Article(id=1323941296951394917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751558400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793581802833, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793581802833, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793581802833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793581802833, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1323941237702668764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='23', pageStart='4225', pageEnd='4416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765296000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793581788707, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793581887795, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1323941653374959780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1323941653374959781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4320, endPage=4325, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1323941297328882278, articleId=1323941296951394917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Trend analysis of drowning disease burden among Chinese children and adolescents from 1990 to 2021, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent Health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the changing trend of drowning disease burden among Chinese children and adolescents from 1990 to 2021, and to provide a reference for formulating prevention and control strategies.

Methods

The standardized disability adjusted life years(DALYs) rate, standardized mortality and standardized incidence rate of drowning children and adolescents under 20 years of age in China from 1990 to 2021 were collected through the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database in 2021. Average annual percentage change (AAPC)and the annual percentage change (APC) were used to analyze the trend of changes in drowning disease burden among children and adolescents of different ages and genders.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the standardized DALYs rate (AAPC=-6.30%) and the standardized mortality rate (AAPC= -6.15%) of children and adolescents drowning in China declined more than the standardized incidence rate (AAPC=-3.70%) (all P<0.001). The crude DALYs rates, crude mortality rates, and crude incidence rate in the <5, 5-<10, 10-<15, and 15-<20 age groups decreased (AAPC range was -8.53% to -2.38%, all P<0.001), and the <5 age group decreased the most rapidly (all P<0.001). The standardized DALYs rate, standardized mortality rate and standardized incidence rate of male and female drowning showed a downward trend(all P<0.001), and the decline rate of male drowning was higher than that of female drowning.

Conclusion

The overall disease burden of drowning among children and adolescents in China has shown a downward trend from 1990 to 2021. In the future, a multidimensional and immersive drowning prevention and emergency rescue education system should be constructed based on age and gender differences to enhance the safety literacy and self-rescue and mutual-rescue abilities of children and adolescents.

, authors=Shi-hong GUO1, Xiang-yin LI2, Zhong-sha CHENG3, Yun-yan HE4, 5, Fang-shu WANG1, Ya-ping BAI1, Yi CHEN6, Meng-han FU7, authorsList=Shi-hong GUO, Xiang-yin LI, Zhong-sha CHENG, Yun-yan HE, Fang-shu WANG, Ya-ping BAI, Yi CHEN, Meng-han FU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yun-yan HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1323941300302643819, articleId=1323941296951394917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水疾病负担趋势分析, columnId=1228016570031604578, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=儿少卫生与妇幼保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水疾病负担变化趋势,为制定防控策略提供参考依据。

方法

通过2021年全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease,GBD)数据库收集1990—2021年中国<20岁儿童青少年溺水的标化伤残调整寿命年(disability-adiusted life years,DALYs)率、标化死亡率及标化发病率等资料。采用平均年度变化百分比(average annual percentage change,AAPC)和年度变化百分比(annual percentage change,APC)分析不同年龄、性别儿童青少年溺水疾病负担变化趋势。

结果

1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水标化DALYs率(AAPC= -6.30%)和标化死亡率(AAPC=-6.15%)的下降幅度大于标化发病率(AAPC=-3.70 %)(均P<0.001)。<5岁、5~<10岁、10~<15岁和15~<20岁组粗DALYs率、粗死亡率、粗发病率均下降(AAPC范围为-8.53% ~-2.38%,均P<0.001),其中<5岁组下降最快(均P<0.001)。男女性溺水标化DALYs率、标化死亡率及标化发病率均呈下降趋势(均P<0.001),男性下降幅度高于女性。

结论

1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水疾病负担总体呈下降趋势,未来应基于年龄、性别差异构建多维度、沉浸式溺水预防与应急救援教育体系,提升儿童青少年的安全素养与自救互救能力。

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郭世鸿(1999—),女,硕士,护士,研究方向:儿童外伤

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贺云艳,E-mail:
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注:A为标化DALYs率,B为标化死亡率,C为标化发病率,*表示P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=gGMtNJP7rVtK6eIb2yV9fg==, figureFileBig=tsNqE2adS1dofjA0goMm/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1323941306682180270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941296951394917, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Drowning disease burden of children and adolescents in different age groups in China from 1990 to 2021, figureFileSmall=xIrSLvqzt+MITVpFQ1hrLQ==, figureFileBig=J9II6AL3Ycfb//iiNCZ0mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1323941306749289135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941296951394917, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国不同年龄组儿童青少年1990—2021年溺水疾病负担情况

注:A为粗DALYs率,B为粗死亡率,C为粗发病率。

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1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水疾病负担趋势分析
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郭世鸿 1 , 李向银 2 , 成忠莎 3 , 贺云艳 4, 5 , 王芳舒 1 , 白娅萍 1 , 陈燚 6 , 付梦晗 7
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025,52(23): 4320-4325
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现代预防医学 |儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025 , 52 (23) : 4320 -4325
1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水疾病负担趋势分析
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郭世鸿1, 李向银2, 成忠莎3, 贺云艳4, 5 , 王芳舒1, 白娅萍1, 陈燚6, 付梦晗7
作者信息
  • 1.上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心贵州医院护理部,贵州 贵阳 550081
  • 2.贵州中医药大学护理学院
  • 3.贵州省人民医院心脏大血管外科
  • 4.贵州省人民医院小儿外科,贵州 贵阳 550002
  • 5.上海儿童医学中心贵州医院眼耳鼻喉神经外科,贵州 贵阳 550081
  • 6.上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心贵州医院儿童急诊科
  • 7.中山大学附属第一医院贵州医院肿瘤科
通讯作者:
贺云艳,E-mail:
作者简介:

郭世鸿(1999—),女,硕士,护士,研究方向:儿童外伤

Trend analysis of drowning disease burden among Chinese children and adolescents from 1990 to 2021
Shi-hong GUO1, Xiang-yin LI2, Zhong-sha CHENG3, Yun-yan HE4, 5 , Fang-shu WANG1, Ya-ping BAI1, Yi CHEN6, Meng-han FU7
Affiliations
  • Department of Nursing, Guizhou Branch of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, China
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507047
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目的

了解1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水疾病负担变化趋势,为制定防控策略提供参考依据。

方法

通过2021年全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease,GBD)数据库收集1990—2021年中国<20岁儿童青少年溺水的标化伤残调整寿命年(disability-adiusted life years,DALYs)率、标化死亡率及标化发病率等资料。采用平均年度变化百分比(average annual percentage change,AAPC)和年度变化百分比(annual percentage change,APC)分析不同年龄、性别儿童青少年溺水疾病负担变化趋势。

结果

1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水标化DALYs率(AAPC= -6.30%)和标化死亡率(AAPC=-6.15%)的下降幅度大于标化发病率(AAPC=-3.70 %)(均P<0.001)。<5岁、5~<10岁、10~<15岁和15~<20岁组粗DALYs率、粗死亡率、粗发病率均下降(AAPC范围为-8.53% ~-2.38%,均P<0.001),其中<5岁组下降最快(均P<0.001)。男女性溺水标化DALYs率、标化死亡率及标化发病率均呈下降趋势(均P<0.001),男性下降幅度高于女性。

结论

1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水疾病负担总体呈下降趋势,未来应基于年龄、性别差异构建多维度、沉浸式溺水预防与应急救援教育体系,提升儿童青少年的安全素养与自救互救能力。

儿童青少年  /  溺水  /  疾病负担  /  趋势分析
Objective

To understand the changing trend of drowning disease burden among Chinese children and adolescents from 1990 to 2021, and to provide a reference for formulating prevention and control strategies.

Methods

The standardized disability adjusted life years(DALYs) rate, standardized mortality and standardized incidence rate of drowning children and adolescents under 20 years of age in China from 1990 to 2021 were collected through the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database in 2021. Average annual percentage change (AAPC)and the annual percentage change (APC) were used to analyze the trend of changes in drowning disease burden among children and adolescents of different ages and genders.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the standardized DALYs rate (AAPC=-6.30%) and the standardized mortality rate (AAPC= -6.15%) of children and adolescents drowning in China declined more than the standardized incidence rate (AAPC=-3.70%) (all P<0.001). The crude DALYs rates, crude mortality rates, and crude incidence rate in the <5, 5-<10, 10-<15, and 15-<20 age groups decreased (AAPC range was -8.53% to -2.38%, all P<0.001), and the <5 age group decreased the most rapidly (all P<0.001). The standardized DALYs rate, standardized mortality rate and standardized incidence rate of male and female drowning showed a downward trend(all P<0.001), and the decline rate of male drowning was higher than that of female drowning.

Conclusion

The overall disease burden of drowning among children and adolescents in China has shown a downward trend from 1990 to 2021. In the future, a multidimensional and immersive drowning prevention and emergency rescue education system should be constructed based on age and gender differences to enhance the safety literacy and self-rescue and mutual-rescue abilities of children and adolescents.

Children and adolescents  /  Drowning  /  Disease burden  /  Trend analysis
郭世鸿, 李向银, 成忠莎, 贺云艳, 王芳舒, 白娅萍, 陈燚, 付梦晗. 1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水疾病负担趋势分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (23) : 4320 -4325 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507047
Shi-hong GUO, Xiang-yin LI, Zhong-sha CHENG, Yun-yan HE, Fang-shu WANG, Ya-ping BAI, Yi CHEN, Meng-han FU. Trend analysis of drowning disease burden among Chinese children and adolescents from 1990 to 2021[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (23) : 4320 -4325 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507047
溺水指个体淹没或浸泡于水或其他液体介质中受到伤害的状况[1],居中国0~14岁儿童伤害死因首位,占死亡构成的31.66%~40.74%[2-4],且有3.70%~40.00%的溺水幸存者遗留严重的神经系统缺陷或长期后遗症[5],平均导致超过30年的潜在寿命损失[4],严重威胁其生命健康,给家庭和社会带来沉重的经济与精神负担[6]。然而,目前我国针对20岁以下儿童青少年溺水负担的研究仍相对匮乏[6-7],难以为防控措施的制定提供充分依据。因此,本研究基于全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease, GBD)研究2021年数据库,分析1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水的疾病负担及变化趋势,为制定防控策略提供参考依据。
1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水资料来源于GBD 2021年数据库(https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/)。GBD由美国华盛顿大学健康指标与评估研究所牵头、汇总全球204个国家和地区的371种疾病和伤害的详细信息[8],其中中国资料来源于国家疾病预防控制中心和国家疾病监测系统等[9]。按照《疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类》(第十次修订本)》(ICD-10)编码,溺水编码为T75.1、W65-74。疾病负担指标包括伤残调整寿命年(disability adjusted life years, DALYs)率、死亡率和发病率等,并按不同年份、年龄和性别进行分组[10]。
以GBD 2021标准世界人口为参照,计算1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水的标化DALYs率、标化死亡率及标化发病率。资料提取流程如下:研究对象聚焦儿童青少年;时间跨度为“1990—2021年;疾病类型限定“Drowning”;指标选取“DALYs”“Deaths”“Incidence”;国家设为“China”;性别选择“Male”“Female”“Both”;年龄组细分为“<5years”“5~<10years”“10~<15years”“15~ <20years”4个年龄组。采用平均年度变化百分比(average annual percentage change, AAPC)、年度变化百分比(annual percentage change, APC)及其95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI)分析1990—2021年不同年龄和性别儿童青少年溺水标化DALYs率、标化死亡率及标化发病率的变化趋势[11]。
采用 Excel 2019软件整理数据。采用Joinpoint Regression Program 5.1.0软件计算AAPC和APC值。采用R 4.4.2和Adobe Illustrator 2021软件进行统计和可视化分析,检验水准α=0.05。
1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水标化DALYs率呈下降趋势,AAPC值为-6.30%(95% CI: -6.48%~-6.13%,P<0.001),2019—2021年下降最快(APC=-14.19%,95% CI: -16.75%~-10.59%,P<0.001);标化死亡率呈下降趋势,AAPC值为-6.15%(95% CI:-6.33%~-5.98%,P<0.001),2019—2021年下降最快(APC= -13.48%,95% CI: -15.91%~-9.89%,P<0.001)。
1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水标化发病率呈下降趋势,AAPC值为-3.70 %(95% CI: -3.72%~-3.69%,P<0.001),2001—2010年下降最快(APC=-5.33%,95% CI: -5.47%~-5.29%,P<0.001),2018—2021年无明显变化趋势(APC=-0.16%,95% CI: -0.34%~0.01%,P=0.060)。见图1。
1990—2021年中国儿童青少年各年龄组粗DALYs率、粗死亡率、粗发病率均呈下降趋势(均P<0.001),其中<5岁组下降较快,AAPC值分别为-8.52%(95% CI:-8.94%~-8.23%,P<0.001)、-8.53%(95% CI:-8.95%~-8.24%,P<0.001)和-5.09%(95% CI:-5.12%~-5.06%,P<0.001)。粗DALYs率的年龄高峰由1990年的<5岁(6 029.59/10万)移至2021年的5~<10岁(427.75/10万);粗死亡率的年龄高峰由1990年的<5岁(68.73/10万)移至2021年的5~<10岁(5.16/10万);粗发病率的年龄高峰由1990年的<5岁(87.54/10万)移至2021年的10~<15岁(24.36/10万)。见图2。
1990—2021年中国男性与女性溺水标化DALYs率均呈下降趋势,AAPC分别为-5.95%(95% CI: -6.12%~-5.77%,P<0.001)和-7.26%(95% CI: -7.52%~-7.05%,P<0.001),均在2019—2021年下降最快,APC分别为-13.46%(95% CI: -15.80%~-9.84%,P<0.001)和-15.34%(95% CI: -19.07%~-10.82%,P<0.001)。男性和女性标化死亡率均呈下降趋势,AAPC分别为-5.80%(95% CI: -5.96%~-5.63%,P<0.001)和-7.14%(95% CI: -7.40%~-6.92%,P<0.001),均在2019—2021年下降最快,APC分别为-12.75%(95% CI:-14.99%~-9.16%,P<0.001)和-14.71%(95% CI: -18.55%~-10.05%,P<0.001)。男性和女性标化发病率均呈下降趋势,AAPC分别为-3.27%(95% CI:-3.29%~-3.26%,P<0.001)和-4.32%(95% CI: -4.35%~-4.28%,P<0.001);男性在2001—2005年下降最快,APC= -4.71%(95% CI: -4.88%~-4.56%,P<0.001)),女性在2002—2013年下降最快,APC=-6.45%(95% CI: -6.56%~-6.33%,P<0.001),女性在2018—2021年无明显变化趋势(APC=0.11%,95% CI:-0.32%~0.46%,P=0.540)。男性各项指标均高于女性。见图1。
男性与女性各年龄组粗DALYs率均呈下降趋势(均P<0.001),<5岁组下降最快,AAPC分别为-8.30%(95% CI: -8.74%~-8.00%,P<0.001)和-8.82%(95% CI: -9.21%~-8.52%,P<0.001)。男性和女性粗死亡率均呈下降趋势(均P<0.001),<5岁组下降最快,AAPC分别为-8.31%(95% CI: -8.75%~-8.01%,P<0.001)和-8.83%(95% CI: -9.22%~-8.53%,P<0.001)。男性和女性粗发病率均呈下降趋势(均P<0.001),<5岁组下降最快,AAPC分别为-5.02%(95% CI: -5.05%~-5.00%,P<0.001)和-5.14%(95% CI: -5.17%~-5.11%,P<0.001)。见图2。
1990—2021年中国儿童青少年溺水负担趋势显著下降(均P<0.001),表明在过去的30多年间,中国在儿童溺水预防和医疗救治方面取得了显著成效[12]。标化DALYs率和标化死亡率的下降幅度大于标化发病率,说明不仅“发生”减少,“死亡/伤残”也同步被遏制,主要得益于水域安全综合管理、校园防溺水教育、院前–院内一体化救治及康复体系的多维协同[13-15]。标化DALYs率和标化死亡率在2019—2021年均下降明显(APC分别为-14.19%、-13.48%,均P<0.001),提示近期干预效果突出,其原因如下[16-17]:一是《淹溺急救专家共识》的发布与推广使儿童溺水救治路径规范化;二是随着“互联网+”概念的提出,120调度系统智能化升级使院前急救响应时间缩短、急救服务质量提升。2001—2010年是标化发病率下降最快的阶段(APC=-5.33%,P<0.001),与《中国儿童发展纲要(2001—2010年)》[13]首次将溺水列为儿童伤害重点防控领域,并逐步推动各地建立水域排查与危险分级管理制度密切相关[18]。而2018—2021年标化发病率无明显变化趋势(APC=-0.16%,P=0.060),可能是因为传统干预手段趋于饱和。建议借助《“儿科和精神卫生服务年”行动方案(2025—2027年)》中提出的“技术-人文双轨”路径[19],调查当地学生溺水知信行现状,探索“家庭、学校、社区”的三方联动防溺水机制[20]。
1990—2021年中国儿童青少年各年龄组溺水粗DALYs率、粗死亡率及粗发病率均持续下降(AAPC范围为-8.53%~-2.38%,均P<0.001),其中<5岁组降幅最大(均P<0.001),证实了我国30余年来遵循儿童身心发展特点和规律的分层干预策略、系统化儿童伤害防控政策及其配套措施的显著成效[12]。然而,2021年的疾病负担峰值年龄已从<5岁后移至5~<15岁,与全球仍以<5岁为主的流行性特征不同[21],其逻辑在于[3,22]:<5岁儿童活动半径小、看护密集,危险因素被压缩;5~<10岁儿童活动范围骤增,但游泳技能与风险认知滞后,好奇心强且易受同伴影响,导致暴露风险递增;10~<15岁儿童体格与自救能力增强,但自我防护认知不足以及学校、家人监管不到位易致溺水发生数增多。因此,既往“以<5岁为中心”的策略已趋饱和。下一步应依据5~<15岁人群的认知发展规律,构建“家庭、学校、社区”三位一体的综合预防体系,以实现2030年将儿童溺水死亡率持续下降的目标[15]。
1990—2021年中国儿童青少年男性与女性的溺水负担均呈下降趋势(均P<0.001),但女性的年均降幅大于男性,与以往的研究[6]一致,提示既往干预措施对女性更为敏感。男性与女性的标化DALYs率和标化死亡率在2019—2021年继续下降(均P<0.001),<5 岁组降幅最大(均P<0.001),变化趋势与全人群一致。但女性标化发病率在2018—2021年无明显变化趋势(APC=0.11%,P=0.540),表明传统以宣教为主、环境改造为辅的策略对女性群体可能已接近收益上限,需引入更具针对性的干预模块以打破瓶颈[22-23]。
本研究的局限性在于GBD结果以模型推演为主,而非直接来源于实际观测的原始资料,原始资料质量直接影响估计精度。未来,伴随人工智能与大数据的深度融合,可依据儿童青少年的年龄与性别特征及其身心发育规律,构建多维度、沉浸式的溺水预防与应急救援教育体系,提升儿童安全素养与自救互救能力,降低其溺水疾病负担。
  • 2025年度上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心贵州医院第一批院级课题(YJ2025-HL01004)
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2025年第52卷第23期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507047
  • 接收时间:2025-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-04
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2025年度上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心贵州医院第一批院级课题(YJ2025-HL01004)
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    1.上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心贵州医院护理部,贵州 贵阳 550081
    2.贵州中医药大学护理学院
    3.贵州省人民医院心脏大血管外科
    4.贵州省人民医院小儿外科,贵州 贵阳 550002
    5.上海儿童医学中心贵州医院眼耳鼻喉神经外科,贵州 贵阳 550081
    6.上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心贵州医院儿童急诊科
    7.中山大学附属第一医院贵州医院肿瘤科

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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