Article(id=1311350468689879233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508445, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756051200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579915448, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579915448, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579915448, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579915448, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311350193946194882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579849945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588319569, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385718195315029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385718195315030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2772, endPage=2778, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350468899594434, articleId=1311350468689879233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Applicability of an integrated HAPA model to hygienic dietary behaviors associated with echinococcosis among Tibetan adolescents, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent Health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the applicability and interventional value of integrating transfer cognition and environmental factors into the health action process approach (HAPA) model for understanding hygienic dietary behaviors associated with echinococcosis among Tibetan adolescents.

Methods

Using cluster random sampling, four schools in Nagchu Prefecture, Tibet were selected. Students from these schools completed a self-designed questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the HAPA model integrated with transfer cognition and environmental factors.

Results

This study included 2 934 adolescents. The qualified rate for hygienic dietary behaviors was 52.4%. Mediation analysis revealed that the indirect effect of action self-efficacy → intention for hygienic dietary behavior → action planning → hygienic dietary behavior was the largest (β=0.060, P<0.05), followed by action self-efficacy →maintenance self-efficacy → action planning → hygienic dietary behavior (β=0.014, P<0.05). Transfer cognition could indirectly influence hygienic dietary behaviors by affecting behavioral intention (β=0.013, P<0.05), action planning (β=0.010, P<0.05), and maintenance self-efficacy (β=0.007, P<0.05). Environmental factors influenced hygienic dietary behaviors either indirectly through action planning (β=0.008, P<0.05) or directly (β=0.15, P<0.05).

Conclusion

The HAPA model integrated with transfer cognition and environmental factors is applicable for explaining hygienic dietary behaviors related to echinococcosis among Tibetan adolescents. This provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of echinococcosis in Tibetan areas.

, authors=·Tuerxun MUKEDAISI1, Qu-zhen DANZENG2, Ji SANG3, Dun-zhu CIDAN3, Shu-yu YANG1, Rui-zhe SHANG1, Lan YU1, Zi-hao YUAN1, Zhi-wei CHEN4, Qiao-lan LIU1, authorsList=·Tuerxun MUKEDAISI, Qu-zhen DANZENG, Ji SANG, Dun-zhu CIDAN, Shu-yu YANG, Rui-zhe SHANG, Lan YU, Zi-hao YUAN, Zhi-wei CHEN, Qiao-lan LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qu-zhen DANZENG, Qiao-lan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350469981724875, articleId=1311350468689879233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=整合HAPA模型在藏族青少年包虫病相关卫生饮食行为中的适用性探索, columnId=1228016570031604578, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=儿少卫生与妇幼保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探索整合转移认知与环境因素的健康行动过程模型(health action process approach, HAPA)在藏族青少年包虫病相关卫生饮食行为的适用性及干预指导价值。

方法

采用整群随机抽样的方法,抽取西藏那曲地区4所学校,并对其学生采用自制调查问卷进行问卷调查,利用结构方程模型对整合转移认知与环境因素的HAPA模型进行分析。

结果

本研究纳入2 934名青少年,卫生饮食行为合格率为52.4%。中介分析显示,行动自我效能→卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划→卫生饮食行为的间接效应最大(β=0.060,P<0.05);其次是行动自我效能→维持自我效能→行动计划→卫生饮食行为(β=0.014,P<0.05)。转移认知可以通过影响卫生饮食行为意向(β=0.013,P<0.05)和行动计划(β=0.010,P<0.05)间接影响卫生饮食行为,也可以通过维持自我效能路径(β=0.007,P<0.05)影响卫生饮食行为。环境因素通过行动计划(β=0.008,P<0.05)间接影响卫生饮食行为或直接(β=0.15,P<0.05)影响卫生饮食行为。

结论

整合转移认知与环境因素的HAPA模型适用于解释藏族青少年包虫病相关卫生饮食行为,为藏区包虫病防控提供理论依据。

, authors=木克代斯·吐尔逊1, 旦增曲珍2, 桑吉3, 次旦顿珠3, 杨舒羽1, 尚睿哲1, 喻斓1, 袁梓皓1, 陈志伟4, 刘巧兰1, authorsList=木克代斯·吐尔逊, 旦增曲珍, 桑吉, 次旦顿珠, 杨舒羽, 尚睿哲, 喻斓, 袁梓皓, 陈志伟, 刘巧兰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=旦增曲珍, 刘巧兰, authorNote=

木克代斯·吐尔逊(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:健康行为与社会医学

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旦增曲珍,E-mail:
刘巧兰,E-mail:
旦增曲珍与刘巧兰为共同通信作者
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Study on the dynamic mechanism of health-related behavior development based on Synergistics: a case study of echinococcosis prevention in Ti-betan area of northwest Sichuan[J].Modern Preventive Medicine, 2023, 50(21): 3953-3958, 3964.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Study on the dynamic mechanism of health-related behavior development based on Synergistics: a case study of echinococcosis prevention in Ti-betan area of northwest Sichuan, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311350477929931033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, awardId=2022WZK1007, language=CN, fundingSource=国家卫生健康委包虫病防治研究重点实验室项目(2022WZK1007), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311350470233383116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350470245966029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, companyId=1311350470233383116, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Health Behavior and Social Medicine, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350470262743246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, companyId=1311350470233383116, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院健康行为与社会医学系,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350471823024335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350471831412944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, companyId=1311350471823024335, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心,西藏 拉萨 850000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350471902716113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350471911104722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, companyId=1311350471902716113, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.西藏自治区那曲市疾病预防控制中心)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350472003379411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350472015962324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, companyId=1311350472003379411, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.成都市郫都区疾病预防控制中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311350477074293009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Standardized path coefficients of transferred cognition and environmental factors influencing hygienic dietary behaviors within the HAPA model, figureFileSmall=fwfsuYaYEyFTe9aTZ1fMPw==, figureFileBig=N7MSD8Z6k7rbN8PUCS/ujg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350477158179090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, language=CN, label=图1, caption=转移认知、环境因素影响卫生饮食行为及其HAPA模型的标准化路径

注:调整了年龄、性别、父亲受教育程度、母亲受教育程度和家庭经济情况变量;图中实线表示路径具有统计学意义,虚线表示路径无统计学意义。

, figureFileSmall=fwfsuYaYEyFTe9aTZ1fMPw==, figureFileBig=N7MSD8Z6k7rbN8PUCS/ujg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350477363699987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of echinococcosis-related hygienic dietary behavior scores by demographic characteristics among adolescents[n=2 934, n(%), ()]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总计包虫病相关卫生饮食行为
得分t/F值P值
年龄(岁)<141 200(40.9)7.67±1.524.14<0.001
≥141 734(59.1)7.43±1.52
性别男1 554(53.0)7.42±1.55-4.09<0.001
女1 380(47.0)7.65±1.48
父亲受教育程度小学及以下942(32.1)7.42±1.517.08<0.001
初中1 419(48.3)7.53±1.50
高中395(13.5)7.58±1.56
大学及以上178(6.1)7.99±1.62
母亲受教育程度小学及以下1 127(38.4)7.48±1.517.36<0.001
初中1 364(46.5)7.57±1.51
高中268(9.1)7.28±1.61
大学及以上175(6.0)7.94±1.61
家庭经济情况相对贫困773(26.4)7.24±1.5824.90<0.001
中等1 582(53.9)7.57±1.48
相对富裕579(19.7)7.82±1.50
你喝生水吗经常喝429(14.6)
偶尔喝1 723(58.7)
从来不喝782(26.7)
你吃未煮熟的蔬菜吗经常吃292(10.0)
偶尔吃676(23.0)
从来不吃1 966(67.0)
你饭前便后会洗手吗从不洗203(6.9)
有时候会洗890(30.3)
大部分时间会洗953(32.5)
每次都洗888(30.3)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350477460168980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同人口学特征青少年包虫病相关卫生饮食行为得分比较[n=2 934,n(%),()]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总计包虫病相关卫生饮食行为
得分t/F值P值
年龄(岁)<141 200(40.9)7.67±1.524.14<0.001
≥141 734(59.1)7.43±1.52
性别男1 554(53.0)7.42±1.55-4.09<0.001
女1 380(47.0)7.65±1.48
父亲受教育程度小学及以下942(32.1)7.42±1.517.08<0.001
初中1 419(48.3)7.53±1.50
高中395(13.5)7.58±1.56
大学及以上178(6.1)7.99±1.62
母亲受教育程度小学及以下1 127(38.4)7.48±1.517.36<0.001
初中1 364(46.5)7.57±1.51
高中268(9.1)7.28±1.61
大学及以上175(6.0)7.94±1.61
家庭经济情况相对贫困773(26.4)7.24±1.5824.90<0.001
中等1 582(53.9)7.57±1.48
相对富裕579(19.7)7.82±1.50
你喝生水吗经常喝429(14.6)
偶尔喝1 723(58.7)
从来不喝782(26.7)
你吃未煮熟的蔬菜吗经常吃292(10.0)
偶尔吃676(23.0)
从来不吃1 966(67.0)
你饭前便后会洗手吗从不洗203(6.9)
有时候会洗890(30.3)
大部分时间会洗953(32.5)
每次都洗888(30.3)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350477535666453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Partial correlation analysis between variables of hygienic dietary behaviors in adolescents (r-values, n=2 934)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量风险感知积极的结果预期行动自我效能卫生饮食行为意向行动计划维持自我效能卫生饮食行为转移认知
风险感知1.00
积极的结果预期0.021.00
行动自我效能0.04*0.54***1.00
卫生饮食行为意向0.030.40***0.49***1.00
行动计划0.04*0.46***0.49***0.55***1.00
维持自我效能0.010.43***0.45***0.42***0.44***1.00
卫生饮食行为0.010.09***0.10***0.06**0.07***0.05**1.00
转移认知-0.010.43***0.40***0.33***0.38***0.41***0.08***1.00
环境因素-0.04*0.16***0.10***0.10***0.14***0.09***0.11***0.13***
), ArticleFig(id=1311350477636329750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

青少年卫生饮食行为各变量间偏相关分析(r值,n=2 934)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量风险感知积极的结果预期行动自我效能卫生饮食行为意向行动计划维持自我效能卫生饮食行为转移认知
风险感知1.00
积极的结果预期0.021.00
行动自我效能0.04*0.54***1.00
卫生饮食行为意向0.030.40***0.49***1.00
行动计划0.04*0.46***0.49***0.55***1.00
维持自我效能0.010.43***0.45***0.42***0.44***1.00
卫生饮食行为0.010.09***0.10***0.06**0.07***0.05**1.00
转移认知-0.010.43***0.40***0.33***0.38***0.41***0.08***1.00
环境因素-0.04*0.16***0.10***0.10***0.14***0.09***0.11***0.13***
), ArticleFig(id=1311350477724410135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Path analysis of transferred cognition and environmental factors influencing hygienic dietary behaviors within the HAPA model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径非标准化系数(标准误)标准化系数(95%CI)P值
直接路径
行动自我效能→卫生饮食行为意向0.71(0.05)0.76(0.62~0.84)<0.001
风险感知→卫生饮食行为意向0.02(0.02)0.03(-0.02~0.06)0.26
积极的结果预期→卫生饮食行为意向0.01(0.04)-0.02(-0.10~0.12)0.75
行动自我效能→维持自我效能0.62(0.03)0.58(0.51~0.64)<0.001
卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划0.73(0.04)0.77(0.67~0.85)<0.001
维持自我效能→行动计划0.19(0.03)0.21(0.13~0.31)<0.001
行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.07(0.03)0.11(0.01~0.21)0.02
维持自我效能→卫生饮食行为0.01(0.03)0.02(-0.08~0.13)0.62
转移认知→卫生饮食行为意向0.08(0.01)0.16(0.10~0.22)<0.001
转移认知→行动计划0.04(0.01)0.08(0.02~0.16)<0.001
转移认知→维持自我效能0.17(0.01)0.31(0.25~0.37)<0.001
环境因素→卫生饮食行为意向0.01(0.01)0.02(-0.03~0.06)0.43
环境因素→行动计划0.03(0.01)0.07(0.03~0.11)<0.01
环境因素→卫生饮食行为0.04(0.01)0.15(0.09~0.21)<0.001
间接路径
行动自我效能→卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.034(0.017)0.060(0.003~0.124)0.035
行动自我效能→维持自我效能→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.008(0.004)0.014(0.002~0.032)0.027
行动自我效能→维持自我效能→卫生饮食行为0.008(0.017)0.014(-0.045~0.079)0.616
风险感知→卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.001(0.001)0.002(-0.001~0.008)0.157
积极的结果预期→卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.001(0.003)0.001(-0.008~0.014)0.676
转移认知→卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.004(0.002)0.013(0.002~0.030)0.023
转移认知→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.003(0.002)0.010(0.001~0.028)0.028
转移认知→维持自我效能→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.002(0.001)0.007(0.001~0.017)0.026
环境因素→卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.000(0.001)0.001(-0.001~0.007)0.292
环境因素→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.002(0.001)0.008(0.001~0.020)0.019
), ArticleFig(id=1311350477808296216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350468689879233, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

转移认知、环境因素影响卫生饮食行为及其HAPA模型的路径分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径非标准化系数(标准误)标准化系数(95%CI)P值
直接路径
行动自我效能→卫生饮食行为意向0.71(0.05)0.76(0.62~0.84)<0.001
风险感知→卫生饮食行为意向0.02(0.02)0.03(-0.02~0.06)0.26
积极的结果预期→卫生饮食行为意向0.01(0.04)-0.02(-0.10~0.12)0.75
行动自我效能→维持自我效能0.62(0.03)0.58(0.51~0.64)<0.001
卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划0.73(0.04)0.77(0.67~0.85)<0.001
维持自我效能→行动计划0.19(0.03)0.21(0.13~0.31)<0.001
行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.07(0.03)0.11(0.01~0.21)0.02
维持自我效能→卫生饮食行为0.01(0.03)0.02(-0.08~0.13)0.62
转移认知→卫生饮食行为意向0.08(0.01)0.16(0.10~0.22)<0.001
转移认知→行动计划0.04(0.01)0.08(0.02~0.16)<0.001
转移认知→维持自我效能0.17(0.01)0.31(0.25~0.37)<0.001
环境因素→卫生饮食行为意向0.01(0.01)0.02(-0.03~0.06)0.43
环境因素→行动计划0.03(0.01)0.07(0.03~0.11)<0.01
环境因素→卫生饮食行为0.04(0.01)0.15(0.09~0.21)<0.001
间接路径
行动自我效能→卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.034(0.017)0.060(0.003~0.124)0.035
行动自我效能→维持自我效能→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.008(0.004)0.014(0.002~0.032)0.027
行动自我效能→维持自我效能→卫生饮食行为0.008(0.017)0.014(-0.045~0.079)0.616
风险感知→卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.001(0.001)0.002(-0.001~0.008)0.157
积极的结果预期→卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.001(0.003)0.001(-0.008~0.014)0.676
转移认知→卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.004(0.002)0.013(0.002~0.030)0.023
转移认知→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.003(0.002)0.010(0.001~0.028)0.028
转移认知→维持自我效能→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.002(0.001)0.007(0.001~0.017)0.026
环境因素→卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.000(0.001)0.001(-0.001~0.007)0.292
环境因素→行动计划→卫生饮食行为0.002(0.001)0.008(0.001~0.020)0.019
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整合HAPA模型在藏族青少年包虫病相关卫生饮食行为中的适用性探索
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木克代斯·吐尔逊 1 , 旦增曲珍 2 , 桑吉 3 , 次旦顿珠 3 , 杨舒羽 1 , 尚睿哲 1 , 喻斓 1 , 袁梓皓 1 , 陈志伟 4 , 刘巧兰 1
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026,53(15): 2772-2778
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现代预防医学 |儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026 , 53 (15) : 2772 -2778
整合HAPA模型在藏族青少年包虫病相关卫生饮食行为中的适用性探索
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木克代斯·吐尔逊1, 旦增曲珍2 , 桑吉3, 次旦顿珠3, 杨舒羽1, 尚睿哲1, 喻斓1, 袁梓皓1, 陈志伟4, 刘巧兰1
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院健康行为与社会医学系,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心,西藏 拉萨 850000
  • 3.西藏自治区那曲市疾病预防控制中心
  • 4.成都市郫都区疾病预防控制中心
通讯作者:
旦增曲珍,E-mail:
刘巧兰,E-mail:
旦增曲珍与刘巧兰为共同通信作者
作者简介:

木克代斯·吐尔逊(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:健康行为与社会医学

Applicability of an integrated HAPA model to hygienic dietary behaviors associated with echinococcosis among Tibetan adolescents
·Tuerxun MUKEDAISI1, Qu-zhen DANZENG2 , Ji SANG3, Dun-zhu CIDAN3, Shu-yu YANG1, Rui-zhe SHANG1, Lan YU1, Zi-hao YUAN1, Zhi-wei CHEN4, Qiao-lan LIU1
Affiliations
  • Department of Health Behavior and Social Medicine, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508445
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目的

探索整合转移认知与环境因素的健康行动过程模型(health action process approach, HAPA)在藏族青少年包虫病相关卫生饮食行为的适用性及干预指导价值。

方法

采用整群随机抽样的方法,抽取西藏那曲地区4所学校,并对其学生采用自制调查问卷进行问卷调查,利用结构方程模型对整合转移认知与环境因素的HAPA模型进行分析。

结果

本研究纳入2 934名青少年,卫生饮食行为合格率为52.4%。中介分析显示,行动自我效能→卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划→卫生饮食行为的间接效应最大(β=0.060,P<0.05);其次是行动自我效能→维持自我效能→行动计划→卫生饮食行为(β=0.014,P<0.05)。转移认知可以通过影响卫生饮食行为意向(β=0.013,P<0.05)和行动计划(β=0.010,P<0.05)间接影响卫生饮食行为,也可以通过维持自我效能路径(β=0.007,P<0.05)影响卫生饮食行为。环境因素通过行动计划(β=0.008,P<0.05)间接影响卫生饮食行为或直接(β=0.15,P<0.05)影响卫生饮食行为。

结论

整合转移认知与环境因素的HAPA模型适用于解释藏族青少年包虫病相关卫生饮食行为,为藏区包虫病防控提供理论依据。

转移认知  /  健康行动过程模型  /  包虫病相关卫生饮食行为  /  藏族青少年  /  结构方程模型
Objective

To explore the applicability and interventional value of integrating transfer cognition and environmental factors into the health action process approach (HAPA) model for understanding hygienic dietary behaviors associated with echinococcosis among Tibetan adolescents.

Methods

Using cluster random sampling, four schools in Nagchu Prefecture, Tibet were selected. Students from these schools completed a self-designed questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the HAPA model integrated with transfer cognition and environmental factors.

Results

This study included 2 934 adolescents. The qualified rate for hygienic dietary behaviors was 52.4%. Mediation analysis revealed that the indirect effect of action self-efficacy → intention for hygienic dietary behavior → action planning → hygienic dietary behavior was the largest (β=0.060, P<0.05), followed by action self-efficacy →maintenance self-efficacy → action planning → hygienic dietary behavior (β=0.014, P<0.05). Transfer cognition could indirectly influence hygienic dietary behaviors by affecting behavioral intention (β=0.013, P<0.05), action planning (β=0.010, P<0.05), and maintenance self-efficacy (β=0.007, P<0.05). Environmental factors influenced hygienic dietary behaviors either indirectly through action planning (β=0.008, P<0.05) or directly (β=0.15, P<0.05).

Conclusion

The HAPA model integrated with transfer cognition and environmental factors is applicable for explaining hygienic dietary behaviors related to echinococcosis among Tibetan adolescents. This provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of echinococcosis in Tibetan areas.

Transfer cognition  /  Health action process approach model  /  Hygienic dietary behaviors associated with echinococcosis  /  Tibetan adolescents  /  Structural equation model
木克代斯·吐尔逊, 旦增曲珍, 桑吉, 次旦顿珠, 杨舒羽, 尚睿哲, 喻斓, 袁梓皓, 陈志伟, 刘巧兰. 整合HAPA模型在藏族青少年包虫病相关卫生饮食行为中的适用性探索. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (15) : 2772 -2778 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508445
·Tuerxun MUKEDAISI, Qu-zhen DANZENG, Ji SANG, Dun-zhu CIDAN, Shu-yu YANG, Rui-zhe SHANG, Lan YU, Zi-hao YUAN, Zhi-wei CHEN, Qiao-lan LIU. Applicability of an integrated HAPA model to hygienic dietary behaviors associated with echinococcosis among Tibetan adolescents[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (15) : 2772 -2778 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508445
包虫病(棘球蚴病)是由棘球绦虫幼虫感染引起的人畜共患寄生虫病,严重影响人体健康[1]。中国是全球包虫病疾病负担最重的国家之一,其中西藏、四川西部等农牧区尤为突出[2]。2023年西藏包虫病患病率达0.18%,显著高于全国平均水平(0.05%)[3]。藏区因终宿主感染率高、虫卵暴露严重及农牧民生活习惯特殊,成为重要流行区[4]。藏区儿童青少年因防治知识有限、行为习惯尚未固化且暴露风险高,成为感染的关键人群[5-6]。研究表明,在包虫病流行区,饭前不洗手[7]、生吃蔬菜及喝生水等不卫生饮食行为是包虫病传播的重要危险因素[8-9],可增加经口误食虫卵而感染的风险。此外,家庭及学校的饮水来源、洗手设施等环境因素也会影响卫生饮食行为,进而增加感染风险[7]。因此,养成卫生的饮食行为对预防包虫病至关重要。
健康行为的干预需依托系统的理论模型指导。健康行动过程(health action process approach, HAPA)模型常被用于解释和预测健康行为的形成和维持[10]。该模型将行为改变划分为动机、意志和行动三个阶段,通过匹配不同阶段的干预策略,推动行为转化[10-11]。该模型在解释锻炼、手卫生等行为上适用性良好[12-13],但尚未用于解释包虫病相关的卫生饮食行为。研究表明,多个行为理论对健康行为的解释性可能优于单个理论[14-15]。转移认知理论源自教育学,近期在健康行为管理中展现出显著的应用价值[16]。转移认知是指个体在特定行为实践中获得的知识、能力及成功经验可迁移至其他情境,进而提升相关信念及调节策略;作为影响健康行为的重要变量,其能够为HAPA模型补充行为形成的前置认知机制,弥补模型在行为解释中的局限,促进健康行为的形成[14,17]。
当前包虫病研究多限于流行病学调查[2,7]或传统健康教育评估[5-6],缺乏基于理论模型的行为机制探索。因此,本研究整合转移认知、环境因素于HAPA模型,探讨其对藏族青少年包虫病相关卫生饮食行为的影响机制,为包虫病行为干预策略提供理论依据。
数据来源于西藏包虫病健康危险行为研究项目。采用整群随机抽样,于2024年9月—2025年4月抽取西藏自治区(简称西藏)那曲地区3所初中(7、8和9年级)和1所小学(5年级)学生,发放问卷2 976份,有效回收2 966份,有效回收率99.7%。剔除年龄10~18岁外的32例个体,最终纳入2 934名青少年。学生及其监护人均已签署知情同意书,且研究方案通过四川大学第四医院/华西公共卫生学院伦理审查(Gwll2023116)。
包括性别、出生日期、年级、民族、父母文化程度和自评家庭经济情况等。
问卷由专家设计并参考已有研究[7-9],根据研究目的进行优化。包括:(1)你喝生水吗?(2)你吃未煮熟的蔬菜吗?(3)你饭前便后会洗手吗?前两题选项为经常(1分)、偶尔(2分)和从来不(3分),第三题选项为从不(1分)、有时候(2分)、大部分(3分)和每次(4分)。3个条目得分相加(3~10分),得分越高表明卫生饮食行为越好。单项指标分别计算:不喝生水率(“从来不”比例)、不吃未煮熟的蔬菜率(“从来不”比例),饭前便后洗手率(“大部分”和“每次”比例)。参照中国居民传染病防治健康素养水平,当某一健康行为得分占总分的80%及以上定义为合格[18-19],即卫生饮食行为得分≥8分为合格。行为合格率=某一行为的合格人数/调查总人数×100[20]。结构方程模型中,以三个条目实际得分构建潜变量。三个条目的Cronbach α系数为0.42,Kaiser-Meyer- Olkin(KMO)值为0.58,Bartlett检验P值<0.001。
参考Fleig等[14]编制的转移认知量表,并结合牧区背景,设计3个条目,评价个体将一种健康行为的知识与能力迁移至另一种行为的倾向。如“当我能正确管理犬时,我会更容易坚持饭前便后洗手”,其余认知转移涉及正确管理犬只对卫生饮食行为的动机/自我效能的促进作用。采用6级计分法(1=完全不同意,6=完全同意),将3个条目得分相加(3~18分),得分越高表明转移认知能力越强。该量表的Cronbach α系数为0.88。
包括卫生饮食行为的风险感知、积极的结果预期、行动自我效能、行为意向、行动计划和维持自我效能。条目主要参考Schwarzer[10]编制原则及相关研究[12,17]进行编制。除风险感知外,均采用Likert 4点计分法(1=完全不同意,4=完全同意)。(1)风险感知(3条目),条目评分从1(远低于平均水平)到5(远高于平均水平),总分3~15分,得分越高对卫生饮食相关健康风险的感知越强。(2)积极的结果预期(4条目),总分4~16分,得分越高对行为带来积极效果的预期越强。(3)行动自我效能(3条目),总分3~12分,得分越高面对困难时的行动自信心越强。(4)行为意向(2条目),总分2~8分,得分越高行为意愿越强。(5)行动计划(2条目),总分2~8分,得分越高行为执行计划越明确。(6)维持自我效能(3条目),总分3~12分,得分越高长期维持行为、应对突发干扰的信心越强。问卷总体信效度良好。总Cronbach α系数为0.82,各因子Cronbach α系数均>0.6。泽-梅耶-奥尔金检验(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin,KMO)值为0.90,Bartlett检验P值<0.001,累积方差解释率为64.2%。
专家设计并参考已有文献[7,21],由4个条目构成,包括家庭和学校的饮水来源及是否有方便的洗手设施,如“你家的饮水来源是什么?”“你学校有方便的洗手设施吗?”等。饮水来源中,将山泉水、河水和井水定义为不卫生的水源,赋值为0,而将集中供水和桶装水定义为卫生的水源,赋值为1。将洗手设施按照无或有分别赋值为0或1。4个条目赋值相加,总分0~4分。分数越高表明家庭及学校卫生饮水与洗手设施保障越好。环境因素4个条目的Cronbach α 系数为0.53,KMO值为0.60,Bartlett检验P值<0.001。
调查前统一培训调查员。以班级为单位组织学生独立填写问卷,确保调查环境统一和隐私保护。调查员现场答疑并收集检查。采用EpiData 3.1 软件录入数据,剔除无效问卷,随机抽查5%重复录入以保证准确性。
使用SPSS 27.0进行数据整理和统计,使用AMOS 24.0拟合结构方程模型和中介分析。计量资料采用()描述,组间比较用 t 检验和方差分析,计数资料用频数、百分比表示。相关性分析,将HAPA变量作为显变量处理,用偏相关系数矩阵探索各变量关系。潜变量分析用结构方程模型,通过极大似然法进行参数估计,并运用AMOS软件“define new estimands”命令编程进行中介分析[17]。双侧检验,检验水准 α=0.05。
青少年卫生饮食行为平均得分为(7.53±1.52)分,不喝生水率为26.7%,不吃未煮熟的蔬菜率为67.0%,饭前便后洗手率为62.8%,卫生饮食行为合格率为52.4%。调查对象平均年龄(13.60±1.41)岁,其中小于14岁为1 200人(40.9%),男生1 554人(53.0%),父母受教育程度以初中为主,分别为48.3%、46.5%,家庭经济中等占比最高,为53.9%。不同性别、父母文化程度和家庭经济状况青少年卫生饮食行为得分差异均有统计学意义。见表1。
在调整表1中的社会人口学变量后,偏相关分析显示,HAPA模型中除风险感知与大多数变量不相关外,其余变量间均呈正相关(r=0.04~0.55,P<0.05)。转移认知与风险感知不相关,与其余变量均呈正相关(r=0.08~0.43,P<0.05)。环境因素与风险感知负相关(r=-0.04,P<0.05),与其余变量均正相关(r=0.09~0.16,P<0.05)。见表2。
如图1所示,以风险感知、积极的结果预期、行动自我效能、卫生饮食行为意向、行动计划、维持自我效能、卫生饮食行为、转移认知为潜变量,环境因素为显变量构建结构方程模型,并控制社会人口学变量。模型拟合指数χ2/v=6.03,GFI=0.95,AGFI=0.94,CFI=0.92,IFI=0.92,RMSEA=0.04,SRMR= 0.08,说明模型拟合效果良好。
整合模型显示:(1)动机阶段,行动自我效能显著正向影响卫生饮食行为意向(β=0.76,P<0.05),而风险感知和积极的结果预期对行为意向的效应不显著(P>0.05)。(2)意志阶段,行为意向和维持自我效能均正向影响行动计划(β=0.77、0.21,P<0.05)。(3)行动阶段,行动计划正向影响行为(β=0.11,P<0.05),而维持自我效能对行为的作用无统计学意义(P>0.05)。此外,转移认知正向作用于卫生饮食行为意向、行动计划和维持自我效能(β=0.16、0.08、0.31,P<0.05)。环境因素对行为意向的作用不显著(P>0.05),但对行动计划和行为的作用均有统计学意义(β=0.07、0.15,P<0.05)。
中介分析显示,行动自我效能→卫生饮食行为意向→行动计划→卫生饮食行为的间接效应最大(β=0.060,95%CI:0.003~0.124,P<0.05);其次是行动自我效能→维持自我效能→行动计划→卫生饮食行为(β=0.014,95%CI:0.002~0.032,P<0.05)。转移认知可通过行为意向(β=0.013,95%CI:0.002~0.030,P<0.05)和行动自我效能(β=0.010,95%CI:0.001~0.028,P<0.05)间接影响卫生饮食行为,也可以通过维持自我效能(β= 0.007,95%CI:0.001~0.017,P<0.05)影响卫生饮食行为。环境因素仅通过行动计划影响行为(β=0.008,95%CI:0.001~0.020,P<0.05)。为验证中介分析结果的稳定性,采用bootstrap法(5 000次)进行再抽样检验,结果显示所有中介路径系数保持稳定。见表3。
本研究整合HAPA模型、转移认知和环境因素,首次探索其在西藏青少年包虫病相关卫生饮食行为中的适用性。发现行动自我效能与转移认知是动机阶段的关键因素,而维持自我效能、行动计划及环境因素在意志与行动阶段发挥重要作用。
在动机阶段,行动自我效能是行为意向的最强相关因素,而风险感知和积极结果预期效应不显著。风险感知未促进行为意向,与Zhang等人[22-23]研究结果一致,可能因其威胁性假设(未采取某一行为可能会患某一疾病)不易引起强烈保护意向[24]。结果预期未能提高行为意向与喻斓等人[17,24]结果不同,可能与藏族青少年对包虫病传播、预防和危害的知识了解不足相关[25],削弱了二者的关联强度。在意志阶段,行为意向与维持自我效能共同促进行动计划制定,这与Schwarzer等[10,24]提出的“意向提供行为方向,维持自我效能提供克服障碍的信心,二者共同促成行为计划的形成”一致。在行动阶段,行动计划与卫生饮食行为相关联,但维持自我效能直接效应不显著,与部分研究存在差异[24,26]。这可能与行为性质有关,如哮喘管理行为中,哮喘发作时的窒息感可即时强化患者对维持行为必要性的认知[26];而包虫病潜伏期长、早期无症状的特点[7],使得青少年缺乏即时负性反馈,难以感知维持信心的必要性,转而更依赖具体化执行策略。
HAPA模型中多条中介路径显著。其中,行动自我效能→行为意向→行动计划→行为的链式中介效应最显著,表明行动自我效能通过增强行为意向、促进具体计划制定,最终驱动卫生饮食行为的改善。这一发现印证了HAPA理论“动机→意志→行动”的序列过程假设,自我效能作为动机因素通过多阶段传递与行为相关联[10]。此外,行动自我效能→维持自我效能→行动计划→行为的路径同样显著,说明不同阶段的自我效能通过层级传递的方式促进健康行为执行。
转移认知主要通过三条路径间接促进卫生饮食行为,已有研究发现该结果[14,17],即提升行为意向,进而促进计划制定(转移认知→意向→计划→行为);直接增强行动计划(转移认知→计划→行为);提升维持自我效能,再作用于计划(转移认知→维持自我效能→计划→行为)。其可能的原因在于,藏区青少年可将正确管理犬只的经验迁移至卫生饮食场景,通过跨行为联想提升行为意向[14,27];同时,转移认知通过提供具体行为参照,提升行动计划的情境适配性;而管理犬只积累的自我调节能力,有助于增强克服卫生饮食障碍的信心。四川石渠县“犬只管理-洗手行为”联动干预[28]的成功实践提示了转移认知在卫生饮食行为干预中的重要作用。
环境因素对行为意向的作用不显著,但直接促进行动计划和行为,提示改善硬件环境可能突破青少年对包虫病的认知局限,直接促进卫生饮食行为。因此,牧区学校优先建设饮水净化和洗手设施,可能比单纯健康教育更高效,该结果为优化资源配置提供了依据。
基于模型验证结果,整合模型为西藏青少年包虫病相关卫生饮食行为的干预提供了依据。动机阶段需强化行动自我效能与转移认知。建议开展阶梯式效能训练(设定“未来三天/一个月我能坚持卫生饮食”的目标),通过案例和同伴示范建立信心;同时将管犬行为与卫生饮食绑定,利用经验迁移强化行为意向。意志阶段需推动行动计划形成。可编制应急指南,明确应对生食邀请、无洗手设施及计划受扰调整策略;通过家校打卡强化维持效能。行动阶段,应当落实环境支持与行为监督。完善洗手设施与安全饮水源,发放便携消毒用品;将卫生饮食纳入校园日常检查,构建家校社三方监督体系。
本研究存在以下局限性:第一,横断面设计难以确立因果关系,需纵向研究验证;第二,自我报告数据可能存在回忆偏倚;第三,卫生饮食行为测量条目信效度欠佳,相关结论应视为探索性发现,未来需增加测量条目或采用更成熟的量表,以获得验证性结果;第四,环境因素仅聚焦饮水、洗手设施等物理环境,未纳入社会文化维度,且条目数量少,信效度较低,后续需丰富测量维度。
  • 国家卫生健康委包虫病防治研究重点实验室项目(2022WZK1007)
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2026年第53卷第15期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508445
  • 接收时间:2025-08-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-25
基金
国家卫生健康委包虫病防治研究重点实验室项目(2022WZK1007)
作者信息
    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院健康行为与社会医学系,四川 成都 610041
    2.西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心,西藏 拉萨 850000
    3.西藏自治区那曲市疾病预防控制中心
    4.成都市郫都区疾病预防控制中心

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旦增曲珍,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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