系。
综上本研究发现,低体重、超重/肥胖、睡眠不足及睡眠过长均与短期需要药物治疗的疼痛风险显著相关。睡眠过长与需要药物治疗的疼痛关联最强,提示其可能作为潜在疾病的标志。同时存在体重异常和睡眠问题的人群在短期内需要药物治疗的疼痛风险低于预期,但他们对药物治疗的需求持续时间更长,疼痛恢复更为缓慢。这一发现提示,超重/肥胖合并睡眠问题的患者是疼痛慢性化及长期药物依赖的高危人群,临床实践中应予以重点关注和长期随访。

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2026年第53卷第8期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509040
  • 接收时间:2025-09-02
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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    1.首都医科大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100069
    2.国家儿童医学中心 首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院信息中心
    3.首都医科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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