Article(id=1323941325409747758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507188, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752336000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793581809617, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793581809617, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793581809617, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793581809617, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1323941237702668764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='23', pageStart='4225', pageEnd='4416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765296000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793581788707, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793581887795, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1323941653374959780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1323941653374959781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4383, endPage=4389, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1323941327536259887, articleId=1323941325409747758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Mechanisms of memory improvement by soy isoflavones in aging ovariectomized rats, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the mechanism of soy isoflavones (SIF) in improving memory in aging ovariectomized rats.

Methods

Forty 8-week-old SD female rats were randomly assigned to the sham control (CON), aging combined with ovariectomy(OVX/D-Gal), 160 mg/kg SIF (SIF) and 0.8 mg/kg estradiol replacement therapy (ERT). Except for the CON group, rats in other groups underwent bilateral ovariectomy combined with intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose (100 mg/kg·d) for 12 weeks.After the intervention, memory was assessed using the shuttle box test. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the synaptic ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons. The protein P53, PSD-95, GluA1, P38 and the phosph-P38 (p-P38)expressions were measured by Western blot. The levels of TNF-α and estradiol were detected by ELISA. One-way ANOVA method was used to analyze the overall differences. LSD method was used to analyze the pairwise comparison between groups with homogeneous variance, and Dunnett’s test was used to analyze those with uneven variance, with α=0.05.

Results

Significant differences were observed among the groups in avoidance latency time (ALT), active avoidance response rate (AAR),synaptic interface curvature (SIC), synaptic cleft width (SCW), postsynaptic density (PSD) thickness, serum E2 levels, protein expressions of P53, PSD-95, GluA1 and P38 in the hippocampus, and p-P38/P38 (F-value=10.905, P-value<0.010; F-value=9.825, P-value<0.010; F-value=8.027, P-value<0.010; F-value=124.228, P-value<0.001; F-value=24.9810, P-value<0.001; F-value=16.410, P-value<0.001; F-value=5.667, P-value<0.050; F-value=6.091, P-value<0.050; F-value=8.766, P-value<0.050; F-value=25.218, P-value<0.001; F-value=19.014, P-value<0.001). Compared with CON group, rats in the OVX/D-Gal group exhibited significantly reduced serum E2 and increased hippocampal P53, accompanied by prolonged ALT and decreased AAR. The SIC and PSD thickness declined, and the SCW widened. The level of TNF-α and the ratio of p-P38/P38 in the hippocampus increased, while the protein expressions of P38, PSD-95 and GluA1 were decreased (all P-value<0.050).In the SIF group, there was no significant change in serum E2 level compared to the OVX/D-Gal group, while P53 expression was decreased. The ALT shortened and the AAR increased. Besides, higher SIC, increased PSD thickness, and narrower SCW were observed in the SIF group. The level of TNF-α and the ratio of p-P38/P38 in the hippocampus declined, while the protein expressions of PSD-95, GluA1 and P38 increased (all P-value<0.050).

Conclusion

SIF can improve the memory ability of aging rats with ovariectomy, which may be related to the enhancement of synaptic plasticity through inhibiting TNF-α and its downstream P38MAPK, thereby increasing GluA1 expression.

, authors=Qin-fei GUO1, Ming-kai LI1, Ya-fei ZHAO1, Lu-shan XUE1, Cheng ZHANG1, Chen-hui LV1, Qian YANG2, Hai-feng ZHAO1, 3, authorsList=Qin-fei GUO, Ming-kai LI, Ya-fei ZHAO, Lu-shan XUE, Cheng ZHANG, Chen-hui LV, Qian YANG, Hai-feng ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hai-feng ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1323941331772506946, articleId=1323941325409747758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=大豆异黄酮改善衰老去势大鼠记忆的机制, columnId=1228016572288135432, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=实验技术及其应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究大豆异黄酮(soy isoflavones, SIF)改善衰老去势大鼠记忆的机制。

方法

40只8周龄SD雌性大鼠随机分为假手术组(CON)、衰老去势组(OVX/D-Gal)、160 mg/kg SIF组(SIF)和0.8 mg/kg雌二醇组(ERT)。除CON组外,各组大鼠行双侧卵巢摘除术合并腹腔注射D-半乳糖(100 mg/kg·d),干预12周。干预后穿梭箱实验检测大鼠记忆能力;透射电镜观察海马神经元突触超微结构;Western Blot检测海马P53、PSD-95、GluA1及P38、p-P38蛋白表达;酶联免疫吸附分析检测TNF-α和雌二醇表达。One-way ANOVA法分析总体差异,方差齐者组间比较采用最小显著差数法(least significant difference,LSD)(方差齐)或Dunnett法(方差不齐),检验水准α=0.05。

结果

各组大鼠回避潜伏时间(avoidance latency time, ALT)、主动回避反应率(active avoidance response rate, AAR)、突触界面曲率(synaptic interface curvature, SIC)、突触间隙宽度(synaptic cleft width, SCW)和突触后致密物(postsynaptic density, PSD)厚度、血清雌二醇水平、海马P53、PSD-95、GluA1及P38及p-P38/P38蛋白表达量总体差异均有统计学意义(F值=10.905、9.825、8.027、124.228、24.981、16.410、5.667、6.091、8.766、25.218、19.014, P值<0.010,<0.010、<0.010、<0.001、<0.001、<0.001、<0.050、<0.050、<0.050、<0.001、<0.001)。与CON组相比,OVX/D-Gal组大鼠血清雌二醇水平下降,海马P53表达上升;ALT延长、AAR降低;SIC及PSD厚度降低、SCW增宽;海马TNF-α表达和p-P38/P38比值升高,P38、PSD-95和GluA1表达减少(均P值<0.050);与OVX/D-Gal组相比,SIF组血清雌二醇未见明显改变,P53表达下降;ALT缩短、AAR上升;SIC及PSD厚度增加、SCW变窄;海马TNF-α表达和p-P38/P38比值下降,PSD-95、GluA1和P38表达上升(均P值<0.050)。

结论

SIF可改善衰老去势大鼠的记忆能力,其作用可能与抑制TNF-α及下游P38MAPK进而增加GluA1表达改善突触可塑性有关。

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郭沁菲(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:营养与疾病

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赵海峰,E-mail:
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注:A为大鼠海马中P53及β-actin蛋白条带图;B为ELISA 试剂盒测定血清雌二醇水平;C为大鼠海马中P53蛋白的表达定量分析;*表示P<0.050;**表示P<0.010;***表示P<0.001;n=6。

, figureFileSmall=VCGpAydoBDXpiLbqmvdqTA==, figureFileBig=jZc+mpBSKERme+BP/DzqJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1323941338084934527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941325409747758, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Comparison of ultrastructural images and synaptic interface structure parameters in rat hippocampus CA1 region [(), n=30], figureFileSmall=8O8p9NLHsNvSnD4EfjEdCg==, figureFileBig=FmJ3vJDJV+0gh4MLAreoHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1323941338500170624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941325409747758, language=CN, label=图2, caption=大鼠海马CA1区超微结构图及突触界面结构参数比较[(), n=30]

注:A为海马体突触结构的代表性透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM)图像(放大倍数:×50 000;标尺:500 nm;箭头表示突触);B为突触界面曲率定量分析;C为突触间隙宽度定量分析;D为突触后致密物厚度定量分析。

, figureFileSmall=8O8p9NLHsNvSnD4EfjEdCg==, figureFileBig=FmJ3vJDJV+0gh4MLAreoHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1323941340165309313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941325409747758, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effect of SIF on the expression of PSD-95 and GluA1 in the hippocampus of each group of rats, figureFileSmall=tlE1Zvmk+bQsqKNWh9Wu+g==, figureFileBig=4cecoFqj0gOd4YS5IoX9Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1323941340354052994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941325409747758, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SIF干预对各组大鼠海马中PSD-95及GluA1蛋白表达的影响

注:A为大鼠海马中PSD-95、GluA1及β-actin蛋白条带图;B为大鼠海马中PSD-95蛋白的表达定量分析;C为大鼠海马中GluA1蛋白的表达定量分析。

, figureFileSmall=tlE1Zvmk+bQsqKNWh9Wu+g==, figureFileBig=4cecoFqj0gOd4YS5IoX9Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1323941340538602371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941325409747758, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The effect of SIF on the expressions of P38 and p-P38 proteins, and the level of TNF-α in the hippocampus of each group of rats, figureFileSmall=FfNiKrNckZBjAN54JYIkhw==, figureFileBig=jGXXvA1uPbrbjj7v/J1msA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1323941340618294148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941325409747758, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SIF干预对各组大鼠海马中P38、p-P38蛋白表达及TNF-α水平的影响

注:A为大鼠海马中P38、p-P38及β-actin蛋白条带图;B为大鼠海马中P38蛋白的表达定量分析;C为大鼠海马中p-P38蛋白的表达定量分析;D为大鼠海马中p-P38/P38的相对蛋白表达水平(磷酸化/总比值);E为ELISA 试剂盒测定大鼠海马中TNF-α水平。

, figureFileSmall=FfNiKrNckZBjAN54JYIkhw==, figureFileBig=jGXXvA1uPbrbjj7v/J1msA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1323941340681208709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941325409747758, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of avoidance response ability among rats in each group [(), n=10]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别ALT(s)AAR(%)PAR(%)
CON组5.61±0.5628.33±3.0771.67±3.07
OVX/D-Gal组9.86±2.71a1.67±1.67a78.33±9.46
SIF组5.27±1.00b33.33±6.67b71.67±7.49
ERT组5.39±1.48b18.33±4.7761.67±6.00
F值10.9059.8250.988
P值<0.001<0.0010.418
), ArticleFig(id=1323941340773483398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941325409747758, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各组大鼠回避反应能力的比较[(), n=10]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别ALT(s)AAR(%)PAR(%)
CON组5.61±0.5628.33±3.0771.67±3.07
OVX/D-Gal组9.86±2.71a1.67±1.67a78.33±9.46
SIF组5.27±1.00b33.33±6.67b71.67±7.49
ERT组5.39±1.48b18.33±4.7761.67±6.00
F值10.9059.8250.988
P值<0.001<0.0010.418
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大豆异黄酮改善衰老去势大鼠记忆的机制
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郭沁菲 1 , 李明锴 1 , 赵娅菲 1 , 薛璐珊 1 , 张骋 1 , 吕晨慧 1 , 杨倩 2 , 赵海峰 1, 3
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025,52(23): 4383-4389
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现代预防医学 |实验技术及其应用 2025 , 52 (23) : 4383 -4389
大豆异黄酮改善衰老去势大鼠记忆的机制
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郭沁菲1, 李明锴1, 赵娅菲1, 薛璐珊1, 张骋1, 吕晨慧1, 杨倩2, 赵海峰1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.山西医科大学公共卫生学院营养与食品卫生学教研室/山西医科大学营养与食品科学研究所,山西 太原 030001
  • 2.山西省肿瘤医院、中国医学科学院肿瘤医院山西医院、山西医科大学附属肿瘤医院
  • 3.煤炭环境致病与防治教育部重点实验室,山西 太原 030001
通讯作者:
赵海峰,E-mail:
作者简介:

郭沁菲(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:营养与疾病

Mechanisms of memory improvement by soy isoflavones in aging ovariectomized rats
Qin-fei GUO1, Ming-kai LI1, Ya-fei ZHAO1, Lu-shan XUE1, Cheng ZHANG1, Chen-hui LV1, Qian YANG2, Hai-feng ZHAO1, 3
Affiliations
  • Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health/Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507188
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目的

探究大豆异黄酮(soy isoflavones, SIF)改善衰老去势大鼠记忆的机制。

方法

40只8周龄SD雌性大鼠随机分为假手术组(CON)、衰老去势组(OVX/D-Gal)、160 mg/kg SIF组(SIF)和0.8 mg/kg雌二醇组(ERT)。除CON组外,各组大鼠行双侧卵巢摘除术合并腹腔注射D-半乳糖(100 mg/kg·d),干预12周。干预后穿梭箱实验检测大鼠记忆能力;透射电镜观察海马神经元突触超微结构;Western Blot检测海马P53、PSD-95、GluA1及P38、p-P38蛋白表达;酶联免疫吸附分析检测TNF-α和雌二醇表达。One-way ANOVA法分析总体差异,方差齐者组间比较采用最小显著差数法(least significant difference,LSD)(方差齐)或Dunnett法(方差不齐),检验水准α=0.05。

结果

各组大鼠回避潜伏时间(avoidance latency time, ALT)、主动回避反应率(active avoidance response rate, AAR)、突触界面曲率(synaptic interface curvature, SIC)、突触间隙宽度(synaptic cleft width, SCW)和突触后致密物(postsynaptic density, PSD)厚度、血清雌二醇水平、海马P53、PSD-95、GluA1及P38及p-P38/P38蛋白表达量总体差异均有统计学意义(F值=10.905、9.825、8.027、124.228、24.981、16.410、5.667、6.091、8.766、25.218、19.014, P值<0.010,<0.010、<0.010、<0.001、<0.001、<0.001、<0.050、<0.050、<0.050、<0.001、<0.001)。与CON组相比,OVX/D-Gal组大鼠血清雌二醇水平下降,海马P53表达上升;ALT延长、AAR降低;SIC及PSD厚度降低、SCW增宽;海马TNF-α表达和p-P38/P38比值升高,P38、PSD-95和GluA1表达减少(均P值<0.050);与OVX/D-Gal组相比,SIF组血清雌二醇未见明显改变,P53表达下降;ALT缩短、AAR上升;SIC及PSD厚度增加、SCW变窄;海马TNF-α表达和p-P38/P38比值下降,PSD-95、GluA1和P38表达上升(均P值<0.050)。

结论

SIF可改善衰老去势大鼠的记忆能力,其作用可能与抑制TNF-α及下游P38MAPK进而增加GluA1表达改善突触可塑性有关。

大豆异黄酮  /  衰老  /  去势  /  记忆  /  突触可塑性
Objective

To explore the mechanism of soy isoflavones (SIF) in improving memory in aging ovariectomized rats.

Methods

Forty 8-week-old SD female rats were randomly assigned to the sham control (CON), aging combined with ovariectomy(OVX/D-Gal), 160 mg/kg SIF (SIF) and 0.8 mg/kg estradiol replacement therapy (ERT). Except for the CON group, rats in other groups underwent bilateral ovariectomy combined with intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose (100 mg/kg·d) for 12 weeks.After the intervention, memory was assessed using the shuttle box test. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the synaptic ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons. The protein P53, PSD-95, GluA1, P38 and the phosph-P38 (p-P38)expressions were measured by Western blot. The levels of TNF-α and estradiol were detected by ELISA. One-way ANOVA method was used to analyze the overall differences. LSD method was used to analyze the pairwise comparison between groups with homogeneous variance, and Dunnett’s test was used to analyze those with uneven variance, with α=0.05.

Results

Significant differences were observed among the groups in avoidance latency time (ALT), active avoidance response rate (AAR),synaptic interface curvature (SIC), synaptic cleft width (SCW), postsynaptic density (PSD) thickness, serum E2 levels, protein expressions of P53, PSD-95, GluA1 and P38 in the hippocampus, and p-P38/P38 (F-value=10.905, P-value<0.010; F-value=9.825, P-value<0.010; F-value=8.027, P-value<0.010; F-value=124.228, P-value<0.001; F-value=24.9810, P-value<0.001; F-value=16.410, P-value<0.001; F-value=5.667, P-value<0.050; F-value=6.091, P-value<0.050; F-value=8.766, P-value<0.050; F-value=25.218, P-value<0.001; F-value=19.014, P-value<0.001). Compared with CON group, rats in the OVX/D-Gal group exhibited significantly reduced serum E2 and increased hippocampal P53, accompanied by prolonged ALT and decreased AAR. The SIC and PSD thickness declined, and the SCW widened. The level of TNF-α and the ratio of p-P38/P38 in the hippocampus increased, while the protein expressions of P38, PSD-95 and GluA1 were decreased (all P-value<0.050).In the SIF group, there was no significant change in serum E2 level compared to the OVX/D-Gal group, while P53 expression was decreased. The ALT shortened and the AAR increased. Besides, higher SIC, increased PSD thickness, and narrower SCW were observed in the SIF group. The level of TNF-α and the ratio of p-P38/P38 in the hippocampus declined, while the protein expressions of PSD-95, GluA1 and P38 increased (all P-value<0.050).

Conclusion

SIF can improve the memory ability of aging rats with ovariectomy, which may be related to the enhancement of synaptic plasticity through inhibiting TNF-α and its downstream P38MAPK, thereby increasing GluA1 expression.

Soy isoflavones  /  Aging  /  Ovariectomy  /  Memory  /  Synaptic plasticity
郭沁菲, 李明锴, 赵娅菲, 薛璐珊, 张骋, 吕晨慧, 杨倩, 赵海峰. 大豆异黄酮改善衰老去势大鼠记忆的机制. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (23) : 4383 -4389 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507188
Qin-fei GUO, Ming-kai LI, Ya-fei ZHAO, Lu-shan XUE, Cheng ZHANG, Chen-hui LV, Qian YANG, Hai-feng ZHAO. Mechanisms of memory improvement by soy isoflavones in aging ovariectomized rats[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (23) : 4383 -4389 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507188
女性自绝经后至生命终止的阶段称为绝经后期,占近三分之一的生命周期,影响全球近10亿女性[1]。此阶段女性易因衰老伴雌激素缺乏导致多种退行性疾病,如认知功能障碍,其中记忆力减退发病率高达70%[2-3]。因此了解该阶段女性衰老伴雌激素缺乏对记忆障碍的影响,并对其预防以提高生活质量具有重要意义。2024年世界绝经大会指出:绝经后10年内开始雌激素用药可使血雌二醇(estradiol)水平稳定达到40~80 pg/ml,减少脑白质病变,改善记忆;但由于患者个体差异导致有效剂量范围狭窄,引发不良结局,且60岁后再用可能错过最佳时机[4]。因此,寻找可长期应用、无年龄限制的安全有效物质来预防女性绝经后记忆障碍迫在眉睫。
大豆异黄酮(soybean isoflavones, SIF)是植物雌激素,与雌二醇具有结构同源性,可结合雌激素受体发挥类雌激素样作用。SIF具有抗衰老和改善记忆障碍的作用,一项纳入403位60~81岁老人的纵向研究报告,老年女性每增加25.6 mg/d SIF摄入,认知障碍风险降低45%;动物实验也证明50 mg/kg SIF和40 mg/kg大豆卵磷脂联合干预可通过调节脑血流量预防Aβ所致的认知障碍[5-6]。染料木黄酮(genistein, Gen)作为SIF的主要活性物质,可通过线粒体生物发生和自噬减轻去卵巢大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老[7]。
一项基于英国生物银行的数据分析提示卵巢衰老及医疗干预引发的雌二醇合成减少与女性大脑中广泛的系统级效应有关,包括若干神经过程如突触形成及免疫调节改变[8-9]。在衰老伴雌激素缺乏的进程中,突触可塑性受损表现之一为树突棘密度和突触数量下降,雌二醇补充后得到缓解[10-11]。AMPA型谷氨酸受体(α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor, AMPAR)是由不同的GluA1/2/3/4亚基构成的四聚体复合物,神经元内AMPAR的转运调控过程决定其在突触后膜的动态变化,是突触可塑性产生的关键前提[12]。P38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(P38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase, P38 MAPK)被TNF-α激活,通过磷酸化下游靶蛋白启动级联反应来调控GluA1的转运效率,是神经元突触可塑性形成的关键分子基础[13]。潜伏转录因子肿瘤蛋白53(Tumor Protein 53, P53)激活后导致细胞衰老,活化的P38MAPK激活了P53进而抑制胚胎干细胞向神经元分化[14]。综上,TNF-α激活的P38MAPK可能从多方面对突触可塑性产生抑制。SIF与雌二醇结构相似,能否也通过改善突触结构可塑性损伤,来进一步缓解衰老与雌激素缺乏共同导致的记忆障碍。因此,本文通过对雌性大鼠行双侧卵巢摘除术(ovariectomy, OVX)合并腹腔注射D-半乳糖(D-galactose, D-Gal)建立衰老去势(OVX/D-Gal)大鼠模型,旨在探讨SIF干预对其记忆及突触结构、功能的影响,以期为绝经后期记忆障碍的防治提供实验证据。
40只8周龄SPF雌性SD大鼠由中国食品药品检测研究院提供[SCXK(京)2022-0002]。动物通过山西省肿瘤医院实验动物伦理审查委员会审查(SDL2024092)。室温(25±2)℃,湿度(50±5)%,自然采光,自由摄食、饮水。适应性饲养1周后,按体重随机分为假手术组(Sham control,CON)、衰老去势组(OVX/D-Gal)、160 mg/kg SIF组(SIF)和0.8 mg/kg雌二醇组(estradiol replacement therapy, ERT)。除CON组外,其余大鼠切除双侧卵巢并腹腔注射100 mg/kg D-Gal;CON组大鼠仅切除卵巢附近等体积脂肪组织并注射等量生理盐水。SIF及雌二醇溶于0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠后分别给予灌胃,其余组每日给予等体积溶剂灌胃,持续12周。
SIF(纯度 ≥ 90%,其中大豆甙54.58%,黄豆黄甙27.63%,染料木甙8.65%,大豆甙元1.52%,黄豆黄素0.43%,染料木素0.29%,HPLC检测,西安霖草生物工程有限公司);D-Gal(美国Amresco);戊酸雌二醇片(法国DELPHARM Lile S.A.S);穿梭箱实验仪(荷兰Noldus公司);透射电镜(日本电子株式会社)。BCA蛋白定量试剂盒(武汉 博士德);一抗包括:P53(美国 Proteintech Group)、P38(英国 Abcam)、p-P38(美国 Cell Signaling Technology)、GluA1(美国 Millipore)、PSD-95(武汉 爱博泰克)、β-actin(武汉 赛维尔);二抗包括:HRP标记山羊抗兔IgG(武汉 赛维尔)、HRP标记山羊抗鼠IgG(英国Cohesion Biosciences);大鼠雌二醇、TNF-α 的ELISA试剂盒(江苏 晶美)。
3%戊巴比妥钠麻醉大鼠,颈静脉取血后503 ×g离心15 min,取血清。称取海马置于组织重量9倍体积PBS中匀浆,503 ×g离心10 min后取上清。稀释标品后,按说明书在96孔板中依次加入每组6只不同大鼠血清或海马匀浆、标品、生物素标记抗体及酶标试剂,温育60 min后洗涤5次。加入显色剂后37℃避光15 min,加入终止液,15 min内用酶标仪在450 nm波长下检测,计算样品浓度。
实验前4 d训练,第5 d测试,每只大鼠每日连续训练10个循环,每次间隔15 s。实验开始前将大鼠置于穿梭箱左侧适应2 min,开始后先予2 200 Hz蜂鸣音5 s,后用1 mA交流电持续电击足底10 s。若大鼠在蜂鸣音期间移动至对侧,记为主动逃避反应;电击后移动至对侧,记为被动回避反应;电击结束后仍未到达对侧,记为无反应。记录数据包括主动回避反应率(active avoidance response rate, AAR)、被动回避反应率(passive avoidance response rate, PAR)及回避潜伏时间(avoidance latency time, ALT)。
取1 mm3海马CA1区组织,4%多聚甲醛固定,脱水、包埋后切片。醋酸铀及柠檬酸铅染色后,在透射电镜下观察突触并采集照片。以Image-Pro Plus 6.0为图像分析软件,定量分析突触界面曲率(synaptic interface curvature, SIC)、突触间隙宽度(synaptic cleft width,SCW)和突触后致密物(postsynaptic density, PSD)厚度。
PSD-95、GluA1、P38、p-P38蛋白称取适量海马,每克组织加入10 ml裂解液、100 μl PMSF及磷酸酶抑制剂,匀浆后冰上放置30 min,4 ℃ 224 ×g离心10 min后取上清,BCA蛋白定量。每孔加入30~40 μg蛋白样品电泳并转膜,室温下用含5%脱脂奶粉的封闭液封闭至少1 h,分别加入β-actin、PSD-95、GluA1、P38、p-P38抗体,4 °C孵育过夜,次日TBST溶液洗3次后置于对应二抗室温孵育1 h,再用TBST溶液洗膜3次,ECL发光液显影。上述流程独立进行3次,每次实验使用2个同组不同样本,依次检测6个不同样本蛋白印迹。用Image J进行蛋白条带灰度分析,并计算各目的蛋白相对于内参β-actin的相对表达量。
用SPSS 27.0对数据进行分析,各指标结果用()表示,One-way ANOVA法分析总体差异,组间比较采用最小显著差数法((least significant difference,LSD)(方差齐)或Dunnett(方差不齐),检验水准α=0.05。
干预12周后,各组大鼠血清雌二醇水平总体差异有统计学意义(F值=16.410, P值<0.001)。与CON组相比,OVX/D-Gal组雌二醇水平下降24.81%(P值<0.050);SIF组大鼠雌二醇水平与CON组及OVX/D-Gal组无统计学差异(P值 >0.050);ERT组雌二醇水平较其余三组分别升高27.54%、69.63%及50.35%(P值<0.050)。见图1B。
各组大鼠海马P53蛋白水平总体差异具有统计学意义(F值=5.667, P值<0.050)。与CON组相比,OVX/D-Gal组P53蛋白水平增加88.45%;与OVX/D-Gal组相比,SIF组和ERT组P53蛋白水平分别下降31.89%和60.88%(P值<0.050)。见图1A、C。
各组大鼠ALT及AAR总体差异有统计学意义(F值=10.905, P值<0.050; F值=9.825, P值<0.050)。与CON组相比,OVX/D-Gal组ALT延长、AAR降低;与OVX/D-Gal组相比,SIF组ALT缩短且AAR增加,ERT组仅ALT缩短(P值<0.050)。见表1。
CON组突触结构完整,突触前后膜界限清晰,前膜囊泡充足,密度均一;OVX/D-Gal组与CON组相比突触前后膜界限模糊,囊泡减少且密度不均;SIF组及ERT组突触前后膜界限较清晰,囊泡密度较OVX/D-Gal组有所改善,见图2 A。
对突触结构进行量化分析,各组的SIC、SCW及PSD厚度均存在差异(F值=8.027, P值<0.010; F值=124.228, P值<0.001; F值=24.9810, P值<0.001)。与CON组相比,OVX/D-Gal组大鼠SIC及PSD厚度分别下降了7.1%、44.04%,见图2 B、C,SCW较CON组增加了107.89%,见图2 D;与OVX/D-Gal组相比,SIF及ERT组SIC分别上升了6.04%、4.85%,见图2 B,且PSD厚度分别上升了54.79%、58.01%,见图2 D,而SCW分别下降了26.58%、47.18%,见图2 C(P值<0.050)。
各组大鼠PSD-95及GluA1蛋白水平总体差异有统计学意义(F值=6.091, P值<0.050; F值=8.766, P值<0.050)。与CON组相比,OVX/D-Gal组PSD-95、GluA1蛋白水平分别下降了37.31%、40.89%;与OVX/D-Gal组相比,SIF组PSD-95、GluA1蛋白水平分别上升了48.64%、38.59%,ERT组PSD-95、GluA1蛋白水平分别上升了36.74%、15.98%(P值<0.050)。见图3A~C。
各组大鼠P38及p-P38/P38蛋白表达量总体差异有统计学意义(F值=25.218, P值<0.001; F值=19.014, P值<0.001)。与CON组相比,OVX/D-Gal组P38蛋白水平降低了44.49%,p-P38/P38升高了149.28%;与OVX/D-Gal组相比,SIF组和ERT组P38蛋白水平分别上升55.66%、143.54%,p-P38/P38分别下降了46.31%、70.32%;ERT组P38蛋白水平较SIF组上升56.46%,p-P38/P38降低44.73%(P值<0.050)。见图4A~D。
各组大鼠海马TNF-α水平总体差异有统计学意义(F值=14.716,P值<0.001),与CON组相比,OVX/D-Gal组大鼠TNF-α水平上升44.25%;与OVX/D-Gal组相比,SIF组及ERT组大鼠TNF-α水平分别下降了11.62%、14.4%(P值<0.050)。见图4 E。
雌激素具有长期神经保护和抗衰老作用,卵巢功能减退导致的雌激素缺乏会引起大脑代谢紊乱,进一步加速衰老,二者共同加剧了记忆障碍,使该时期女性患痴呆症的风险是男性的2~3倍[15]。双侧OVX通过降低雌激素水平模拟围绝经状态,来研究该时期的病理生理变化;长期使用D-gal会导致炎症和细胞死亡,可模拟自然衰老过程,广泛用于研究衰老相关的认知障碍,故通过对雌性大鼠行双侧OVX,连续12周D-gal腹腔注射来模拟衰老伴雌激素缺乏的状态[16]。既往研究发现,SIF(40、80和160 mg/kg)预处理14 d双侧海马CA1区注射Aβ1-42大鼠存在正相关式剂量-反应关系[17];且200和400 mg/kg SIF灌胃6周均可改善D-gal大鼠记忆能力[18];另300 mg/kg SIF喂养雌性大鼠6周后卵巢产生组织病理改变[19];而大豆提取物60 mg/kg干预24月龄衰老大鼠10月,才观察到齿状回新细胞生成[20]。据此,考虑SIF低生物利用率的特性,本次实验采用160 mg/kg SIF灌胃干预12周,并以雌二醇为阳性对照,以探究SIF长期干预对OVX/D-Gal大鼠记忆的保护作用。
激活的P53是DNA损伤反应的关键因子,通过增强DNA修复抑制染色质碎片形成,是细胞衰老的重要标志物,其缺失或抑制可防止多种细胞衰老[21]。本研究中,与CON组相比,OVX/D-Gal组大鼠P53蛋白表达升高且血清雌二醇水平下降,表明OVX/D-Gal模型建立成功。干预12周后,与OVX/D-Gal组相比,SIF组及ERT组P53表达降低,提示SIF和雌二醇干预均有一定延缓OVX/D-Gal大鼠衰老作用;但SIF组雌二醇水平未见明显差异,与Gabrielle等人[22]队列研究一致,提示SIF并未改变循环中雌二醇水平,可能通过与雌激素受体结合发挥类雌激素样作用。
穿梭箱实验通过在声电刺激下的主被动回避反应研究动物在面对刺激时的回避行为和学习记忆能力。这一过程中,大鼠受非条件刺激逃向安全区,习得与条件刺激的关联,逐渐形成主动条件反射,属于不断强化学习记忆过程[23]。ALT越短记忆能力越好、AAR越高学习成功率越高[24-25]。OVX/D-Gal大鼠随着成模时间延长出现记忆障碍,SIF组较OVX/D-Gal组ALT缩短、AAR提高,而ERT组仅ALT缩短,提示长期ERT仅改善大鼠回避行为,对学习记忆能力无显著作用,而SIF对二者均有明显改善作用。有研究发现18~24月龄老年SD大鼠腹腔注射60 mg/kg Gen 8周后,大鼠回避记忆有明显改善,与我们结果一致,表明SIF可以明显提高OVX/D-Gal大鼠的学习记忆能力[26]。
本实验通过透射电镜观察大鼠突触超微结构,比较了SIC、SCW和PSD厚度等反应突触传递效率的指标,SIC是扩大神经元接触面的有效方式,SCW越窄有利于提高神经递质的有效浓度和降低裂隙阻力。有研究表明,80 mg/kg SIF灌胃14 d预处理可以改善侧脑室注射Aβ1-42诱导的AD大鼠海马突触前后膜融合、间隙模糊等病理改变,本研究亦在OVX/D-Gal大鼠模型下观察到相似改善作用[27]。进一步量化突触病理改变,OVX/D-Gal组大鼠SIC减小、SCW增宽,神经元接触面下降,神经传递有效性降低,SIF组SIC、SCW表现出明显改善,提示SIF可能提高神经递质在突触间传递效率。PSD-95是兴奋性突触后膜下方的电子致密结构中最丰富的蛋白,可将AMPAR锚定在突触后膜,并通过掩盖内吞信号位点阻止内吞;AMPAR与PSD-95结合,CaMKII磷酸化GluA1,提高突触传递强度[28]。OVX/D-Gal组大鼠PSD厚度下降,PSD-95、GluA1蛋白水平下降,SIF干预时上述指标均升高,提示SIF可能通过恢复PSD的表达来增加GluA1锚定位置,表现出GluA1蛋白表达增加,而AMPAR通过与PSD-95结合,减少PSD蛋白降解,维持PSD的结构完整性,二者共同作用,维护了海马CA1区结构突触可塑性[28-30]。TNF-α与老年人生理衰弱和失能相关,对认知障碍有预测作用[31]。TNF-α激活P38MAPK,进而促进其他促炎细胞因子的合成与释放,形成“炎症正反馈”;激活的P38MAPK与下游MAPK激活蛋白激酶2(MAPK activated protein kinase 2, MK2)构建信号轴,抑制AMPAR在突触后膜中的锚定,表现为GluA1降低,突触后达到动作电位阈值难度增加,突触传递效率下降[13]。OVX/D-Gal组大鼠海马中TNF-α水平上升引起P38磷酸化激活,表现为p-P38/P38比值上升及P38蛋白水平下降,而过度激活的P38MAPK-MK2轴导致了AMPAR内吞过度或转运异常;SIF干预降低了TNF-α及p-P38/P38水平,通过抑制P38激活减少的内吞与降解,使更多保留在突触后膜,表现为促进GluA1表达增加,结构突触可塑性改善[13]。此外,氢化异黄酮通过抑制P38磷酸化阻断NF-κB来减少LPS刺激巨噬细胞RAW264.7的炎症以发挥抗炎作用,SIF通过抑制P38MAPK减少800 μM CoCl2建立的PC12细胞缺氧损伤模型细胞凋亡[32-33]。由此推断,SIF通过抑制P38MAPK减轻炎症损伤,进而改善突触可塑性,有待进一步研究。
综上,本研究提示160 mg/kg SIF通过抑制TNF-α及下游P38MAPK进而增加GluA1表达来缓解结构突触可塑性损伤,改善OVX/D-Gal大鼠记忆。本实验从突触结构、突触后受体及上游机制进行探讨,未来通过电生理以及动物/细胞实验的激动/抑制剂进一步验证该机制,并寻找不同SIF成分的最佳配比,为探索SIF类雌激素样作用对记忆的改善机制提供线索。
  • 山西省基础研究计划自由探索类(202403021222456)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX20231A056)
  • 山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2023-103)
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2025年第52卷第23期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507188
  • 接收时间:2025-07-13
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-13
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山西省基础研究计划自由探索类(202403021222456)
中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX20231A056)
山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2023-103)
作者信息
    1.山西医科大学公共卫生学院营养与食品卫生学教研室/山西医科大学营养与食品科学研究所,山西 太原 030001
    2.山西省肿瘤医院、中国医学科学院肿瘤医院山西医院、山西医科大学附属肿瘤医院
    3.煤炭环境致病与防治教育部重点实验室,山西 太原 030001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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