Article(id=1324070975918191412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324070892967428793, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508052, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754236800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793612720707, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793612720707, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793612720707, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793612720707, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324070892967428793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='24', pageStart='4417', pageEnd='4608', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793612700931, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793612772549, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324071193430602023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324070892967428793, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324071193430602024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324070892967428793, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4538, endPage=4543, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324070976174043957, articleId=1324070975918191412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The association between exercise and falls in elderly patients with chronic diseases: a chain mediation model based on cognitive function and depression, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate cognitive function and depression as mediators between exercise and falls in elderly chronic disease patients.

Methods

Using stratified and convenience sampling, this cross-sectional survey in Shandong included 1 433 elderly chronic disease patients via a self-designed questionnaire. Generalized structural equation modeling and Bootstrap testing were used.

Results

Fall incidence was 18.8%. Exercisers had significantly lower fall incidence. Cognitive function scores were lower in fallers; depression scores were higher in fallers. Exercise, cognitive function, and depression significantly affected falls (P<0.05). Exercise negatively predicted falls (β=-0.376, 95% CI:-0.685- -0.067). Cognitive function (β=-0.037, 95% CI:-0.070--0.004) and depression (β=-0.124, 95% CI:-0.194- -0.055) had significant mediating effects. A chain-mediating effect existed via cognitive function and depression (β=-0.011, 95% CI:-0.021--0.001).

Conclusion

Exercise directly reduces falls and also reduces falls indirectly through the mediating effects of cognitive function and depression.

, authors=Chen-shuai SHEN1, Wen-xiao YUAN1, Hong-ping LI1, Qian-qian GAO1, 3, Qi JING1, 3, Run-guo GAO2, 3, Hong-qing AN2, 3, Wei-qin CAI1, 3, authorsList=Chen-shuai SHEN, Wen-xiao YUAN, Hong-ping LI, Qian-qian GAO, Qi JING, Run-guo GAO, Hong-qing AN, Wei-qin CAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei-qin CAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324070976870298424, articleId=1324070975918191412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=运动锻炼与老年慢性病患者跌倒的关系:基于认知功能和抑郁的链式中介作用, columnId=1228016572640461823, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=健康与社会行为, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究认知功能和抑郁在运动锻炼与老年慢性病患者跌倒间的中介作用。

方法

本研究运用分层抽样与方便抽样相结合的方法,采用自制问卷在山东省进行横断面调查,最终将1 433名老年慢性病患者作为研究对象。使用广义结构方程模型和Bootstrap检验构建中介模型和验证中介变量。

结果

1 433名老年慢性病患者的跌倒率为18.8%。其中进行运动锻炼的跌倒率明显低于不进行运动锻炼者;跌倒者认知功能评分低于未跌倒者;跌倒者抑郁评分高于未跌倒者。运动锻炼、认知功能和抑郁对跌倒的影响均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。运动锻炼负向预测老年慢性病患者的跌倒(β=-0.376,95% CI: -0.685~-0.067)。认知功能和抑郁在运动锻炼与跌倒之间的中介效应具有统计学意义(β=-0.037,95% CI: -0.070~-0.004;β=-0.124,95% CI: -0.194~-0.055)。认知功能和抑郁在运动锻炼与跌倒之间存在链式中介效应(β=-0.011,95% CI: -0.021~-0.001)。

结论

运动锻炼可直接影响老年慢性病患者跌倒,也可通过认知功能和抑郁的中介作用影响老年慢性病患者跌倒。

, authors=沈辰帅1, 袁文筱1, 李红萍1, 高倩倩1, 3, 井淇1, 3, 高润国2, 3, 安洪庆2, 3, 蔡伟芹1, 3, authorsList=沈辰帅, 袁文筱, 李红萍, 高倩倩, 井淇, 高润国, 安洪庆, 蔡伟芹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=蔡伟芹, authorNote=

沈辰帅(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生健康政策与管理

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蔡伟芹,E-mail:
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Aging & Mental Health, 2022, 26 (9): 1805-1812., articleTitle=The role of frailty in the association between depression and fall risk among older adults, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324070993421022132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070975918191412, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=20, issue=1, pageStart=284, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Jung YJ, Kim R, Yoo D, journalName=BMC Geriatrics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jung YJ, Kim R, Yoo D, et al. Late-life falling and depressive symptoms associated with the risk of Parkinson’s disease: a nationwide cohort data analysis [J]. 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注:*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.001。

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Descriptive statistical analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量n(%)/M
(P25,P75)
是否跌倒n(%)统计值
(χ2/Z)
P值
是否
性别12.623<0.001
男618(43.1)90(14.6)528(85.4)
女815(56.9)179(22.0)636(78.0)
年龄(岁)46.860<0.001
60~70672(46.9)83(12.4)589(87.6)
71~80642(44.8)143(22.3)499(77.7)
≥81119(8.3)43(36.1)76(63.9)
文化程度40.330<0.001
没上过学360(25.1)103(28.6)257(71.4)
小学526(36.7)95(18.1)431(81.9)
初中350(24.4)40(11.4)310(88.6)
高中/中专170(11.9)29(17.1)141(82.9)
大专19(1.3)0(0.0)19(100.0)
本科及以上8(0.6)2(25.0)6(75.0)
个人月收入(元)14.8550.002
≤1 000842(58.8)185(22.0)657(78.0)
1 001~2 000267(18.6)43(16.1)224(83.9)
2 001~4 000172(12.0)22(12.8)150(87.2)
>4 000152(10.6)19(12.5)133(87.5)
视力状况63.313<0.001
没有障碍769(53.7)98(12.7)671(87.3)
对生活影响不大549(38.3)123(22.4)426(77.6)
对生活影响较大106(7.4)45(42.5)61(57.5)
严重影响生活9(0.6)3(33.3)6(66.7)
听力状况52.051<0.001
没有障碍827(57.7)107(12.9)720(87.1)
对生活影响不大465(32.4)113(24.3)352(75.7)
对生活影响较大123(8.6)44(35.8)79(64.2)
严重影响生活18(1.3)5(27.8)13(72.2)
是否疼痛45.653<0.001
是693(48.4)180(26.0)513(74.0)
否740(51.6)89(12.0)651(88.0)
室内照明18.101<0.001
是1 351(94.3)239(17.7)1 112(82.3)
否82(5.7)30(36.6)52(63.4)
是否安装扶手4.3980.036
是147(10.3)37(25.2)110(74.8)
否1 286(89.7)232(18.0)1 054(82.0)
运动锻炼28.069<0.001
是720(50.2)96(13.3)624(86.7)
否713(49.8)173(24.3)540(75.7)
认知功能27.0(23.0,29.0)24.0(20.0,28.0)28.0(24.0,29.0)-6.100<0.001
抑郁2.0(0.0,5.0)4.0(1.0,7.0)2.0(0.0,4.0)-8.408<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1324070982683603834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070975918191412, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

描述性统计分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量n(%)/M
(P25,P75)
是否跌倒n(%)统计值
(χ2/Z)
P值
是否
性别12.623<0.001
男618(43.1)90(14.6)528(85.4)
女815(56.9)179(22.0)636(78.0)
年龄(岁)46.860<0.001
60~70672(46.9)83(12.4)589(87.6)
71~80642(44.8)143(22.3)499(77.7)
≥81119(8.3)43(36.1)76(63.9)
文化程度40.330<0.001
没上过学360(25.1)103(28.6)257(71.4)
小学526(36.7)95(18.1)431(81.9)
初中350(24.4)40(11.4)310(88.6)
高中/中专170(11.9)29(17.1)141(82.9)
大专19(1.3)0(0.0)19(100.0)
本科及以上8(0.6)2(25.0)6(75.0)
个人月收入(元)14.8550.002
≤1 000842(58.8)185(22.0)657(78.0)
1 001~2 000267(18.6)43(16.1)224(83.9)
2 001~4 000172(12.0)22(12.8)150(87.2)
>4 000152(10.6)19(12.5)133(87.5)
视力状况63.313<0.001
没有障碍769(53.7)98(12.7)671(87.3)
对生活影响不大549(38.3)123(22.4)426(77.6)
对生活影响较大106(7.4)45(42.5)61(57.5)
严重影响生活9(0.6)3(33.3)6(66.7)
听力状况52.051<0.001
没有障碍827(57.7)107(12.9)720(87.1)
对生活影响不大465(32.4)113(24.3)352(75.7)
对生活影响较大123(8.6)44(35.8)79(64.2)
严重影响生活18(1.3)5(27.8)13(72.2)
是否疼痛45.653<0.001
是693(48.4)180(26.0)513(74.0)
否740(51.6)89(12.0)651(88.0)
室内照明18.101<0.001
是1 351(94.3)239(17.7)1 112(82.3)
否82(5.7)30(36.6)52(63.4)
是否安装扶手4.3980.036
是147(10.3)37(25.2)110(74.8)
否1 286(89.7)232(18.0)1 054(82.0)
运动锻炼28.069<0.001
是720(50.2)96(13.3)624(86.7)
否713(49.8)173(24.3)540(75.7)
认知功能27.0(23.0,29.0)24.0(20.0,28.0)28.0(24.0,29.0)-6.100<0.001
抑郁2.0(0.0,5.0)4.0(1.0,7.0)2.0(0.0,4.0)-8.408<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1324070984461988732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070975918191412, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Multimodel regression analysis of the role of exercise on falls

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变量粗模型模型1
OR(95%CI)P值OR(95%CI)P值
运动锻炼0.480(0.365~0.632)<0.0010.647(0.482~0.869)0.004
认知功能0.944(0.918~0.971)<0.001
抑郁1.104(1.061~1.148)<0.001
性别1.584(1.177~2.130)0.002
年龄(岁)1.731(1.385~2.162)<0.001
文化程度1.038(0.867~1.242)0.686
个人月收入0.956(0.804~1.136)0.606
视力状况
听力状况
是否疼痛
室内照明
是否安装扶手
常量0.320<0.0010.4320.061
R20.0320.144
-2 Log-Likelihood1 355.5981 249.737
变量模型2模型3
OR(95%CI)P值OR(95%CI)P值
运动锻炼0.666(0.494~0.898)0.0080.691(0.511~0.935)0.016
认知功能0.952(0.925~0.980)0.0010.950(0.923~0.978)<0.001
抑郁1.092(1.049~1.138)<0.0011.086(1.041~1.133)<0.001
性别1.319(0.970~1.792)0.0771.350(0.991~1.838)0.057
年龄(岁)1.555(1.235~1.957)<0.0011.541(1.223~1.944)<0.001
文化程度1.075(0.918~1.330)0.4421.105(0.918~1.330)0.293
个人月收入0.990(0.814~1.163)0.9110.973(0.814~1.163)0.761
视力状况1.461(1.185~1.801)<0.0011.435(1.163~1.772)0.001
听力状况1.171(0.934~1.470)0.1721.184(0.942~1.489)0.147
是否疼痛1.890(1.399~2.553)<0.0011.890(1.397~2.556)<0.001
室内照明1.765(1.027~3.033)0.040
是否安装扶手0.601(0.389~0.928)0.022
常量0.2360.0020.3550.130
R20.1810.192
-2 Log-Likelihood1 212.4921 202.651
), ArticleFig(id=1324070984587817853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070975918191412, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

运动锻炼对跌倒影响的多模型回归分析

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变量粗模型模型1
OR(95%CI)P值OR(95%CI)P值
运动锻炼0.480(0.365~0.632)<0.0010.647(0.482~0.869)0.004
认知功能0.944(0.918~0.971)<0.001
抑郁1.104(1.061~1.148)<0.001
性别1.584(1.177~2.130)0.002
年龄(岁)1.731(1.385~2.162)<0.001
文化程度1.038(0.867~1.242)0.686
个人月收入0.956(0.804~1.136)0.606
视力状况
听力状况
是否疼痛
室内照明
是否安装扶手
常量0.320<0.0010.4320.061
R20.0320.144
-2 Log-Likelihood1 355.5981 249.737
变量模型2模型3
OR(95%CI)P值OR(95%CI)P值
运动锻炼0.666(0.494~0.898)0.0080.691(0.511~0.935)0.016
认知功能0.952(0.925~0.980)0.0010.950(0.923~0.978)<0.001
抑郁1.092(1.049~1.138)<0.0011.086(1.041~1.133)<0.001
性别1.319(0.970~1.792)0.0771.350(0.991~1.838)0.057
年龄(岁)1.555(1.235~1.957)<0.0011.541(1.223~1.944)<0.001
文化程度1.075(0.918~1.330)0.4421.105(0.918~1.330)0.293
个人月收入0.990(0.814~1.163)0.9110.973(0.814~1.163)0.761
视力状况1.461(1.185~1.801)<0.0011.435(1.163~1.772)0.001
听力状况1.171(0.934~1.470)0.1721.184(0.942~1.489)0.147
是否疼痛1.890(1.399~2.553)<0.0011.890(1.397~2.556)<0.001
室内照明1.765(1.027~3.033)0.040
是否安装扶手0.601(0.389~0.928)0.022
常量0.2360.0020.3550.130
R20.1810.192
-2 Log-Likelihood1 212.4921 202.651
), ArticleFig(id=1324070984726229886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070975918191412, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Correlation analysis between exercise, cognitive function, depressive symptoms and falls

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变量运动锻炼认知功能抑郁跌倒
运动锻炼1.000
认知功能0.132a1.000
抑郁-0.268a-0.215a1.000
跌倒-0.140a-0.222a0.161a1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1324070984810115967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070975918191412, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

运动锻炼、认知功能、抑郁和跌倒之间相关性分析

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变量运动锻炼认知功能抑郁跌倒
运动锻炼1.000
认知功能0.132a1.000
抑郁-0.268a-0.215a1.000
跌倒-0.140a-0.222a0.161a1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1324070984881419136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070975918191412, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Chain mediation models analysis

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路径β标准误Bootstrap95% CIP值
下限上限
运动锻炼-跌倒-0.3760.154-0.678-0.0740.014
认知功能-跌倒-0.0520.015-0.080-0.023<0.001
抑郁-跌倒0.0830.0220.0400.125<0.001
运动锻炼-认知功能0.7210.2420.2461.1960.003
运动锻炼-抑郁-1.5070.164-1.829-1.185<0.001
认知功能-抑郁-0.1790.018-0.214-0.144<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1324070984961110913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070975918191412, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

链式中介模型分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径β标准误Bootstrap95% CIP值
下限上限
运动锻炼-跌倒-0.3760.154-0.678-0.0740.014
认知功能-跌倒-0.0520.015-0.080-0.023<0.001
抑郁-跌倒0.0830.0220.0400.125<0.001
运动锻炼-认知功能0.7210.2420.2461.1960.003
运动锻炼-抑郁-1.5070.164-1.829-1.185<0.001
认知功能-抑郁-0.1790.018-0.214-0.144<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1324070985028219778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070975918191412, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Chain mediation path analysis

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路径效应值(95% CI)标准误效应值占比(%)
总效应-0.548(-0.849~-0.247)0.154100.00
直接效应-0.376(-0.685~-0.067)0.15868.61
总中介效应-0.172(-0.251~-0.094)0.04031.39
运动锻炼-认知功能-跌倒-0.037(-0.070~-0.004)0.0176.75
运动锻炼-抑郁-跌倒-0.124(-0.194~-0.055)0.03622.63
运动锻炼-认知功能-抑郁-跌倒-0.011(-0.021~-0.001)0.0052.01
), ArticleFig(id=1324070985095328643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070975918191412, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

链式中介路径分析

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路径效应值(95% CI)标准误效应值占比(%)
总效应-0.548(-0.849~-0.247)0.154100.00
直接效应-0.376(-0.685~-0.067)0.15868.61
总中介效应-0.172(-0.251~-0.094)0.04031.39
运动锻炼-认知功能-跌倒-0.037(-0.070~-0.004)0.0176.75
运动锻炼-抑郁-跌倒-0.124(-0.194~-0.055)0.03622.63
运动锻炼-认知功能-抑郁-跌倒-0.011(-0.021~-0.001)0.0052.01
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运动锻炼与老年慢性病患者跌倒的关系:基于认知功能和抑郁的链式中介作用
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沈辰帅 1 , 袁文筱 1 , 李红萍 1 , 高倩倩 1, 3 , 井淇 1, 3 , 高润国 2, 3 , 安洪庆 2, 3 , 蔡伟芹 1, 3
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025,52(24): 4538-4543
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现代预防医学 |健康与社会行为 2025 , 52 (24) : 4538 -4543
运动锻炼与老年慢性病患者跌倒的关系:基于认知功能和抑郁的链式中介作用
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沈辰帅1, 袁文筱1, 李红萍1, 高倩倩1, 3, 井淇1, 3, 高润国2, 3, 安洪庆2, 3, 蔡伟芹1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.山东第二医科大学管理学院,山东 潍坊 261053
  • 2.山东第二医科大学公共卫生学院
  • 3.山东第二医科大学公共卫生危机管理研究所
通讯作者:
蔡伟芹,E-mail:
作者简介:

沈辰帅(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生健康政策与管理

The association between exercise and falls in elderly patients with chronic diseases: a chain mediation model based on cognitive function and depression
Chen-shuai SHEN1, Wen-xiao YUAN1, Hong-ping LI1, Qian-qian GAO1, 3, Qi JING1, 3, Run-guo GAO2, 3, Hong-qing AN2, 3, Wei-qin CAI1, 3
Affiliations
  • School of Management, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508052
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目的

探究认知功能和抑郁在运动锻炼与老年慢性病患者跌倒间的中介作用。

方法

本研究运用分层抽样与方便抽样相结合的方法,采用自制问卷在山东省进行横断面调查,最终将1 433名老年慢性病患者作为研究对象。使用广义结构方程模型和Bootstrap检验构建中介模型和验证中介变量。

结果

1 433名老年慢性病患者的跌倒率为18.8%。其中进行运动锻炼的跌倒率明显低于不进行运动锻炼者;跌倒者认知功能评分低于未跌倒者;跌倒者抑郁评分高于未跌倒者。运动锻炼、认知功能和抑郁对跌倒的影响均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。运动锻炼负向预测老年慢性病患者的跌倒(β=-0.376,95% CI: -0.685~-0.067)。认知功能和抑郁在运动锻炼与跌倒之间的中介效应具有统计学意义(β=-0.037,95% CI: -0.070~-0.004;β=-0.124,95% CI: -0.194~-0.055)。认知功能和抑郁在运动锻炼与跌倒之间存在链式中介效应(β=-0.011,95% CI: -0.021~-0.001)。

结论

运动锻炼可直接影响老年慢性病患者跌倒,也可通过认知功能和抑郁的中介作用影响老年慢性病患者跌倒。

运动锻炼  /  跌倒  /  认知功能  /  抑郁
Objective

To investigate cognitive function and depression as mediators between exercise and falls in elderly chronic disease patients.

Methods

Using stratified and convenience sampling, this cross-sectional survey in Shandong included 1 433 elderly chronic disease patients via a self-designed questionnaire. Generalized structural equation modeling and Bootstrap testing were used.

Results

Fall incidence was 18.8%. Exercisers had significantly lower fall incidence. Cognitive function scores were lower in fallers; depression scores were higher in fallers. Exercise, cognitive function, and depression significantly affected falls (P<0.05). Exercise negatively predicted falls (β=-0.376, 95% CI:-0.685- -0.067). Cognitive function (β=-0.037, 95% CI:-0.070--0.004) and depression (β=-0.124, 95% CI:-0.194- -0.055) had significant mediating effects. A chain-mediating effect existed via cognitive function and depression (β=-0.011, 95% CI:-0.021--0.001).

Conclusion

Exercise directly reduces falls and also reduces falls indirectly through the mediating effects of cognitive function and depression.

Exercise  /  Falls  /  Cognitive function  /  Depressive
沈辰帅, 袁文筱, 李红萍, 高倩倩, 井淇, 高润国, 安洪庆, 蔡伟芹. 运动锻炼与老年慢性病患者跌倒的关系:基于认知功能和抑郁的链式中介作用. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (24) : 4538 -4543 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508052
Chen-shuai SHEN, Wen-xiao YUAN, Hong-ping LI, Qian-qian GAO, Qi JING, Run-guo GAO, Hong-qing AN, Wei-qin CAI. The association between exercise and falls in elderly patients with chronic diseases: a chain mediation model based on cognitive function and depression[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (24) : 4538 -4543 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508052
跌倒已成为威胁老年人生命质量的重大公众健康问题。跌倒不仅对老年人造成身体与心理的双重伤害,还会为社会和家庭带来沉重的护理和经济压力[1]。当前研究发现患有慢性病的老年人群跌倒风险更高,且随着老年人患慢性病数量的升高,跌倒风险升高[2-3]。因此,针对老年慢性病患者跌倒的研究对减少其跌倒的发生具有重要现实意义。运动锻炼被认为是预防老年人跌倒的一种有效且经济的策略[4]。运动干预能够降低老年人的跌倒发生的可能性,同时在一定程度上减轻因跌倒造成的损害[5]。
研究表明,运动锻炼可通过增强脑部血管化等机制来改善认知功能[6]。而认知功能与跌倒显著相关,认知功能损伤的老年人更容易发生跌倒[7]。认知功能的衰退常进一步引起步行节律紊乱[8],进而增加跌倒风险。研究表明,运动干预可以改善老年人情绪和缓解抑郁[9]。运动锻炼会使老年人产生自我效能感,从而消解抑郁情绪[10]。而抑郁与跌倒显著相关,有抑郁情绪的老年人更容易发生跌倒[11]。
既往研究多聚集于运动锻炼、认知功能、抑郁和跌倒之间关系的研究,缺乏揭示它们之间作用机制的相关研究。因此,本研究旨在探究认知功能和抑郁在运动锻炼对老年慢性病患者跌倒的影响中是否存在中介作用。
本研究于2024年1月至5月在山东省针对老年人开展横断面调查,通过自制问卷共收集问卷2 300份。调查采用分层抽样与方便抽样相结合的抽样方法,选取青岛、烟台、潍坊、淄博、东营、泰安、临沂、济宁、聊城等地作为样本市,在每个样本市选取2个县(区),每个县(区)随机选取2个社区作为样本点。本研究经山东第二医科大学医学伦理委员会审查批准(批准号:2021YX092);所有调查对象参与调查前均签署知情同意书。
研究对象为老年慢性病患者,纳入标准:(1)年龄≥60岁;(2)患有1种及以上慢性病患者;(3)本人或家属签署同意书。排除标准:(1)存在严重语言、听力障碍者;(2)拒绝配合者。本研究在排除非慢性病患者后,共有1 433名老年慢性病患者,最终将该1 433名老年慢性病患者作为研究对象。
本研究通过询问调查对象“近一年是否参加运动锻炼”这一问题来衡量,若调查对象回答“是”,赋值为1,回答“否”,赋值为0。
本研究中跌倒是通过询问调查对象“最近一年,您跌倒过吗?”这一问题来衡量,若调查对象回答“是”,赋值为1,回答“否”,赋值为0。
(1)认知功能 运用简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)来评估认知功能。该量表涵盖定向、记忆、计算和注意、回忆、语言5个维度,总分30分,得分越高表明其认知能力越强[12],Cronbach α系数为0.901。(2)抑郁 运用医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)来评估抑郁状态。该量表分为焦虑和抑郁两个子量表,每个子量表有7个项目。本研究采用抑郁子量表,总分21分,得分越高,抑郁越严重[13],Cronbach α系数为0.849。
本研究选取基本人口统计学变量(性别、年龄、文化程度和个人月收入)、健康状态变量(视力状况、听力状况和是否疼痛)和环境变量(室内照明、是否安装扶手)作为候选控制变量。选择对跌倒具有统计学意义的变量作为控制变量。
本研究借助Epidata 3.1录入数据。使用SPSS 25.0和STATA 18.0进行数据分析。计数资料以N(%)表示,计量资料采用[M(P25,P75)]描述。通过卡方检验和Mann-Whitney U检验比较不同特征老年慢性病患者的跌倒情况。通过Spearman秩相关分析和交叉表Phi关联分析探究运动锻炼、认知功能、抑郁与跌倒的相关关系。最后通过广义结构方程模型构建链式中介效应模型,并运用bootstrap法(重复抽样5 000次)对中介效应进行验证。检验水准α=0.05。
1 433名老年慢性病患者中有269例患者发生跌倒,跌倒率为18.8%。其中进行运动锻炼和不进行运动锻炼的跌倒率分别为(13.3%)和(24.3%),运动锻炼的跌倒率明显低于不进行运动锻炼者(P<0.001);认知功能评分的M(P25,P75)为27.0(23.0,29.0),其中跌倒者和未跌倒者认知功能评分的M(P25,P75)分别为24.0(20.0,28.0)和28.0(24.0,29.0),跌倒者认知功能评分低于未跌倒者(P<0.001);抑郁评分的M(P25,P75)为2.0(0.0,5.0),其中跌倒者和未跌倒者抑郁评分的M(P25,P75)分别为4.0(1.0,7.0),2.0(0.0,4.0),跌倒者认知功能评分高于未跌倒者(P<0.001)。
单因素分析结果显示,女性、年龄≥81岁、没上过学、个人月收入≤1 000、视力对生活影响较大、听力对生活影响较大、疼痛、室内照明充足、安装扶手、不进行运动锻炼的老年慢性病患者跌倒率更高(P<0.05)。见表1。
根据单因素分析结果,依次纳入三类变量中有统计学意义的变量,分别构建模型1、模型2和模型3。结果显示,在模型1、模型2和模型3中,运动锻炼、认知功能和抑郁对跌倒影响均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。运动锻炼在这4个模型中的OR值不断接近于1,表明运动锻炼对跌倒风险的保护作用不断减弱。此外,性别、年龄、视力状况、是否疼痛、室内照明和是否安装扶手均为老年慢性病患者跌倒发生的影响因素,因此在本研究中将以上变量作为控制变量(P<0.05)。见表2。
结果显示,运动锻炼与认知功能呈正相关(P<0.001),与抑郁和跌倒呈负相关(P<0.001);认知功能与抑郁和跌倒呈负相关(P<0.001);抑郁与跌倒呈正相关(P<0.001)。见表3。
结果显示,运动锻炼负向影响跌倒和抑郁(β=-0.376,P=0.014;β=-1.507,P<0.001),正向影响认知功能(β=0.721,P=0.003);认知功能负向影响跌倒和抑郁(β=-0.052,P<0.001;β=-0.179,P<0.001);抑郁正向影响跌倒(β=0.083,P<0.001)。该模型McFadden R2为0.127,说明模型对跌倒发生风险的变异有一定解释力,具备实际研究意义。见表4,图1。
结果显示,运动锻炼负向预测老年慢性病患者的跌倒(β=-0.376,95% CI: -0.685~-0.067)。认知功能在运动锻炼与跌倒之间的中介效应具有统计学意义(β=-0.037,95% CI:-0.070~-0.004)。抑郁在运动锻炼与跌倒之间的中介效应具有统计学意义(β=-0.124,95% CI: -0.194~-0.055)。认知功能和抑郁在运动锻炼与跌倒之间存在链式中介效应(β=-0.011,95% CI: -0.021~-0.001)。见表5。
本研究结果显示,运动锻炼与老年慢性病患者跌倒之间呈负相关,即参与运动锻炼的老年慢性病患者,越不容易跌倒,与既往研究结论一致[14]。原因为运动锻炼能有效提高老年人的平衡能力、下肢肌力和活动能力,减少对跌倒的恐惧,从而降低老年人跌倒风险[15]。研究表明八段锦、太极拳等运动均可提高老年人运动依从性,降低其跌倒风险及发生率,对老年慢性病患者的跌倒预防效果明显[16]。
本研究结果显示,运动锻炼能够通过改善认知功能,间接降低老年慢性病患者的跌倒风险。具体而言,运动锻炼可显著提升患者的认知功能水平[17],而认知功能的改善又有助于降低跌倒风险。本研究发现认知功能越差,跌倒风险越大,其原因可能在于认知功能受损会影响平衡控制与步态稳定性,从而增加跌倒发生概率[18]。因此,运动锻炼通过促进认知功能,降低跌倒风险。
本研究结果表明,运动锻炼能够通过缓解抑郁情绪,间接降低老年慢性病患者的跌倒风险。具体而言,参与运动锻炼可显著降低患者的抑郁发生可能性[19],其机制与运动调节压力荷尔蒙皮质醇水平、进而改善情绪状态有关[20]。本研究发现伴有抑郁症状的老年慢性病患者跌倒风险更高,与既往研究结论一致[21]。因此,运动锻炼通过改善老年慢性病患者的情绪状态,降低跌倒风险。
本研究结果表明,运动锻炼可以通过认知功能和抑郁的链式中介作用影响老年慢性病患者的跌倒风险。参与运动锻炼可以改善老年慢性病患者的认知功能,进而缓解其抑郁情绪,最终降低其跌倒风险。运动锻炼可以通过诱导外周器官释放的运动因子,调节海马功能,进而改善认知功能[22]。而认知功能与抑郁关系密切,认知功能较差的老年人,其抑郁症的患病风险更高[23]。研究表明有认知障碍的老年人常出现睡眠障碍、乏力等躯体性抑郁症状[24]。且老年轻度认知障碍患者存在前额叶、扣带回等多脑区白质异常,这种脑结构层面的改变会使得执行功能与注意力显著减退,而注意力减退是抑郁患者的特异性表现之一[25]。研究表明存在疲劳、精神运动迟缓、睡眠障碍和注意力不集中等抑郁症状的人,其跌倒风险更高[26]。且研究证明使用抗抑郁药治疗抑郁症的老年人其跌倒风险更高[27]。因此,建议老年慢性病患者积极参与运动锻炼,改善认知功能和调节情绪状态,降低跌倒风险。
本研究证实运动锻炼可直接影响老年慢性病患者跌倒,也可以通过认知功能和抑郁的中介作用影响老年慢性病患者跌倒。为理解运动锻炼降低老年慢性病患者跌倒风险的内在路径提供了新视角,也为制定该群体跌倒预防策略提供了理论依据。但本研究仍存在一定局限性,第一,所用跌倒和运动锻炼的数据资料依赖于受访者的回忆,可能存在回忆偏倚;第二,本研究为横断面研究,无法证实因果关系;第三,核心变量测量的精细度不足,运动锻炼和跌倒均为二分类变量,未来会展开更精准的研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(72104186)
  • 山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2021MG019)
  • 山东省人文社会科学智库重点专项(2023-zkzd-078)
  • 中国高等教育学会高等教育科学研究规划课题(24BJ0401)
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2025年第52卷第24期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508052
  • 接收时间:2025-08-04
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-04
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(72104186)
山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2021MG019)
山东省人文社会科学智库重点专项(2023-zkzd-078)
中国高等教育学会高等教育科学研究规划课题(24BJ0401)
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    1.山东第二医科大学管理学院,山东 潍坊 261053
    2.山东第二医科大学公共卫生学院
    3.山东第二医科大学公共卫生危机管理研究所

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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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