Article(id=1324078540760687600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078333767594037, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508212, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754928000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614524306, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1767974400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614524306, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614524306, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614524306, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324078333767594037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767974400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614474956, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614571752, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078739914621270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078333767594037, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078739914621271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078333767594037, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=181, endPage=187, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324078541020734449, articleId=1324078540760687600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Research progress on the impact of gut microbiota on vaccine immune responses, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vaccine-induced immune responses exhibit marked heterogeneity within populations. Traditional perspectives attribute this variation primarily to factors such as genetic background, nutritional status, environmental exposures, and immune status. However, recent research has revealed that the gut microbiota, as a critical symbiotic ecosystem in the human body, may significantly influence vaccine immunogenicity through immune regulatory mechanisms. This emerging field of research offers a novel biological perspective for understanding individual differences in vaccine efficacy. This article summarizes the evidence from reported clinical studies on the impact of the gut microbiota on vaccine immune responses. We discuss the immunological mechanisms potentially mediating the microbiota’s influence on vaccine immune responses and explore the potential applications of microbiota-targeted interventions for optimizing vaccine efficacy. Our objective is to examine the possibility of modulating the gut microbiota to enhance vaccine-induced immune responses, thereby providing theoretical foundations and practical guidance for personalized vaccination and precision immunology.

, authors=Meng-juan YUAN1, Bu-yun XU1, Li-sa YANG1, Si-min LI2, Si-yue JIA3, Jing-xin LI1, 3, authorsList=Meng-juan YUAN, Bu-yun XU, Li-sa YANG, Si-min LI, Si-yue JIA, Jing-xin LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing-xin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324078541628908532, articleId=1324078540760687600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=肠道菌群对疫苗免疫应答影响的研究进展, columnId=1228016570119680182, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=临床与预防, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

疫苗诱导的免疫反应在人群中表现出明显个体差异。传统观点认为这种异质性主要受遗传背景、营养状态、环境暴露以及免疫状况等因素调控。近年研究发现肠道菌群作为人体重要的共生生态系统,可能通过免疫调节机制显著影响疫苗的免疫应答效能。这一新兴研究领域为理解疫苗效力的个体差异提供了新的生物学视角。在本文中,我们汇总了已报道的临床研究中关于肠道菌群对疫苗免疫应答影响的相关证据,讨论了可能介导肠道菌群影响免疫应答的免疫学机制,以及肠道菌群靶向干预措施优化疫苗有效性的潜力应用。旨在探索通过调控肠道菌群优化疫苗免疫应答的可能性,为疫苗个性化和精准免疫提供理论支持和实践依据。

, authors=袁梦娟1, 徐步芸1, 杨丽洒1, 李思敏2, 贾斯月3, 李靖欣1, 3, authorsList=袁梦娟, 徐步芸, 杨丽洒, 李思敏, 贾斯月, 李靖欣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李靖欣, authorNote=

袁梦娟(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:疫苗临床流行病学

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李靖欣,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9bvFXwZihTGUoeyk59aS/w==, magXml=SRChE6+ad4iXEkC9ZZZaow==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=aA4RKgCohHlePY68gCgmjQ==, pdfFileSize=971412, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=G6mI6G/lShCCuj4USTCYtQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Skbeb/I4wZFAcg7YDh2IUA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1324078542136419325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324078542211916799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, authorId=1324078542136419325, language=EN, stringName=Meng-juan YUAN, firstName=Meng-juan, middleName=null, lastName=YUAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=School of Public Health, National Medical Key Project Industry-Education Integration Innovation Platform (Vaccine Research and Development), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1324078542299997184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, authorId=1324078542136419325, language=CN, stringName=袁梦娟, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.南京医科大学公共卫生学院,南京医科大学国家医学攻关产教融合创新平台(疫苗研发),江苏 南京 211166, bio={"content":"

袁梦娟(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:疫苗临床流行病学

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Bacteriophages as potential tools for use in antimicrobial therapy and vaccine development[J].Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2021, 14(4): 331., articleTitle=Bacteriophages as potential tools for use in antimicrobial therapy and vaccine development, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324078551917535314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=22, issue=11, pageStart=671, pageEnd=686, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Ross FC, Patangia D, Grimaud G, journalName=Nature Reviews Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ross FC, Patangia D, Grimaud G, et al. The interplay between diet and the gut microbiome: implications for health and disease[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2024, 22(11): 671-686., articleTitle=The interplay between diet and the gut microbiome: implications for health and disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324078551988838483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=27, issue=5, pageStart=809, pageEnd=822.e6., url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Yeung F, Chen YH, Lin JD, journalName=Cell Host & Microbe, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yeung F, Chen YH, Lin JD, et al. Altered immunity of laboratory mice in the natural environment is associated with fungal colonization[J]. Cell Host & Microbe, 2020, 27(5): 809-822.e6.., articleTitle=Altered immunity of laboratory mice in the natural environment is associated with fungal colonization, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324078546771124262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, awardId=82222062, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金(82222062), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324078541880566773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078541888955382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, companyId=1324078541880566773, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, National Medical Key Project Industry-Education Integration Innovation Platform (Vaccine Research and Development), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078541897343991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, companyId=1324078541880566773, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京医科大学公共卫生学院,南京医科大学国家医学攻关产教融合创新平台(疫苗研发),江苏 南京 211166)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324078541977035768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078541985424377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, companyId=1324078541977035768, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.东南大学公共卫生学院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324078542065116154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078542073504763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, companyId=1324078542065116154, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.江苏省医学创新中心,国家卫健委肠道病原重点实验室,江苏省疾病预防控制中心(江苏省预防医学科学院),江苏 南京 210009)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324078546095841314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Mechanisms of gut microbiota influencing vaccine immune responses, figureFileSmall=ci4j93XhZz3EQgthxhpn+A==, figureFileBig=G6mI6G/lShCCuj4USTCYtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078546267807779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, language=CN, label=图1, caption=肠道菌群影响疫苗免疫应答的机制, figureFileSmall=ci4j93XhZz3EQgthxhpn+A==, figureFileBig=G6mI6G/lShCCuj4USTCYtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078546569797668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Studies on the effect of the gut microbiota on vaccine immunogenicity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家/地区研究类型人群样本量疫苗类型菌群测序方法与疫苗相关的肠道菌群构成或研究结果
香港[5]前瞻性队列成人138新冠疫苗(CoronaVac、BNT162b2)宏基因组测序青春双歧杆菌与CoronaVac疫苗效力呈正相关;
包括罗菌属在内的富含鞭毛和菌毛的细菌与BNT162b2疫苗效力呈正相关;
普通拟杆菌与CoronaVac疫苗效力呈负相关;
普雷沃菌和两种巨单胞菌的丰度与CoronaVac和BNT162b2疫苗接种后的副作用呈负相关。
加拿大[6]前瞻性队列成人52新冠疫苗(BNT162b2)16S rRNA测序基线普雷沃菌属、嗜血杆菌属、韦荣球菌属、瘤胃球菌属丰度与BNT162b2疫苗效力呈正相关。
安徽[7]前瞻性队列成人30新冠疫苗(CoronaVac)宏基因组测序柔嫩梭菌、瘤胃乳杆菌、瘤胃球菌的菌群丰度分别与SARS-CoV-2 IgG、IgA、IgM的水平呈正相关;
普雷沃菌属丰度与CoronaVac疫苗效力呈负相关;
菌群对抗体产生的影响高于身体特征。
重庆[8]前瞻性队列成人207新冠疫苗(BBIBP-CorV)宏基因组测序柯林斯菌、韦荣球菌与ACE2-RBD抑制性抗体的浓度呈正相关。
加纳、荷兰[9]巢式病例对照婴儿78、154轮状病毒疫苗HITChip芯片技术加纳应答者基线菌群链球菌属丰度更高、拟杆菌属丰度更低。
印度、马拉维、英国[10]多中心队列婴儿307、119、60轮状病毒疫苗16s rRNA测序印度和马拉维队列中,肠道菌群多样性与轮状病毒特异性IgA浓度呈负相关;
英国队列中未观察到显著关联。
广西[11]随机、双盲、对照试验婴儿107脊髓灰质炎疫苗16S rRNA测序脊髓灰质炎IgA阳性者,厚壁菌门丰度更低、放线菌门丰度更高;
梭菌属的丰度与脊髓灰质炎IgA抗体阳转率显著偏低相关。
南印度[12]随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验婴儿120脊髓灰质炎疫苗16S rRNA测序OPV免疫后无应答者的肠道菌群多样性更高,未发现特定菌群与OPV应答显著相关。
南非、尼日利亚[13]多中心纵向队列婴儿82、196破伤风疫苗16S rRNA测序南非婴儿1周龄时唾液链球菌丰度与破伤风IgG抗体水平呈正相关。
美国[14]前瞻性队列婴儿83破伤风疫苗16S rRNA测序、宏基因组测序与CDP-二酰基甘油生物合成途径相关的菌种相对丰度与破伤风IgG抗体水平呈正相关;
Aeriscardovia aeriphila相对丰度与破伤风IgG抗体水平呈负相关。
孟加拉国[15]前瞻性队列成人69霍乱疫苗16S rRNA测序梭菌目丰度高、肠杆菌目丰度低的个体更有可能产生MBC反应。
), ArticleFig(id=1324078546657878053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078540760687600, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

肠道菌群对疫苗免疫应答影响的研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家/地区研究类型人群样本量疫苗类型菌群测序方法与疫苗相关的肠道菌群构成或研究结果
香港[5]前瞻性队列成人138新冠疫苗(CoronaVac、BNT162b2)宏基因组测序青春双歧杆菌与CoronaVac疫苗效力呈正相关;
包括罗菌属在内的富含鞭毛和菌毛的细菌与BNT162b2疫苗效力呈正相关;
普通拟杆菌与CoronaVac疫苗效力呈负相关;
普雷沃菌和两种巨单胞菌的丰度与CoronaVac和BNT162b2疫苗接种后的副作用呈负相关。
加拿大[6]前瞻性队列成人52新冠疫苗(BNT162b2)16S rRNA测序基线普雷沃菌属、嗜血杆菌属、韦荣球菌属、瘤胃球菌属丰度与BNT162b2疫苗效力呈正相关。
安徽[7]前瞻性队列成人30新冠疫苗(CoronaVac)宏基因组测序柔嫩梭菌、瘤胃乳杆菌、瘤胃球菌的菌群丰度分别与SARS-CoV-2 IgG、IgA、IgM的水平呈正相关;
普雷沃菌属丰度与CoronaVac疫苗效力呈负相关;
菌群对抗体产生的影响高于身体特征。
重庆[8]前瞻性队列成人207新冠疫苗(BBIBP-CorV)宏基因组测序柯林斯菌、韦荣球菌与ACE2-RBD抑制性抗体的浓度呈正相关。
加纳、荷兰[9]巢式病例对照婴儿78、154轮状病毒疫苗HITChip芯片技术加纳应答者基线菌群链球菌属丰度更高、拟杆菌属丰度更低。
印度、马拉维、英国[10]多中心队列婴儿307、119、60轮状病毒疫苗16s rRNA测序印度和马拉维队列中,肠道菌群多样性与轮状病毒特异性IgA浓度呈负相关;
英国队列中未观察到显著关联。
广西[11]随机、双盲、对照试验婴儿107脊髓灰质炎疫苗16S rRNA测序脊髓灰质炎IgA阳性者,厚壁菌门丰度更低、放线菌门丰度更高;
梭菌属的丰度与脊髓灰质炎IgA抗体阳转率显著偏低相关。
南印度[12]随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验婴儿120脊髓灰质炎疫苗16S rRNA测序OPV免疫后无应答者的肠道菌群多样性更高,未发现特定菌群与OPV应答显著相关。
南非、尼日利亚[13]多中心纵向队列婴儿82、196破伤风疫苗16S rRNA测序南非婴儿1周龄时唾液链球菌丰度与破伤风IgG抗体水平呈正相关。
美国[14]前瞻性队列婴儿83破伤风疫苗16S rRNA测序、宏基因组测序与CDP-二酰基甘油生物合成途径相关的菌种相对丰度与破伤风IgG抗体水平呈正相关;
Aeriscardovia aeriphila相对丰度与破伤风IgG抗体水平呈负相关。
孟加拉国[15]前瞻性队列成人69霍乱疫苗16S rRNA测序梭菌目丰度高、肠杆菌目丰度低的个体更有可能产生MBC反应。
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肠道菌群对疫苗免疫应答影响的研究进展
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袁梦娟 1 , 徐步芸 1 , 杨丽洒 1 , 李思敏 2 , 贾斯月 3 , 李靖欣 1, 3
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2026,53(1): 181-187
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现代预防医学 |临床与预防 2026 , 53 (1) : 181 -187
肠道菌群对疫苗免疫应答影响的研究进展
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袁梦娟1, 徐步芸1, 杨丽洒1, 李思敏2, 贾斯月3, 李靖欣1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.南京医科大学公共卫生学院,南京医科大学国家医学攻关产教融合创新平台(疫苗研发),江苏 南京 211166
  • 2.东南大学公共卫生学院
  • 3.江苏省医学创新中心,国家卫健委肠道病原重点实验室,江苏省疾病预防控制中心(江苏省预防医学科学院),江苏 南京 210009
通讯作者:
李靖欣,E-mail:
作者简介:

袁梦娟(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:疫苗临床流行病学

Research progress on the impact of gut microbiota on vaccine immune responses
Meng-juan YUAN1, Bu-yun XU1, Li-sa YANG1, Si-min LI2, Si-yue JIA3, Jing-xin LI1, 3
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, National Medical Key Project Industry-Education Integration Innovation Platform (Vaccine Research and Development), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
出版时间: 2026-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508212
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疫苗诱导的免疫反应在人群中表现出明显个体差异。传统观点认为这种异质性主要受遗传背景、营养状态、环境暴露以及免疫状况等因素调控。近年研究发现肠道菌群作为人体重要的共生生态系统,可能通过免疫调节机制显著影响疫苗的免疫应答效能。这一新兴研究领域为理解疫苗效力的个体差异提供了新的生物学视角。在本文中,我们汇总了已报道的临床研究中关于肠道菌群对疫苗免疫应答影响的相关证据,讨论了可能介导肠道菌群影响免疫应答的免疫学机制,以及肠道菌群靶向干预措施优化疫苗有效性的潜力应用。旨在探索通过调控肠道菌群优化疫苗免疫应答的可能性,为疫苗个性化和精准免疫提供理论支持和实践依据。

肠道菌群  /  疫苗  /  免疫应答  /  菌群靶向干预

Vaccine-induced immune responses exhibit marked heterogeneity within populations. Traditional perspectives attribute this variation primarily to factors such as genetic background, nutritional status, environmental exposures, and immune status. However, recent research has revealed that the gut microbiota, as a critical symbiotic ecosystem in the human body, may significantly influence vaccine immunogenicity through immune regulatory mechanisms. This emerging field of research offers a novel biological perspective for understanding individual differences in vaccine efficacy. This article summarizes the evidence from reported clinical studies on the impact of the gut microbiota on vaccine immune responses. We discuss the immunological mechanisms potentially mediating the microbiota’s influence on vaccine immune responses and explore the potential applications of microbiota-targeted interventions for optimizing vaccine efficacy. Our objective is to examine the possibility of modulating the gut microbiota to enhance vaccine-induced immune responses, thereby providing theoretical foundations and practical guidance for personalized vaccination and precision immunology.

Gut microbiota  /  Vaccines  /  Immune responses  /  Microbiota-targeted interventions
袁梦娟, 徐步芸, 杨丽洒, 李思敏, 贾斯月, 李靖欣. 肠道菌群对疫苗免疫应答影响的研究进展. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (1) : 181 -187 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508212
Meng-juan YUAN, Bu-yun XU, Li-sa YANG, Si-min LI, Si-yue JIA, Jing-xin LI. Research progress on the impact of gut microbiota on vaccine immune responses[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (1) : 181 -187 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508212
疫苗对于保护人类免受传染病威胁至关重要,可显著降低传染病发病率及病死率[1]。然而疫苗诱导的免疫反应在人群中存在明显个体差异。传统观点认为遗传背景、营养状态、环境暴露以及免疫状况等因素的影响都会导致疫苗接种后不同个体和群体间免疫原性或有效性差异的产生[2]。近年来,越来越多的证据表明,肠道菌群在组成和功能上的差异也是影响疫苗免疫应答的重要因素,且这种因素具有可调控性。这一新兴研究领域为理解疫苗效力的个体差异提供了新的生物学视角。
肠道菌群是指寄居在人体肠道内的微生态系统,涵盖细菌、古细菌、真菌、病毒等多类微生物,因其在宿主消化、代谢、免疫及抵御病原体等方面具有重要作用而被称为人类第二基因组[3]。肠道菌群分析或可作为一种潜在的工具,用于识别对疫苗产生免疫应答不足或过激的个体,进而指导制定个性化的免疫干预措施[4]。然而,目前关于肠道菌群调控疫苗免疫应答的研究证据仍较为分散,且缺乏系统性整合,尚未形成足以指导公共卫生实践的科学共识。
本文系统综述了肠道菌群对疫苗免疫应答影响的相关证据,讨论了可能介导肠道菌群影响免疫应答的免疫学机制,以及肠道菌群靶向调整以优化疫苗有效性的潜在应用场景,通过了解肠道菌群与疫苗诱导的免疫反应之间的关联,以期为开发精准化疫苗接种策略提供理论依据。
结合临床研究证据,肠道菌群被认为是影响疫苗免疫应答的重要因素。见表1。
一项在香港开展的前瞻性队列研究探索了肠道菌群组成与新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus eisease 2019, COVID-19)疫苗免疫应答及不良事件之间的关联[5]。研究者对138名年满18周岁的健康志愿者(女性占比67.9%)进行COVID-19疫苗接种,其中37人接种了灭活疫苗CoronaVac和101人接种了mRNA疫苗BNT162b2,并分别在接种第一剂疫苗前3天和接种第二剂疫苗后1个月进行了粪便和血液样本的采集。研究中对粪便样本进行鸟枪法宏基因组测序,分析肠道菌群组成,并通过严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)假病毒中和试验(standardized virus neutralization test, sVNT)和酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)测定了血清中的SARS-CoV-2中和抗体与IgG抗体水平。研究发现,在CoronaVac疫苗高应答者中,青春双歧杆菌丰度持续较高(P=0.023),而普通拟杆菌丰度持续较低(P= 0.027)。低应答者基线L-鸟氨酸生物合成通路II的活性更高,该通路与普通拟杆菌和多形拟杆菌的丰度呈正相关。而对于BNT162b2疫苗接种者,针对SARS-CoV-2的血清抗体水平与肠道中包括罗氏菌属在内的具有鞭毛和菌毛的细菌的总丰度呈正相关(P=0.028)。而免疫人群的肠道普雷沃菌和两种巨单胞菌的丰度较高与接种COVID-19疫苗后局部以及全身性不良反应较少相关,提示肠道菌群可能在宿主免疫反应中发挥重要作用。
另一项在加拿大开展的前瞻性队列研究,旨在探讨肠道菌群组成、膳食纤维摄入与COVID-19 mRNA疫苗(BNT162b2)免疫原性之间的关联[6]。研究纳入了52名健康成年参与者(男性占比88.5%),在疫苗接种前后收集参与者的血液和粪便样本,通过16S rRNA测序分析肠道菌群组成。观察到疫苗免疫后SARS-CoV-2 IgG抗体水平较高者,其基线时肠道菌群中普雷沃菌属、嗜血杆菌属、韦荣球菌属、瘤胃球菌属丰度更高(P<0.01)。
一项在中国安徽开展的观察性研究也系统分析了健康年轻人群中接种COVID-19灭活疫苗CoronaVac后的免疫应答动态变化、肠道菌群与抗体之间产生的关联[7]。30名健康年轻志愿者(20~23岁,男女各15名)接种CoronaVac疫苗前、首剂次免疫后14 d、第二剂次免疫前、免疫后7 d及14 d共收集了143份粪便和120份血液样本。通过常规血液检测、流式细胞术和ELISA测量血液免疫指标、免疫细胞亚群和抗体水平,利用鸟枪法宏基因组测序分析肠道菌群。研究发现,普雷沃菌属丰度与SARS-CoV-2 IgG抗体水平呈负相关(P=0.015),柔嫩梭菌、瘤胃乳杆菌、瘤胃球菌的菌群丰度分别与SARS-CoV-2 IgG、IgA、IgM的水平呈正相关(均有P<0.01)。此外基于身体特征相关数据(年龄、性别、身体质量指数等)和肠道菌群组成进行的方差分解分析还指出菌群对抗体产生的影响(22%)高于身体特征(18%),进一步说明了肠道菌群在SARS-CoV-2抗体产生中发挥着重要作用。
另外,也有研究发现柯林斯菌、韦荣球菌与ACE2-RBD抑制性抗体的浓度呈正相关[8],健康人类体内预存的针对SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白的交叉反应性抗体与大肠杆菌暴露有关[16],且基线肠道菌群与代谢组特征可预测COVID-19疫苗的免疫持久性[17]。尽管多项研究表明,人体的肠道菌群特征可能与COVID-19疫苗免疫应答水平存在关联,但所发现的与免疫应答相关的特定菌群类别却在各研究中有所不同,这可能是由于地理、疫苗类型、微生物采样时间和检测方法的不同所致。
近年来,关于婴儿肠道菌群在多大程度上可能影响口服轮状病毒疫苗(oral rotavirus vaccine, ORV)的免疫应答的问题备受关注。一项在低收入国家(加纳)和高收入国家(荷兰)开展的巢式病例对照研究中纳入了荷兰154名4周龄健康婴儿(未接种ORV,但基于欧洲数据假设为潜在应答者)和加纳78名6周龄健康婴儿进行ORV接种。通过ELISA法检测加纳的健康婴儿免疫后的抗轮状病毒IgA抗体水平,发现应答者(IgA≥20 IU/ml)相较于非应答者,基线菌群更接近荷兰的婴儿,表现为链球菌属丰度更高、拟杆菌属丰度更低[9]。在另一项多中心队列研究中,印度(n=307)、马拉维(n=119)和英国(n=60)处于妊娠晚期的孕妇参与研究,婴儿娩出后按照各国免疫规划接种两剂ORV[10]。采用16s rRNA基因测序对婴儿出生1周、4周及两剂ORV每剂次接种前的粪便样本进行分析。研究发现,在印度和马拉维队列中,肠道菌群多样性与口服ORV后轮状病毒特异性IgA浓度呈负相关,表明早期高水平的微生物暴露可能影响ORV的效果,且在仅限于纯母乳喂养或顺产婴儿的敏感性分析中,这种关联仍保持稳健。然而,英国队列中菌群多样性与ORV接种后轮状病毒特异性IgA浓度并无显著关联,研究也未观察到ORV免疫应答在特定菌群类别上的差异,这可能是由于英国队列纳入的样本量较少或是地理差异等原因所致。2023年,该团队通过标准化的宏基因组测序又深入探讨了印度和马拉维婴儿肠道菌群与ORV免疫应答的关联,进一步验证了之前基于16S rRNA测序的发现,即ORV免疫后轮状病毒特异性IgA抗体水平较高者的肠道菌群多样性较低[18]。
一项在中国广西开展的随机、双盲、对照试验针对灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗与口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗(oral poliovirus vaccine, OPV)联合接种的序贯免疫程序,探索了肠道菌群对疫苗诱导的黏膜IgA抗体应答的影响[11]。研究共纳入了107名2月龄健康婴儿,按照不同序贯免疫方案接种14 d后,通过ELISA法测量其粪便样本中的脊髓灰质炎IgA抗体水平,并采用16S rRNA测序分析肠道菌群组成。研究发现,与脊髓灰质炎IgA阳性婴儿(n=39)相比,IgA阴性婴儿(n=66)体内厚壁菌门丰度更高(25.31%vs. 44.9%,P<0.01)、放线菌门丰度更低(33.08% vs.20.61%,P<0.01),且梭菌属的丰度与脊髓灰质炎IgA抗体阳转率显著偏低相关,表明肠道菌群可影响OPV接种后脊髓灰质炎IgA抗体的应答。此外,脊髓灰质炎IgA阴性者肠道菌群的α多样性(P=0.048)和β多样性(P=0.024)较IgA阳性者高,提示肠道菌群丰度和细菌多样性较高可能会降低脊髓灰质炎IgA的转化率。
另一项在南印度的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验,同样探究了肠道菌群对OPV免疫应答的影响[12]。研究通过16S rRNA测序对120名6~11月龄健康婴儿接种疫苗前的肠道菌群特征进行了分析。发现OPV免疫后无应答者的肠道菌群多样性更高,但未发现特定菌群与OPV应答显著相关。
一项在南非和尼日利亚开展的多中心纵向队列研究,针对肠道菌群与破伤风疫苗免疫应答的关联性进行了探索。该研究共招募了278对母婴(南非82对,尼日利亚196对)[13]。婴儿于出生后第6、10和14周接种破伤风疫苗,并于出生后第1周和第15周收集粪便和血液样本。在南非婴儿中,研究者发现婴儿1周龄时较高的肠道唾液链球菌丰度,与较高的破伤风IgG抗体水平相关。然而在尼日利亚婴儿的肠道菌群与破伤风疫苗免疫应答的分析中却未见此规律。这可能是由于尼日利亚婴儿体内被动转移的高母源抗体水平抑制了破伤风疫苗诱导的IgG抗体产生,从而掩盖了肠道菌群对破伤风疫苗诱导免疫应答反应的影响。
在另一项旨在探讨婴儿早期肠道菌群与疫苗免疫应答之间关系的前瞻性队列研究中,纳入了83名美国新罕布什尔州出生队列的婴儿,通过16S rRNA和宏基因组测序分析6周龄时的粪便菌群,并在12月龄时检测其对肺炎球菌结合疫苗(pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 13-valent, PCV13)和破伤风类毒素(tetanus toxoid, TT)两种常规疫苗的IgG抗体反应[14]。结果显示,6周龄婴儿粪便中特定菌种及代谢通路与破伤风IgG抗体反应相关:Aeriscardovia aeriphila相对丰度与破伤风IgG抗体水平呈负相关,而与CDP-二酰基甘油生物合成途径相关的菌种相对丰度与破伤风IgG抗体水平呈正相关。研究也揭示了生命早期肠道菌群可能通过调节核苷酸代谢、CDP-二酰甘油生物合成I和II等通路来塑造婴儿对疫苗的免疫反应,为通过微生物干预优化疫苗效果提供了新思路。
在孟加拉国开展的一项前瞻性队列研究中纳入了69名孟加拉国健康成人。基于该队列,研究者探究了肠道菌群与口服灭活全细胞霍乱疫苗(shanchol)诱导的长期记忆B细胞(memory B cell, MBC)应答的关系[15]。通过16S rRNA测序分析疫苗接种时的粪便菌群,并检测其对霍乱弧菌O特异性多糖(O-specific polysaccharide, OSP)的IgG/IgA型MBC反应。结果显示,尽管肠道菌群多样性(α/β多样性)与特异性MBC反应无关,但梭菌目丰度高、肠杆菌目丰度低的个体更有可能产生MBC反应。此外,高应答者的粪便代谢物可诱导巨噬细胞产生更高水平的IL-1β(P=0.037)和更低水平的IL-6(P=0.005 6),而这两种细胞因子对MBC的活化与分化至关重要。
肠道菌群可产生多种具有调节免疫反应潜力的代谢产物。菌群衍生的多种生物分子,包括短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs)、色氨酸代谢物、细菌DNA、次级胆汁酸等可被肠道内聚集的大量B细胞、T细胞以及抗原呈递细胞等免疫细胞识别并产生响应[19],见图1。其中短链脂肪酸,如乙酸、丙酸、丁酸可通过肠道上皮细胞的主动运输或被动扩散进入体循环系统,进而调控局部及全身炎症反应和免疫应答[20]。尤其是丁酸,具有重要的免疫调节作用,可通过抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶促进树突状细胞(dendritic cells, DCs)的抗原呈递能力[21],还能够影响核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)的作用、调节性T细胞的分化以及IL-10的产生等[22]。色氨酸及其衍生物(如犬尿氨酸、吲哚类物质)对免疫细胞功能(如调节性T细胞)的调控及免疫反应的介导具有重要作用[23]。次级胆汁酸也被证明能够抑制NF-κB信号通路、抑制表达IL-17的辅助T细胞活性,并促进调节性T细胞的分化[24]。此外,这些代谢产物也可通过增强肠道屏障完整性间接调节对疫苗接种的免疫反应[1],如SCFAs可能通过增加肠道上皮紧密连接蛋白的数量来帮助维持肠道屏障的完整性、防止病原体易位,进而影响疫苗的免疫反应。
肠道菌群是天然佐剂的来源,可以调节先天性和适应性免疫的程度。它可以持续释放脂多糖、肽聚糖、鞭毛蛋白(TLR-5配体)、含CpG基序的DNA(TLR-9配体)等这些免疫刺激分子,通过抗原呈递细胞表面的模式识别受体直接对其激活,作为天然病原体相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMP)型佐剂[25-26],见图1。例如,由肠道菌群释放的脂多糖能被TLR-4受体识别,这一过程可促进DCs的活化和Th1分化,利于向T细胞呈递疫苗抗原以及调节由此产生的免疫反应,从而对疫苗接种产生佐剂效应[27]。此外,肠道菌群还能够调控浆细胞样树突状细胞(plasmacytoid dendritic cell, pDC)持续分泌IFN-I,诱导常规DCs进入特定的表观基因组和代谢状态,使其更高效地启动抗原特异性T细胞应答来增强疫苗效果[28]。研究发现,无菌或抗生素处理的小鼠对未含佐剂的流感疫苗的IgG、IgM抗体反应显著减弱,而通过口服灌胃给无菌小鼠喂食含有鞭毛的大肠杆菌菌株,可以恢复对流感疫苗的抗体反应[2]。这表明了来自微生物组的鞭毛蛋白可通过TLR-5信号传导,作为流感疫苗的天然佐剂[19]。其后续使用重组乙肝疫苗(含明矾佐剂)、Tdap疫苗(含明矾佐剂)、灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗(不含任何佐剂)等疫苗对无菌或抗生素处理的小鼠又进行免疫接种,结果仅不含佐剂的灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗激发的免疫应答依赖于微生物群,进一步说明了微生物群对增强非佐剂疫苗的抗体应答至关重要。
肠道菌群可通过与宿主自身抗原、病原体特异性抗原的交叉反应来调节免疫反应。暴露于这些微生物抗原不仅会生成针对这些抗原的特异性记忆T细胞,还会增加那些能够与宿主此前从未遭遇过的抗原发生交叉反应的T细胞数量[29]。若体内存在针对这些交叉表位的B细胞或T细胞,可能会改变机体对疫苗的免疫应答效果,见图1。有研究显示,针对SARS-CoV-2 S2结构域的特异性抗体可以与人类和小鼠的肠道菌群抗原发生交叉反应,表明了部分预先存在的交叉反应性抗体可能由特定肠道共生菌群暴露所诱导[16]。这些预先存在的抗体不仅具有阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的潜力,还能够在小鼠模型中增强mRNA疫苗诱导的S2特异性抗体应答。某些共生菌的抗原与病原体存在交叉表位,可能通过预存抗体或记忆性T细胞加速对病原体的清除[30]。但编码交叉反应性抗原对免疫系统有着双重影响,肠道细菌可能通过激活能识别自身抗原的MHC II类限制性CD4+T细胞反应,从而促使自身免疫性疾病的发生[31]。综上,肠道菌群通过分子模拟与免疫系统相互作用,既是天然“疫苗库”也可能成为自身免疫的诱因。这种肠道共生菌群通过编码特定抗原来调节免疫系统的方式,也为疫苗开发提供了独特的可能性。
肠菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation , FMT)是将特定的健康人粪便中的功能肠道菌群移植到患者肠道内,重塑失衡的肠道菌群,以治疗肠道及肠道外疾病,可作为解析肠道菌群-疫苗互作机制的有效工具[32]。在墨西哥开展的Rotarix疫苗研究中,筛选接种后血清轮状病毒特异性IgA水平最高与最低婴儿的粪便样本,通过粪菌移植将婴儿的肠道菌群重建至小鼠模型,移植后第7 d和第34 d分别对小鼠进行鼠源轮状病毒(murine rotavirus, mRV)EC株接种与攻毒实验[33]。研究显示,移植自ORV低应答婴儿的肠道菌群显著抑制小鼠的疫苗反应,而高应答婴儿菌群无此作用。通过16S rRNA测序,发现低应答组小鼠中产气荚膜梭菌检出较高,占测序读数的10%~20%,而应答组则未检出。
益生菌是通过补充特定有益菌,如乳酸菌、双歧杆菌,来调节肠道菌群结构,刺激免疫系统增强疫苗效力。益生元则是提供膳食纤维等底物来选择性促进有益菌的生长[34]。一项旨在考察益生菌(格氏乳杆菌,SBT2055)对三价流感灭活疫苗免疫应答影响的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究,招募健康成年志愿者连续服用16周益生菌(n=94)或安慰剂(n=94),在第5周时接种疫苗[35]。结果显示,益生菌组血浆流感病毒IgA、IgG以及唾液sIgA高于安慰剂组;且自然杀伤细胞活性与粘液病毒抗性基因表达也高于安慰剂组,提示LG2055能同时激活人体的先天性和适应性免疫反应,通过提供特定的益生菌作为补充食品,有正向调节免疫应答的潜力。另一项在意大利开展的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的临床试验,旨在评估一种以双歧杆菌为主的多菌株益生菌配方对50名接种流感疫苗的健康老年受试者(60~80岁)的影响,其表明益生菌可能通过增强全身抗氧化能力、刺激肠道局部先天免疫防御以及正向调节肠道菌群来增强疫苗的保护效果[36]。合生元是益生菌和益生元的混合制剂,旨在通过协同作用促进肠道中有益菌群的生长和活性,改善菌群失调、增强免疫功能[37]。后生元则是利用有益菌的代谢产物如SCFAs,直接调节宿主生理功能[38]。
抗生素的使用对疫苗免疫应答的影响可能存在两面性。一方面,抗生素可选择性清除有害菌,恢复菌群稳态,另一方面也可广谱杀菌,导致菌群失衡。一项探讨抗生素介导的肠道菌群调节对轮状病毒疫苗免疫原性影响的随机对照临床试验,将66名健康成年男性(18~35岁)分为广谱抗生素、窄谱万古霉素、无抗生素对照三组,在抗生素治疗7 d后接种ORV。结果发现,尽管万古霉素未改变受试者绝对轮状病毒特异性IgA抗体水平,但该组在ORV接种后7 d表现出更高的轮状病毒特异性IgA抗体增强比例(38% vs. 对照组4.7%,P=0.021)。同时抗生素也增加了病毒的排出,窄谱组和广谱组均有38%的人在粪便中检测到轮状病毒抗原,显著高于对照组的4.7%(P=0.021)[39]。
另外,有研究为探讨抗生素暴露对婴儿免疫系统发育的影响,对191名健康、足月出生、经阴道分娩的婴儿进行了长达15个月的系统追踪。研究发现,出生后几周内接受抗生素治疗的婴儿,在7个月大时,针对PCV13和六联疫苗(如白喉、破伤风、百日咳等)的IgG抗体水平明显低于未用抗生素者,意味着抗生素影响了疫苗的免疫效果,这可能与抗生素导致接种时肠道双歧杆菌丰度显著降低有关[40]。故需谨慎使用抗生素以避免破坏共生菌;而噬菌体则是一种专门感染并裂解细菌的病毒,其高度特异性可能减少对有益菌的影响[41]。
关于肠道菌群对疫苗免疫应答的影响,各研究结果不一,甚至涉及到的同一类肠道菌群在不同群体不同疫苗作用下对免疫应答反应的影响也不同。以前述安徽和加拿大队列研究为例,普雷沃菌属在COVID-19疫苗免疫应答中呈现相反作用,这可能与地理环境差异、饮食习惯(如纤维摄入)及微生物分析技术差异密切相关。现有证据表明,高纤维饮食可促进普雷沃菌产生SCFAs,进而增强Th1型免疫应答[42],这为此提供了潜在机制解释。两项研究分别采用16S rRNA测序与宏基因组测序,测序深度、参考数据库不一致,可能导致同一属的相对丰富度估计出现偏差;而不同人群基础免疫状态及既往感染史也会影响疫苗诱导的免疫路径,从而在统计层面放大或削弱关联。总之,由于研究多受限于样本量较小及队列人群背景多样性不足,相关结果仍需通过大样本多中心研究进一步验证。另外,肠道菌群的多样性高,并不意味着所有微生物都有益或是对疫苗效果有促进作用。某些有害菌属或条件致病菌的存在,即使在菌群多样性较高的情况下,也会干扰疫苗的免疫反应。尽管目前不同菌群和菌种调节疫苗免疫应答作用证据分散,缺乏系统性验证。肠道菌群的优化和调节可能是用于优化疫苗长期保护或感染后修复的一种简单而有力的方法,特别是在易感年龄组和有基础疾病的人群中。而菌群靶向干预措施可能不需要将微生物群完全恢复到“健康”状态即可受益。总之,肠道菌群为佐剂研发提供了天然的“免疫工具箱”,未来可进一步尝试开展基于此的佐剂临床试验来实现疫苗效力的提升。
目前,针对肠道菌群对疫苗免疫应答影响的研究仍存在一些局限性。多数研究的微生物组分析是通过16S rRNA测序而非宏基因组测序进行,存在物种鉴定分辨率只能到属水平,难以精确到种或菌株,难以检测低丰度物种等劣势。此外,大多数研究是观察性的,无法确定所识别的菌群或代谢组关联是否具有因果性。尽管通过小鼠等动物模型开展的机制研究已经揭示菌群影响疫苗免疫应答的可能机制,但这些机制在人类模型中的相关性仍较少。第三,已报道的研究主要集中在肠道菌群,但其他部位的菌群,如口腔、鼻腔、皮肤菌群,也可能因为疫苗接种途径不同而发挥关键作用。并且,随着对研究者们对黏膜携带的真菌和病毒调控免疫应答的认知加深,也需进一步探索非细菌微生物组调节疫苗应答的潜力[43]。最后,靶向肠道菌群的干预措施大多集中在益生菌、益生元、抗生素等方面。未来研究可拓展至新兴技术,如工程菌、基因编辑等创新手段。同时,也需同步关注这些新型干预的潜在风险与安全性。
未来,研究者们需要更加深入且系统的探索肠道或其他黏膜菌群或微生物群对疫苗免疫应答的影响,进一步明确在疫苗诱导的免疫反应中具有调节功能的确切菌株。随着系统生物学和系统免疫学的研究方法的进展,采用宏基因组DNA提取、大规模二代测序以及具备更高检测灵敏度的生物信息学分析工具可以在全面解析微生物群落组成和功能方面发挥重要作用。当然,深入揭示菌群影响疫苗效力的机制以及验证关键功能菌株的作用也需要有规模更大、力度更高的试验来扩展这些数据,特别是评估针对适当人群(如生活在中低收入者国家)的干预措施的试验。总之,肠道微生态是疫苗研发的新维度;未来的疫苗研究不仅仅需要关注抗原和佐剂,还要关注接种者的肠道微环境;未来有望利用菌群特征来预测疫苗反应,进而制定个体化的接种方案。
  • 国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金(82222062)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508212
  • 接收时间:2025-08-12
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-12
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国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金(82222062)
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    1.南京医科大学公共卫生学院,南京医科大学国家医学攻关产教融合创新平台(疫苗研发),江苏 南京 211166
    2.东南大学公共卫生学院
    3.江苏省医学创新中心,国家卫健委肠道病原重点实验室,江苏省疾病预防控制中心(江苏省预防医学科学院),江苏 南京 210009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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