Article(id=1324070942384718845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324070892967428793, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507169, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752163200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793612712713, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793612712713, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793612712713, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793612712713, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324070892967428793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='24', pageStart='4417', pageEnd='4608', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793612700931, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793612772549, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324071193430602023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324070892967428793, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324071193430602024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324070892967428793, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4521, endPage=4528, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324070944200852479, articleId=1324070942384718845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of influencing factors of health poverty among the elderly based on health ecology theory, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the influencing factors of health poverty among the elderly in China and provide a basis for improving the health poverty situation of the elderly.

Methods

Based on the health ecology theory, this study utilized data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2020, selecting the elderly aged 60 and above as the research subjects.The occurrence of health poverty among the elderly was taken as the dependent variable, and independent variables were included from five dimensions: personal traits, behavioral characteristics, interpersonal networks, family living environment, and policy systems. Chi-square tests and stratified Logistic regression analyses were conducted for statistical processing.

Results

Age (70-79 years old, OR=1.416, 95% CI: 1.248-1.606; 80 years old and above, OR=1.583, 95% CI: 1.263-1.983), having three or more chronic diseases (OR=1.464, 95% CI: 1.300-1.649), self-rated health (fair, OR=0.449, 95% CI: 0.366-0.550; good, OR=0.335, 95% CI: 0.256-0.438; very good, OR=0.314, 95% CI: 0.238-0.415), drinking alcohol (OR=0.833, 95% CI: 0.735-0.944), marital status (married, OR=2.655, 95% CI: 2.062-3.419), family size (2 people, OR=0.567, 95% CI: 0.425-0.756; 3 people or more, OR=0.218, 95% CI: 0.163-0.292), per capita high income of the family (OR=0.782, 95% CI: 0.672-0.911), medical insurance type (urban and rural residents’ medical insurance, urban residents’ medical insurance, new rural medical insurance, OR=1.296, 95% CI: 1.052-1.596), and central region (OR=0.755, 95% CI: 0.643-0.887) were all important factors influencing the incidence of health poverty among the elderly.

Conclusion

The incidence of health poverty among the elderly in China is relatively high, and factors at different levels have significant impacts on the occurrence of health poverty among the elderly, with interactions among these factors. Therefore, it is necessary to take a multi-dimensional approach and comprehensively consider individual, family, social, and policy factors to effectively improve the health poverty situation of the elderly.

, authors=Chen-xi PAN, Ling LI, authorsList=Chen-xi PAN, Ling LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ling LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324070944859357185, articleId=1324070942384718845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=基于健康生态学理论的老年人健康贫困影响因素分析, columnId=1228016568014139551, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=卫生政策与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨我国老年人健康贫困影响因素,为改善老年人健康贫困状况提供依据。

方法

基于2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据,将60岁及以上老年群体作为研究对象,以老年人健康贫困的发生为因变量,依据健康生态学模型,从个人特质、行为特征、人际网络、家庭生活环境、政策制度5个维度纳入自变量,进行卡方检验和分层logistic回归分析进行统计处理。

结果

年龄(70~79岁,OR=1.416,95% CI为1.248~1.606;80岁及以上,OR=1.583,95% CI为1.263~1.983)、患慢性病数量≥3(OR=1.464,95% CI为1.300~1.649)、自评健康(一般,OR=0.449,95% CI为0.366~0.550;好,OR=0.335,95% CI为0.256~0.438;很好,OR=0.314,95% CI为0.238~0.415)、饮酒(OR=0.833,95% CI为0.735~0.944)、婚姻状况在婚(OR=2.655,95% CI为2.062~3.419)、家庭规模(2人,OR=0.567,95% CI为0.425~0.756;3人及以上,OR=0.218,95% CI为0.163~0.292)、家庭人均高收入(OR=0.782,95% CI为0.672~0.911)、医疗保险类型城乡居民医疗保险、城镇居民医疗保险、新型农村医疗保险(OR=1.296,95% CI为1.052~1.596)、中部地区(OR=0.755,95% CI为0.643~0.887)均为影响老年人健康贫困发生率的重要因素。

结论

我国老年人健康贫困发生率较高,不同层次的因素均对老年人健康贫困的发生具有显著影响,且各因素之间存在相互作用。因此,需从多维度入手,综合考虑个体、家庭、社会及政策等多方面因素,以有效改善老年人健康贫困状况。

, authors=潘晨曦, 李玲, authorsList=潘晨曦, 李玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李玲, authorNote=

潘晨曦(1997—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共管理

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李玲,E-mail:
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潘晨曦(1997—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共管理

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Efficacy analysis of beta-blockers in elderly patients with hypertension and vascular dementia, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324070949112381469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070942384718845, awardId=21JD022, language=CN, fundingSource=2021年度湖南省哲学社会科学基金项目(21JD022), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1324070949187878942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070942384718845, awardId=2024WTC01, language=CN, fundingSource=2024年湖南省卫健委科研项目(2024WTC01), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324070945111015426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070942384718845, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324070945119404035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070942384718845, companyId=1324070945111015426, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Humanities and Management, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324070945131986948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070942384718845, companyId=1324070945111015426, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=湖南中医药大学人文与管理学院,湖南 长沙 410208)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324070946495135767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070942384718845, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Health Ecological Model Diagram, figureFileSmall=WHF6jjohUl93AietfZT2ZQ==, figureFileBig=fNenOyjdvd37S1BgB0YX7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324070946692268056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070942384718845, language=CN, label=图1, caption=健康生态学模型图, figureFileSmall=WHF6jjohUl93AietfZT2ZQ==, figureFileBig=fNenOyjdvd37S1BgB0YX7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324070946876817433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070942384718845, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Univariate analysis of factors influencing health poverty in older adults

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量健康贫困发生情况χ2P
未发生发生
个人特质层
年龄(岁)65.070<0.001
60~693 015(74.85)1 013(25.15)
70~791 544(65.79)803(34.21)
80及以上362(66.67)181(33.33)
性别1.1000.294
女2 445(70.56)1 020(29.44)
男2 476(71.71)977(28.29)
患有三种及以上的慢性病149.160<0.001
否2 918(77.20)862(22.80)
是2 003(63.83)1 135(36.17)
自评健康297.922<0.001
很不好281(53.73)242(46.27)
不好842(58.15)606(41.85)
一般2 565(74.63)872(25.37)
好663(81.75)148(18.25)
很好570(81.55)129(18.45)
受教育程度31.934<0.001
小学以下2 487(69.51)1 091(30.49)
小学960(68.62)439(31.38)
中学871(75.02)290(24.98 )
高中及以上603(77.31)177(22.69)
行为特征层
吸烟15.655<0.001
否3 607(69.88)1 555(30.12)
是1 314(74.83)442(25.17)
饮酒32.820<0.001
否3 137(68.88)1 417(31.12)
是1 784(75.47)580(24.53)
锻炼10.1670.001
否512(66.24)261(33.76)
是4 409(71.75)1 736(28.25)
夜晚睡眠时间(小时)29.646<0.001
<61 919(67.86)909(32.14)
6~82 611(74.01)917(25.99)
>8391(69.57)171(30.43)
人际网络层
婚姻状况25.867<0.001
非在婚1 037(76.76)314(23.24)
在婚3 884(69.77)1 683(30.23)
健在子女数(个)10.1700.017
067(74.44)23(25.56)
1~33 636(72.09)1 408(27.91)
4~61 149(68.43)530(31.57)
≥769(65.71)36(34.29)
过去一个月是否有社交活动7.0740.008
否2 557(69.77)1 108(30.23)
是2 364(72.67)889(27.33)
家庭生活环境层
居住地类型8.9950.003
城市1 867(73.27)681(26.73)
农村3 054(69.89)1 316(30.11)
居住方式0.7460.689
与家人一起居住4 317(71.07)1 757(28.93)
独居598(71.70)236(28.30)
养老机构6(60.00)4(40.00)
家庭规模(人)263.662<0.001
1541(68.65)247(31.35)
22 465(64.23)1 373(35.77)
≥31 915(83.55)377(16.45)
子女对父母的经济支持17.734<0.001
低1 468(69.54)643(30.46)
中1 918(69.72)833(30.28)
高1 535(74.66)521(25.34)
家庭人均收入47.476<0.001
1/3低1 441(66.96)711(33.04)
1/3中1 500(69.70)652(30.30)
1/3高1 980(75.75)634(24.25)
政策制度层
养老保险1.4200.233
否592(69.40)261(30.60)
是4 329(71.38)1 736(28.62)
医疗保险22.393<0.001
城镇职工医疗保险746(77.47)217(22.53)
城乡居民医疗保险、城镇居民医疗保险、新型农村医疗保险3 831(70.10)1 634(29.90)
其他医疗保险50(66.67)25(33.33)
无294(70.84)121(29.16)
地区11.9150.003
东部2 178(69.47)957(30.53)
中部907(74.71)307(25.29)
西部1 836(71.47)733(28.53)
), ArticleFig(id=1324070948692951066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070942384718845, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

老年人健康贫困影响因素的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量健康贫困发生情况χ2P
未发生发生
个人特质层
年龄(岁)65.070<0.001
60~693 015(74.85)1 013(25.15)
70~791 544(65.79)803(34.21)
80及以上362(66.67)181(33.33)
性别1.1000.294
女2 445(70.56)1 020(29.44)
男2 476(71.71)977(28.29)
患有三种及以上的慢性病149.160<0.001
否2 918(77.20)862(22.80)
是2 003(63.83)1 135(36.17)
自评健康297.922<0.001
很不好281(53.73)242(46.27)
不好842(58.15)606(41.85)
一般2 565(74.63)872(25.37)
好663(81.75)148(18.25)
很好570(81.55)129(18.45)
受教育程度31.934<0.001
小学以下2 487(69.51)1 091(30.49)
小学960(68.62)439(31.38)
中学871(75.02)290(24.98 )
高中及以上603(77.31)177(22.69)
行为特征层
吸烟15.655<0.001
否3 607(69.88)1 555(30.12)
是1 314(74.83)442(25.17)
饮酒32.820<0.001
否3 137(68.88)1 417(31.12)
是1 784(75.47)580(24.53)
锻炼10.1670.001
否512(66.24)261(33.76)
是4 409(71.75)1 736(28.25)
夜晚睡眠时间(小时)29.646<0.001
<61 919(67.86)909(32.14)
6~82 611(74.01)917(25.99)
>8391(69.57)171(30.43)
人际网络层
婚姻状况25.867<0.001
非在婚1 037(76.76)314(23.24)
在婚3 884(69.77)1 683(30.23)
健在子女数(个)10.1700.017
067(74.44)23(25.56)
1~33 636(72.09)1 408(27.91)
4~61 149(68.43)530(31.57)
≥769(65.71)36(34.29)
过去一个月是否有社交活动7.0740.008
否2 557(69.77)1 108(30.23)
是2 364(72.67)889(27.33)
家庭生活环境层
居住地类型8.9950.003
城市1 867(73.27)681(26.73)
农村3 054(69.89)1 316(30.11)
居住方式0.7460.689
与家人一起居住4 317(71.07)1 757(28.93)
独居598(71.70)236(28.30)
养老机构6(60.00)4(40.00)
家庭规模(人)263.662<0.001
1541(68.65)247(31.35)
22 465(64.23)1 373(35.77)
≥31 915(83.55)377(16.45)
子女对父母的经济支持17.734<0.001
低1 468(69.54)643(30.46)
中1 918(69.72)833(30.28)
高1 535(74.66)521(25.34)
家庭人均收入47.476<0.001
1/3低1 441(66.96)711(33.04)
1/3中1 500(69.70)652(30.30)
1/3高1 980(75.75)634(24.25)
政策制度层
养老保险1.4200.233
否592(69.40)261(30.60)
是4 329(71.38)1 736(28.62)
医疗保险22.393<0.001
城镇职工医疗保险746(77.47)217(22.53)
城乡居民医疗保险、城镇居民医疗保险、新型农村医疗保险3 831(70.10)1 634(29.90)
其他医疗保险50(66.67)25(33.33)
无294(70.84)121(29.16)
地区11.9150.003
东部2 178(69.47)957(30.53)
中部907(74.71)307(25.29)
西部1 836(71.47)733(28.53)
), ArticleFig(id=1324070948864917531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070942384718845, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of logistic regression analysis on factors influencing health poverty in older adults

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量βSEZPOR值(95% CI)
个人特质层
年龄/岁(参照:60~69)
70~790.3480.0645.411<0.0011.416(1.248~1.606)
80及以上0.4590.1153.994<0.0011.583(1.263~1.983)
患有三种及以上的慢性病(参照:否)
是0.3810.0616.302<0.0011.464(1.300~1.649)
自评健康(参照:很不好)
不好-0.1830.108-1.6870.0920.833(0.674~1.030)
一般-0.8020.104-7.721<0.0010.449(0.366~0.550)
好-1.0930.136-8.012<0.0010.335(0.256~0.438)
很好-1.1580.142-8.149<0.0010.314(0.238~0.415)
受教育程度(参照:小学以下)
小学0.0410.0740.5560.5791.042(0.901~1.206)
中学-0.0540.086-0.6320.5270.947(0.800~1.121)
高中及以上-0.0960.108-0.8850.3760.909(0.735~1.124)
行为特征层
吸烟(参照:否)
是-0.0710.070-1.0130.3110.932(0.813~1.068)
饮酒(参照:否)
是-0.1830.064-2.8570.0040.833(0.735~0.944)
锻炼(参照:否)
是-0.0760.090-0.8460.3980.927(0.778~1.105)
夜晚睡眠时间/小时(参照:<6)
6~8-0.0860.061-1.4130.1580.918(0.815~1.034)
>80.0350.1070.3220.7481.035(0.839~1.278)
人际网络层
婚姻状况(参照:非在婚)
在婚0.9760.1297.568<0.0012.655(2.062~3.419)
健在子女数/个(参照:0)
1~3-0.0150.264-0.0590.9530.985(0.587~1.651)
4~6-0.0640.271-0.2370.8130.938(0.552~1.594)
≥70.0660.3470.1900.8491.068(0.541~2.111)
过去一个月是否有社交活动(参照:否)
是-0.0450.058-0.7780.4360.956(0.853~1.071)
家庭生活环境层
居住地类型(参照:城市)
农村-0.0530.067-0.7930.4280.949(0.833~1.081)
家庭规模/人(参照:1)
2-0.5670.147-3.863<0.0010.567(0.425~0.756)
≥3-1.5230.148-10.287<0.0010.218(0.163~0.292)
子女对父母的经济支持(参照:低)
中0.0080.0670.1210.9031.008(0.884~1.150)
高-0.1050.077-1.3590.1740.901(0.775~1.047)
家庭人均收入(参照:1/3低)
1/3中0.0500.0710.7060.4801.052(0.915~1.209)
1/3高-0.2450.077-3.1690.0020.782(0.672~0.911)
政策制度层
医疗保险(参照:城镇职工医疗保险)
城乡(城镇)居民医疗保险、新型农村医疗保险0.2590.1062.4360.0151.296(1.052~1.596)
其他医疗保险0.4150.2751.5100.1311.514(0.884~2.594)
无0.1860.1491.2500.2111.205(0.900~1.614)
地区(参照:东部)
中部-0.2810.082-3.4210.0010.755(0.643~0.887)
西部-0.0770.064-1.2130.2250.926(0.817~1.049)
R20.095 7
), ArticleFig(id=1324070948990746652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070942384718845, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

老年人健康贫困影响因素的logistic回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量βSEZPOR值(95% CI)
个人特质层
年龄/岁(参照:60~69)
70~790.3480.0645.411<0.0011.416(1.248~1.606)
80及以上0.4590.1153.994<0.0011.583(1.263~1.983)
患有三种及以上的慢性病(参照:否)
是0.3810.0616.302<0.0011.464(1.300~1.649)
自评健康(参照:很不好)
不好-0.1830.108-1.6870.0920.833(0.674~1.030)
一般-0.8020.104-7.721<0.0010.449(0.366~0.550)
好-1.0930.136-8.012<0.0010.335(0.256~0.438)
很好-1.1580.142-8.149<0.0010.314(0.238~0.415)
受教育程度(参照:小学以下)
小学0.0410.0740.5560.5791.042(0.901~1.206)
中学-0.0540.086-0.6320.5270.947(0.800~1.121)
高中及以上-0.0960.108-0.8850.3760.909(0.735~1.124)
行为特征层
吸烟(参照:否)
是-0.0710.070-1.0130.3110.932(0.813~1.068)
饮酒(参照:否)
是-0.1830.064-2.8570.0040.833(0.735~0.944)
锻炼(参照:否)
是-0.0760.090-0.8460.3980.927(0.778~1.105)
夜晚睡眠时间/小时(参照:<6)
6~8-0.0860.061-1.4130.1580.918(0.815~1.034)
>80.0350.1070.3220.7481.035(0.839~1.278)
人际网络层
婚姻状况(参照:非在婚)
在婚0.9760.1297.568<0.0012.655(2.062~3.419)
健在子女数/个(参照:0)
1~3-0.0150.264-0.0590.9530.985(0.587~1.651)
4~6-0.0640.271-0.2370.8130.938(0.552~1.594)
≥70.0660.3470.1900.8491.068(0.541~2.111)
过去一个月是否有社交活动(参照:否)
是-0.0450.058-0.7780.4360.956(0.853~1.071)
家庭生活环境层
居住地类型(参照:城市)
农村-0.0530.067-0.7930.4280.949(0.833~1.081)
家庭规模/人(参照:1)
2-0.5670.147-3.863<0.0010.567(0.425~0.756)
≥3-1.5230.148-10.287<0.0010.218(0.163~0.292)
子女对父母的经济支持(参照:低)
中0.0080.0670.1210.9031.008(0.884~1.150)
高-0.1050.077-1.3590.1740.901(0.775~1.047)
家庭人均收入(参照:1/3低)
1/3中0.0500.0710.7060.4801.052(0.915~1.209)
1/3高-0.2450.077-3.1690.0020.782(0.672~0.911)
政策制度层
医疗保险(参照:城镇职工医疗保险)
城乡(城镇)居民医疗保险、新型农村医疗保险0.2590.1062.4360.0151.296(1.052~1.596)
其他医疗保险0.4150.2751.5100.1311.514(0.884~2.594)
无0.1860.1491.2500.2111.205(0.900~1.614)
地区(参照:东部)
中部-0.2810.082-3.4210.0010.755(0.643~0.887)
西部-0.0770.064-1.2130.2250.926(0.817~1.049)
R20.095 7
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基于健康生态学理论的老年人健康贫困影响因素分析
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潘晨曦 , 李玲
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2025,52(24): 4521-4528
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现代预防医学 |卫生政策与管理 2025 , 52 (24) : 4521 -4528
基于健康生态学理论的老年人健康贫困影响因素分析
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潘晨曦(1997—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共管理

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潘晨曦(1997—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共管理

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潘晨曦, 李玲
作者信息
  • 湖南中医药大学人文与管理学院,湖南 长沙 410208
通讯作者:
李玲,E-mail:
作者简介:

潘晨曦(1997—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共管理

Analysis of influencing factors of health poverty among the elderly based on health ecology theory
Chen-xi PAN, Ling LI
Affiliations
  • School of Humanities and Management, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507169
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目的

探讨我国老年人健康贫困影响因素,为改善老年人健康贫困状况提供依据。

方法

基于2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据,将60岁及以上老年群体作为研究对象,以老年人健康贫困的发生为因变量,依据健康生态学模型,从个人特质、行为特征、人际网络、家庭生活环境、政策制度5个维度纳入自变量,进行卡方检验和分层logistic回归分析进行统计处理。

结果

年龄(70~79岁,OR=1.416,95% CI为1.248~1.606;80岁及以上,OR=1.583,95% CI为1.263~1.983)、患慢性病数量≥3(OR=1.464,95% CI为1.300~1.649)、自评健康(一般,OR=0.449,95% CI为0.366~0.550;好,OR=0.335,95% CI为0.256~0.438;很好,OR=0.314,95% CI为0.238~0.415)、饮酒(OR=0.833,95% CI为0.735~0.944)、婚姻状况在婚(OR=2.655,95% CI为2.062~3.419)、家庭规模(2人,OR=0.567,95% CI为0.425~0.756;3人及以上,OR=0.218,95% CI为0.163~0.292)、家庭人均高收入(OR=0.782,95% CI为0.672~0.911)、医疗保险类型城乡居民医疗保险、城镇居民医疗保险、新型农村医疗保险(OR=1.296,95% CI为1.052~1.596)、中部地区(OR=0.755,95% CI为0.643~0.887)均为影响老年人健康贫困发生率的重要因素。

结论

我国老年人健康贫困发生率较高,不同层次的因素均对老年人健康贫困的发生具有显著影响,且各因素之间存在相互作用。因此,需从多维度入手,综合考虑个体、家庭、社会及政策等多方面因素,以有效改善老年人健康贫困状况。

健康生态学  /  健康贫困  /  老年人  /  影响因素
Objective

To explore the influencing factors of health poverty among the elderly in China and provide a basis for improving the health poverty situation of the elderly.

Methods

Based on the health ecology theory, this study utilized data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2020, selecting the elderly aged 60 and above as the research subjects.The occurrence of health poverty among the elderly was taken as the dependent variable, and independent variables were included from five dimensions: personal traits, behavioral characteristics, interpersonal networks, family living environment, and policy systems. Chi-square tests and stratified Logistic regression analyses were conducted for statistical processing.

Results

Age (70-79 years old, OR=1.416, 95% CI: 1.248-1.606; 80 years old and above, OR=1.583, 95% CI: 1.263-1.983), having three or more chronic diseases (OR=1.464, 95% CI: 1.300-1.649), self-rated health (fair, OR=0.449, 95% CI: 0.366-0.550; good, OR=0.335, 95% CI: 0.256-0.438; very good, OR=0.314, 95% CI: 0.238-0.415), drinking alcohol (OR=0.833, 95% CI: 0.735-0.944), marital status (married, OR=2.655, 95% CI: 2.062-3.419), family size (2 people, OR=0.567, 95% CI: 0.425-0.756; 3 people or more, OR=0.218, 95% CI: 0.163-0.292), per capita high income of the family (OR=0.782, 95% CI: 0.672-0.911), medical insurance type (urban and rural residents’ medical insurance, urban residents’ medical insurance, new rural medical insurance, OR=1.296, 95% CI: 1.052-1.596), and central region (OR=0.755, 95% CI: 0.643-0.887) were all important factors influencing the incidence of health poverty among the elderly.

Conclusion

The incidence of health poverty among the elderly in China is relatively high, and factors at different levels have significant impacts on the occurrence of health poverty among the elderly, with interactions among these factors. Therefore, it is necessary to take a multi-dimensional approach and comprehensively consider individual, family, social, and policy factors to effectively improve the health poverty situation of the elderly.

Health ecology  /  Health poverty  /  Elderly people  /  Influencing factors
潘晨曦, 李玲. 基于健康生态学理论的老年人健康贫困影响因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (24) : 4521 -4528 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507169
Chen-xi PAN, Ling LI. Analysis of influencing factors of health poverty among the elderly based on health ecology theory[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (24) : 4521 -4528 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507169
第七次全国人口普查数据显示,我国60岁及以上人口约2.64亿人,占总人口的18.70%,其中,65岁及以上人口约1.91亿人,占总人口的13.50%[1]。随着人口老龄化进程持续加速,老年人口规模日益庞大,其健康福祉已成为关乎国计民生与社会和谐稳定的重大议题。在“健康中国”战略不断深化的过程中,“健康贫困”问题在老年群体中尤为突出。健康贫困是指由于疾病及健康风险引发的持续健康禀赋损耗,导致个体陷入经济能力下降、发展机会丧失及多维权利剥夺的困境状态[2]。早期研究主要将健康贫困视为经济贫困与健康问题的简单叠加,但近年来学者们逐渐认识到其多维复杂性。有研究将健康贫困嵌入疾病、经济、文化与教育、制度与环境的多维耦合视域下,提出健康贫困本质上是疾病与贫困结局、负担之间的负向叠加与循环[3]。Chi等提出应从健康能力剥夺、医疗资源可及性及社会经济地位三个维度综合测度健康贫困,并证实其在中国存在显著的地域差异[4];马迎等聚焦健康贫困脆弱性,系统揭示了健康冲击、家庭抗逆力与社区支持等因素通过多元路径影响贫困风险[5]。现有研究从不同层面揭示了老年人健康贫困的诸多关键影响因素。有研究构建综合性的评价体系,例如通过建立涵盖身体健康、心理健康与社会健康的多维健康贫困指标体系,系统探讨其与老年人健康贫困之间的关联[6]。也有研究侧重于分析特定因素的独立效应,从单一维度或部分变量入手,例如近一年劳动强度、经济来源、社会支持等因素对健康贫困的直接影响[7]。这些成果为理解健康贫困的形成机制提供了重要基础,但多数研究或侧重于宏观指标构建,或聚焦于局部因素分析,缺乏一个能够整合微观个体到宏观系统、揭示各层级因素间相互影响的统一理论框架。而健康生态学理论强调个体健康是嵌套于微观、中观、外宏观等多层次环境因素中相互作用的动态结果,为系统解析老年人健康贫困的复杂成因提供了理想的理论透镜。本文依据健康生态学理论框架,从个人特质、行为特征、人际网络、家庭生活环境、政策制度五个维度遴选影响因素,旨在探讨我国老年人健康贫困的多层次影响因素及其内在作用机制,为制定综合性干预策略、改善老年人健康贫困状况、促进健康老龄化提供科学依据。
本研究的数据来源于2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)[8]。CHARLS获得北京大学生物医学伦理委员会批准(IRB00001052-11015)并取得所有参与者的知情同意。本研究选取60岁及以上的老年人为研究对象,在剔除关键变量信息缺失以及回答内容前后矛盾的无效样本后,最终共有6 918个有效样本被纳入研究。
(1)因变量。本文将老年人健康贫困的发生定义为因变量。健康贫困的核心表现之一是突发性高额医疗支出挤占家庭基本生活资源,导致基本生活需求难以保障。本研究主要从经济风险维度衡量健康贫困,具体采用灾难性卫生支出的发生作为判定标准。参考世界卫生组织制定的标准,即一段时间内一个家庭自付医疗费用占家庭可支付能力的比例达到≥40%时,即认定发生了灾难性卫生支出[9]。结合CHARLS2020中的问卷数据,将其转化为医疗支出和家庭非食品支出总和之比。
(2)自变量。作为生态学理论在健康领域的应用,健康生态学模型在分析个体健康或疾病影响因素方面应用广泛。该模型强调个体的健康状态是由多层次系统(从个体内在因素到宏观社会环境)共同作用的结果,因此,它倡导从个体内在到外部环境等多个层面综合分析健康或疾病的影响因素,整合不同维度的信息服务于个体健康,最终促进健康[10]。在健康生态学模型中的5层影响因素中,个人特质层属于下游因素,此类因素由人本身的遗传基因和生理差异所决定,直接影响人的健康;行为特征层和人际关系层属于中游因素,此类因素随着时间和个体的成长作用于人身上,间接影响人的健康;生活和工作条件层与政策环境层属于上游因素,此类因素代表了宏观的社会经济和物质大环境,是决定人群健康的根本环境因素,被称作“原因背后的原因”,影响中游因素从而间接影响人的健康[11]。本研究基于此,由内到外分五层,系统分析老年人健康贫困的影响因素,见图1。核心层聚焦个体特质因素,包括年龄、性别、慢性病患病情况、自评健康、受教育程度;第二层为行为特征因素,包括吸烟、饮酒、锻炼、夜晚睡眠时间;第三层为人际网络因素,包括婚姻状况、健在子女数、过去一个月社交活动情况;第四层鉴于老年群体的工作状态特征,仅纳入家庭生活环境因素,包括居住地类型、居住方式、家庭规模、子女对父母的经济支持、家庭人均收入;最外一层是政策制度层,包括养老保险、医疗保险、地区。
使用Stata 18.0统计软件进行描述性分析和分层回归分析。采用频数分析检验各变量的人数占比;运用卡方检验进行单因素分析,比较组间差异;由于因变量为二分类变量,故采用分层logistic回归分析,并按预设顺序分步纳入自变量组;以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
本研究的6 918位老年人中,60~69岁4 028例(58.2%),70~79岁2 347例(33.9%),80岁及以上543例(7.8%)。女3 465例(50.09%),男3 453例(49.91%)。所在区域中,东部地区3 135例(45.31%),中部地区1 214例(17.55%),西部地区2 569例(37.14%)。受教育程度中,小学以下3 578例(51.72%),小学1 399例(20.22%),中学1 161例(16.78%),高中及以上780例(11.28%)。发生健康贫困的老年人1 997人(28.87%),未发生健康贫困的老年人4 921人(71.13%)。
在个人特质层:不同年龄、慢性病患病情况、自评健康、受教育程度;在行为特征层:吸烟情况、饮酒情况、锻炼情况、夜晚睡眠时间;在人际网络层:婚姻状况、健在子女数、过去一个月社交活动情况;在家庭生活环境层:过去一个月社交活动情况、居住地类型、家庭规模、子女对父母的经济支持、家庭人均收入;在政策制度层:医疗保险类型、地区分布的老年人健康贫困比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而在个人特质层的不同性别、家庭生活环境层的居住方式、政策制度层的养老保险的老年人健康贫困比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
以老年人健康贫困的发生为因变量,将单因素分析有统计学意义的自变量依据健康生态学模型的五个层级逐步纳入模型,进行多因素logistic回归分析,以系统探究老年人健康贫困的影响因素。模型的结果显示年龄、慢性病数量、自评健康、饮酒行为、婚姻状况、家庭规模、家庭人均收入、医疗保险类型及地区与老年人健康贫困显著相关(P<0.05),见表2。
个人特质是影响老年人健康贫困的关键内在因素。年龄和慢性病共病状况是影响老年人健康贫困发生的主要因素。相较于60~69岁参照组,70~79岁及80岁及以上老年群体健康贫困发生率更高,并且陷入健康贫困的风险分别显著增加41.6%和58.3%。这种风险梯度的攀升与高龄伴随的身体机能加速衰退、慢性病患病率显著增高以及对医疗照护资源依赖性增强直接相关。以往研究表明,高龄是预测健康贫困脆弱性的核心因子,因其直接关联于健康能力的剥夺和经济参与机会的丧失[12]。而患三种及以上慢性病的老年人健康贫困发生率比患较少或未患慢性病的老年人高13.4%,并且面临健康贫困的风险显著增加46.4%。以往研究发现,农村老年人每增加一种慢性病,其陷入贫困的概率将大幅上升77.6%[13]。这种现象可归因于慢性病常伴有并发症且病程迁延,罹患多种慢性病导致门诊和住院频次激增,医疗费用负担沉重,使这部分老年人成为“因病致贫”或“因病返贫”的高危人群[14]。我国近年来不断加强慢性病防控政策体系建设。2022年国务院办公厅印发的《“十四五”国民健康规划》首次将“防控慢性病”提至国家战略水平,强调通过实施慢性病综合防控策略来推进“三高”(高血压、高血糖、高血脂)共管;2023年发布的《老年共病管理中国专家共识(2023)》为共病临床实践提供了科学依据;2025年国家卫生健康委等六部门印发的《提升家庭医生签约服务感受度若干措施》进一步完善了慢性病管理机制。这些政策逐步形成了多病共防、共管的慢性病治理框架。因此,积极推进慢性病共管模式、强化医疗保障制度和完善大病救助体系,已成为阻断“病—贫”恶性循环的关键路径。与自评健康“很不好”的老年人相比,自评为“一般”、“好”、“很好”的群体,其健康贫困风险呈现逐级递减趋势。这种保护效应可能源于积极的自我健康认知能够促进老年人采取更主动的健康管理行为,从而降低实际健康风险与经济负担。本研究显示教育程度与老年人健康贫困无显著相关。虽然高中及以上学历在初始模型Ⅰ中表现出一定的保护作用,但在纳入社会经济等其他变量后,该效应消失。这证实教育程度对健康贫困的影响可能主要通过社会经济地位等中介路径间接实现,而非直接作用。
行为特征对老年人健康贫困的影响较为复杂。有饮酒习惯的老年人发生健康贫困的风险显著低于不饮酒的老年人,饮酒可能构成健康贫困的一个潜在的保护因素。已有研究表明,饮酒老人健康贫困发生比仅为不饮酒者的0.48倍(即风险降低52%),其机制可能与适量饮酒带来的生理益处相关以及相关的心理社会效应,饮酒行为常伴随社交互动,其保护作用可能部分源于由此获得的社会支持[15]。然而,老年人之所以继续饮酒,可能并不是酒让他们更健康,而是他们原本身体就不错,才有条件把喝酒当作社交方式。患有肝病、心血管疾病或认知障碍等疾病的老年人可能因健康问题早已戒酒,从而导致分析中出现饮酒与健康之间虚假的正向关联。本研究显示夜晚睡眠时间与老年人健康贫困无显著相关,但是保持6~8小时睡眠时间的老年人健康贫困发生率低于其他睡眠时间段的老年人。总体来看,除饮酒行为外,本研究纳入的大多数行为特征对老年人健康贫困均表现出无显著相关。老年人健康状态是生命历程中多种因素累积的结果。到了老年阶段,多重慢性病的共存和累积性健康赤字往往已成为不可逆的状态。单一行为改变难以扭转多年的健康损害,尤其当疾病已经确立时。未来针对老年人健康贫困的干预策略,需超越单一行为矫正的层面,更需关注健康累积风险的综合管理。
人际网络因素对老年人健康贫困存在显著影响。传统研究通常认为婚姻对老年人健康具有保护效应,但本研究分析发现处于在婚状态的老年人健康贫困发生率高出7.0%,在婚状态反而是提高了老年人陷入健康贫困的风险。婚姻的角色可能从提供情感支持和经济协作转变为经济上高度关联、风险高度集中的共同体。已有研究指出,婚姻对健康的保护作用高度依赖年龄和配偶健康状况,高龄老人若配偶患病,医疗支出会使家庭陷入“健康-贫困陷阱”[16]。尽管国家已出台政策以减轻老年医疗照护负担,但长期护理保险自2016年试点以来,仍未建立全国统一的制度体系。而现行许多救助政策仍以“个人”或“低保户”为单位,忽视了老年夫妻家庭的脆弱性。婚姻在此情境下强化了“收入共享、支出共担”的经济风险连带效应,使在婚老年人陷入健康贫困的风险显著高于独居老人。该风险并非婚姻本身所致,而是源于现行制度对老年夫妻作为经济共同体的特殊脆弱性缺乏有效识别和精准干预。未来的政策干预需着力于从个体兜底转向家庭韧性建设。与婚姻状况的显著影响形成鲜明对比的是,人际网络中的其他因素如子女数量和社交活动参与,与老年人健康贫困无显著相关。尽管社会互动通常被认为有益于心理健康和社会支持,但在本研究的背景下,这类社交参与可能难以直接缓冲或缓解由高额医疗费用负担所直接导致的健康贫困问题。
家庭生活环境对老年人健康贫困产生差异化影响。与参照组相比,2人家庭和3人家庭的老年人健康贫困风险显著降低。家庭支持网络通过提供生活照料与情感陪伴,构成了抵御老年人健康贫困的重要缓冲机制,且其保护强度随家庭规模的扩大而显著增强。这一发现与既有研究高度一致。例如,汪连杰等人的研究也量化了家庭规模的积极影响,指出其通过提升老年人的主观幸福感,间接对缓解健康贫困产生了21.2%的正向效应[17]。与传统观念不同的是,本研究发现子女对父母的直接经济支持对降低健康贫困风险的影响无显著相关。而家庭人均收入虽与老年人健康贫困相关,但其影响存在特殊性:只有当家庭人均收入达到高等水平时,才能有效降低健康贫困风险,中等收入家庭的保护作用在统计上并不明确。该结果验证了现有研究的结论,家庭人均收入直接降低贫困风险,且需达到高等水平[18]。并且家庭人均收入越高,健康贫困发生率就越低。零散的、小额的代际经济转移,或许能应付日常开销,但难以抵御健康问题带来的重大经济冲击。而家庭整体具备较高的收入水平,则意味着家庭拥有强大的内生造血功能和风险吸收能力。当前保障体系仍然存在薄弱环节:基本医保只是“保基本”,存在起付线、封顶线和报销比例限制。大病保险虽然有所补充,但面对真正“灾难性”的医疗支出时仍显不足。医疗救助则主要覆盖绝对贫困人口,这使得庞大的中等收入群体在重大疾病面前,极易因病返贫、因病致贫。
政策制度是解析老年人健康贫困风险的关键维度。相较于参加城镇职工基本医疗保险的老年人,参加城乡居民医疗保险、城镇居民医疗保险和新型农村医疗保险的老年人,其陷入健康贫困的风险显著更高,而参加城镇职工基本医疗保险的老年人健康贫困发生率最低。2016年《国务院关于整合城乡居民基本医疗保险制度的意见》将新农合与城居保合并为城乡居民医保,但筹资与待遇仍沿袭原城居保水平,与职工医保的差距并没缩小。这种差距可从三方面得到解释:其一,保障水平差异。现有研究明确显示,城镇职工医保比城乡居民医保显著降低老年多维贫困(涵盖健康与经济维度),因其筹资水平更高、报销比例更优[19],从而更有效地降低了因病致贫风险。其二,参保人群的社会经济特征。研究指出,城乡居民医保参保者多为低社会经济地位群体[20]。该群体本身面临更高的健康脆弱性和经济压力,而相对有限的医保保障水平难以有效缓冲其风险,叠加效应下使其更容易陷入健康贫困。其三,服务可及性与制度便利性不足。现有研究表明,城乡居民医保存在基层服务不足和报销流程复杂问题[21]。这些制度性壁垒增加了参保老年人,特别是农村或偏远地区老年人,有效利用医保、及时获得必要医疗服务的难度,间接但显著地推高了其健康贫困风险。本研究结果显示,居住在东部地区的老年人健康贫困发生率更高,其健康贫困风险显著高于其他地区。东部地区经济发达,拥有全国最顶尖的医疗资源,但这也伴随着全国最高的医疗服务价格。有研究指出,东部地区的医疗费用对人口老龄化的反应更为敏感[22-26]。对于收入水平有限、主要依靠固定养老金生活的老年人而言,即便拥有医保,高昂的自付部分依然构成沉重负担。这种现象,可能抵消了优质医疗资源带来的健康红利,从而推高了健康贫困的风险。
本研究仍然存在以下局限:(1)由于采用的是2020年横断面数据,尚未捕捉健康贫困的动态演化过程及因素间的长期因果关联。未来研究可结合纵向追踪数据,进一步探索家庭结构变迁、政策干预效果的时序效应,以提升结论的生态效度与政策参考价值。(2)逻辑回归模型中较低的R2值表明模型只解释了健康贫困方差中有限的一部分。由于健康贫困是一个多方面的结果,受到大量因素的影响,包括未测量的遗传、行为、环境和社会文化决定因素。其中许多因素难以在一个实证研究中被全面捕捉。未来要纳入更多的潜在因素,构建一个更全面的健康贫困解释模型。
依据本研究健康生态学模型结果的提示,老年人健康贫困是个人特质、行为特征、人际网络、家庭生活环境和政策制度五个层面因素共同作用的结果。为应对这一多层面、复合型问题,应从健康生态学模型出发实施系统性干预:在个人层面,需重点关注高龄、患慢性病较多和自评健康较差的老年人,加强健康监测与疾病管理;行为层面,应理性看待饮酒等行为的潜在保护效应,加强健康生活方式引导;人际网络层面,应识别在婚老年人面临的“风险共担”现实,提供更具针对性的家庭经济风险缓冲机制;家庭生活环境层面,应重视家庭规模和收入的关键作用,鼓励多代同住和经济互助,提升家庭抗风险能力;政策制度层面,应持续优化医疗保障制度,缩小不同医保类型的保障差距,并关注东部地区高医疗费用导致的支出性贫困。未来需采取多层级、多主体的综合治理策略来降低老年人健康贫困风险。
  • 2021年度湖南省哲学社会科学基金项目(21JD022)
  • 2024年湖南省卫健委科研项目(2024WTC01)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507169
  • 接收时间:2025-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-11
基金
2021年度湖南省哲学社会科学基金项目(21JD022)
2024年湖南省卫健委科研项目(2024WTC01)
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    湖南中医药大学人文与管理学院,湖南 长沙 410208

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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