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Article(id=1322608000037146774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322607837742747790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505152, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747065600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793263920077, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793263920077, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793263920077, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793263920077, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322607837742747790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='20', pageStart='3649', pageEnd='3840', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761321600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793263881383, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793264238791, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322609336933794638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322607837742747790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322609336933794639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322607837742747790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3801, endPage=3806, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322608001605816471, articleId=1322608000037146774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Detection and molecular typing of human rhinovirus in children with influenza-like cases, Guizhou, 2023-2024, columnId=1228016573156360233, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Disease Control and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the detection rate and molecular typing characteristics of human rhinovirus in influenza-like cases among children in Guizhou Province from 2023 to 2024.

Methods

Throat swab samples of 4 771 children influenza-like cases in Guizhou Province from 2023 to 2024 were collected. A total of 11 common respiratory pathogens, including rhinovirus (HRV), enterovirus (EV), adenovirus (ADV), Boka virus (HBoV), influenza virus (IFV), parainfluenza virus (HPIV), common coronavirus (HCoV), novel coronavirus (SARS CoV-2), metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), were detected by multiple fluorescent quantitative PCR. Epidemiological data were analyzed by Excel 2021 and SPSS 22 statistical software for HRV; Select qualified HRV positive samples for VP4/VP2 gene sequencing, use MEGA11 for gene typing, and construct a phylogenetic tree using adjacency method.

Results

A total of 371 HRV-positive samples were detected, with a detection rate of 7.78%. No statistically significant difference in HRV detection rates was observed between different gender groups (P=0.669) or age groups (P=0.328). However, a statistically significant difference was found across seasons (P<0.001). The detection rate of HRV co-infection was 3% (143/4 771), with HRV and EV co infection detected the most, accounting for 27.97% (40/143), followed by HRV and HPIV co infection, accounting for 14.69% (21/143), and RSV co-infection, accounting for 12.59% (18/143). A total of 20 HRV VP4/VP2 gene sequences were obtained, including 16 HRV-A strains, 1 HRV-B strain, and 3 HRV-C.

Conclusion

HRV is an important pathogen causing influenza-like cases in children in Guizhou Province from 2023 to 2024. HRV-A is the main popular plant type. There is co-infection with HRV in the case, with co infection of two pathogens being the most common. The main co-infection viruses are EV, HPIV, and RSV.

, authors=Li ZHUANG, Ju ZHENG, Ping WU, Qian KE, Wei-jia JIANG, authorsList=Li ZHUANG, Ju ZHENG, Ping WU, Qian KE, Wei-jia JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei-jia JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322608002205601948, articleId=1322608000037146774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=2023—2024年贵州省儿童流感样病例中人鼻病毒检出及其分子分型研究, columnId=1228016573844226129, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=疾病预防控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解贵州省2023—2024年儿童流感样病例中人鼻病毒的检出率及分子分型特征。

方法

收集贵州省2023—2024年儿童流感样病例咽拭子样本4 771份，利用多重荧光定量PCR方法对鼻病毒（HRV）、肠道病毒（EV）、腺病毒（ADV）、博卡病毒（HBoV）、流感病毒（IFV）、副流感病毒（HPIV）、普通冠状病毒（HCoV）、新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）、偏肺病毒（HMPV）、呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）和肺炎支原体（MP）共11种常见呼吸道病原体进行检测，采用Excel 2021和SPSS 22统计软件进行HRV流行病学数据分析；筛选合格HRV阳性样本进行VP4/VP2基因测序，采用MEGA11进行基因分型，使用邻接法构建系统进化树。

结果

共检测出HRV 371份，检出率7.78%。不同性别（P=0.669）及不同年龄（P=0.328）HRV检出率差异无统计学意义；不同季节（P<0.001）检出率差异有统计学意义。HRV合并感染检出率为3%（143/4 771），其中以HRV与EV的合并感染检出最多，占比27.97%（40/143），其次为HRV与HPIV的合并感染，占比14.69%（21/143），与RSV的合并感染占比12.59%（18/143）。共获得20条HRV的VP4/VP2基因序列，其中HRV-A 16株，HRV-B 1株，HRV-C 3株。

结论

HRV是贵州省2023—2024年儿童流感样病例的重要病原体。HRV-A为主要流行株型。病例中存在与HRV的合并感染，以两种病原体的合并感染最为常见，主要的合并感染病毒为EV、HPIV、RSV。

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庄丽（1980—），女，硕士，副主任医师，研究方向：呼吸道病毒检测与研究

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蒋维佳，E-mail:
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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Genetic characteristics and molecular variation of human rhinovirus genetype B83 in Jinan, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322608007150686411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608000037146774, awardId=黔科合平台人才-ZDSYS[2023]004, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合平台人才-ZDSYS[2023]004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322608007238766796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608000037146774, awardId=黔科合支撑[2021]一般025, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2021]一般025), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322608007305875661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608000037146774, awardId=黔科合支撑[2021]一般028, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2021]一般028), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322608002415317149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608000037146774, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322608002423705758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608000037146774, companyId=1322608002415317149, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Virology Department of Guizhou Provincial Centerfor Disease Control and Prevention Experimental Center, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322608002432094367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608000037146774, companyId=1322608002415317149, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=贵州省疾病预防控制中心实验中心病毒科，贵州　贵阳　550004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322608006144053443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608000037146774, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Line chart of monthly detection rate of rhinovirus in children with influenza like cases in Guizhou Province, figureFileSmall=Lsv6idXiziC1bSp2gW/8Lg==, figureFileBig=w6E3AfFwjFFH1h36p3m/EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608006265688260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608000037146774, language=CN, label=图1, caption=贵州省儿童流感样病例鼻病毒月份检出率折线图, figureFileSmall=Lsv6idXiziC1bSp2gW/8Lg==, figureFileBig=w6E3AfFwjFFH1h36p3m/EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608006588649669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608000037146774, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Constructing a phylogenetic tree based on the VP4/VP2 genes of rhinovirus, figureFileSmall=zsF/c9AFByQkFyULKU8hzw==, figureFileBig=oZmGdWheMsczXF5Wd94rFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608006685118662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608000037146774, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于鼻病毒VP4/VP2基因构建系统进化树

注：○本研究VP4/VP2基因序列；▲ HRV原型株VP4/VP2基因序列。

, figureFileSmall=zsF/c9AFByQkFyULKU8hzw==, figureFileBig=oZmGdWheMsczXF5Wd94rFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608006764810439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608000037146774, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Detection of rhinovirus co-infection in children with influenza like cases in Guizhou Province（n=4 771）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
混合感染模式病原体阳性样本数（份）检出率（%）在合并感染中的占比（%）
两种病原体HRV+EV408.3827.97
的混合感染HRV+RSV180.3812.59
HRV+HCOV80.175.59
HRV+HMPV30.062.10
HRV+HPIV210.4414.69
HRV+HBOV20.041.40
HRV+ADV150.0310.49
HRV+SARS-CoV-270.154.90
HRV+MP120.258.39
三种病原体HRV+ADV+EV40.082.80
的混合感染HRV+HPIV+EV20.041.40
HRV+ADV+MP10.020.70
HRV+RSV+ADV20.041.40
HRV+EV+MP10.020.70
HRV+RSV+EV10.020.70
HRV+HBOV+EV10.020.70
HRV+RSV+MP10.020.70
HRV+HBOV+MP10.020.70
HRV+HPIV+MP10.020.70
HRV+ADV+HCOV10.020.70
HRV+SARS-CoV-2+HCOV10.020.70
总计1433.00100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322608006852890824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608000037146774, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

贵州省儿童流感样病例鼻病毒合并感染检出情况（n=4 771）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
混合感染模式病原体阳性样本数（份）检出率（%）在合并感染中的占比（%）
两种病原体HRV+EV408.3827.97
的混合感染HRV+RSV180.3812.59
HRV+HCOV80.175.59
HRV+HMPV30.062.10
HRV+HPIV210.4414.69
HRV+HBOV20.041.40
HRV+ADV150.0310.49
HRV+SARS-CoV-270.154.90
HRV+MP120.258.39
三种病原体HRV+ADV+EV40.082.80
的混合感染HRV+HPIV+EV20.041.40
HRV+ADV+MP10.020.70
HRV+RSV+ADV20.041.40
HRV+EV+MP10.020.70
HRV+RSV+EV10.020.70
HRV+HBOV+EV10.020.70
HRV+RSV+MP10.020.70
HRV+HBOV+MP10.020.70
HRV+HPIV+MP10.020.70
HRV+ADV+HCOV10.020.70
HRV+SARS-CoV-2+HCOV10.020.70
总计1433.00100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322608006919999689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608000037146774, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of differences in HRV detection rates among children with influenza like cases of different genders, ages, and seasons

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类总检测数（份）阳性数（份）检出率（%）χ2值P值
性别0.1820.669
男性2 7922217.92
女性1 9791507.58
年龄（岁）3.4480.328
0~12 0091638.11
>1~31 069868.04
>3~6983798.04
>6~14710436.06
季节39.843<0.001
春季803749.22
夏季2 0751105.30
秋季1 55116610.70
冬季342216.14
), ArticleFig(id=1322608006987108554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608000037146774, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

儿童流感样病例不同性别、不同年龄、不同季节HRV检出率差异分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类总检测数（份）阳性数（份）检出率（%）χ2值P值
性别0.1820.669
男性2 7922217.92
女性1 9791507.58
年龄（岁）3.4480.328
0~12 0091638.11
>1~31 069868.04
>3~6983798.04
>6~14710436.06
季节39.843<0.001
春季803749.22
夏季2 0751105.30
秋季1 55116610.70
冬季342216.14
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2023—2024年贵州省儿童流感样病例中人鼻病毒检出及其分子分型研究
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庄丽 , 郑菊 , 吴萍 , 柯倩 , 蒋维佳
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2025,52(20): 3801-3806
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现代预防医学 |疾病预防控制 2025 , 52 (20) : 3801 -3806
2023—2024年贵州省儿童流感样病例中人鼻病毒检出及其分子分型研究
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庄丽, 郑菊, 吴萍, 柯倩, 蒋维佳
作者信息
  • 贵州省疾病预防控制中心实验中心病毒科，贵州　贵阳　550004
通讯作者:
蒋维佳，E-mail:
作者简介:

庄丽（1980—），女，硕士，副主任医师，研究方向：呼吸道病毒检测与研究

Detection and molecular typing of human rhinovirus in children with influenza-like cases, Guizhou, 2023-2024
Li ZHUANG, Ju ZHENG, Ping WU, Qian KE, Wei-jia JIANG
Affiliations
  • Virology Department of Guizhou Provincial Centerfor Disease Control and Prevention Experimental Center, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505152
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摘要
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目的

了解贵州省2023—2024年儿童流感样病例中人鼻病毒的检出率及分子分型特征。

方法

收集贵州省2023—2024年儿童流感样病例咽拭子样本4 771份，利用多重荧光定量PCR方法对鼻病毒（HRV）、肠道病毒（EV）、腺病毒（ADV）、博卡病毒（HBoV）、流感病毒（IFV）、副流感病毒（HPIV）、普通冠状病毒（HCoV）、新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）、偏肺病毒（HMPV）、呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）和肺炎支原体（MP）共11种常见呼吸道病原体进行检测，采用Excel 2021和SPSS 22统计软件进行HRV流行病学数据分析；筛选合格HRV阳性样本进行VP4/VP2基因测序，采用MEGA11进行基因分型，使用邻接法构建系统进化树。

结果

共检测出HRV 371份，检出率7.78%。不同性别（P=0.669）及不同年龄（P=0.328）HRV检出率差异无统计学意义；不同季节（P<0.001）检出率差异有统计学意义。HRV合并感染检出率为3%（143/4 771），其中以HRV与EV的合并感染检出最多，占比27.97%（40/143），其次为HRV与HPIV的合并感染，占比14.69%（21/143），与RSV的合并感染占比12.59%（18/143）。共获得20条HRV的VP4/VP2基因序列，其中HRV-A 16株，HRV-B 1株，HRV-C 3株。

结论

HRV是贵州省2023—2024年儿童流感样病例的重要病原体。HRV-A为主要流行株型。病例中存在与HRV的合并感染，以两种病原体的合并感染最为常见，主要的合并感染病毒为EV、HPIV、RSV。

贵州省  /  儿童流感样病例  /  人鼻病毒  /  流行病学  /  分子分型
Objective

To understand the detection rate and molecular typing characteristics of human rhinovirus in influenza-like cases among children in Guizhou Province from 2023 to 2024.

Methods

Throat swab samples of 4 771 children influenza-like cases in Guizhou Province from 2023 to 2024 were collected. A total of 11 common respiratory pathogens, including rhinovirus (HRV), enterovirus (EV), adenovirus (ADV), Boka virus (HBoV), influenza virus (IFV), parainfluenza virus (HPIV), common coronavirus (HCoV), novel coronavirus (SARS CoV-2), metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), were detected by multiple fluorescent quantitative PCR. Epidemiological data were analyzed by Excel 2021 and SPSS 22 statistical software for HRV; Select qualified HRV positive samples for VP4/VP2 gene sequencing, use MEGA11 for gene typing, and construct a phylogenetic tree using adjacency method.

Results

A total of 371 HRV-positive samples were detected, with a detection rate of 7.78%. No statistically significant difference in HRV detection rates was observed between different gender groups (P=0.669) or age groups (P=0.328). However, a statistically significant difference was found across seasons (P<0.001). The detection rate of HRV co-infection was 3% (143/4 771), with HRV and EV co infection detected the most, accounting for 27.97% (40/143), followed by HRV and HPIV co infection, accounting for 14.69% (21/143), and RSV co-infection, accounting for 12.59% (18/143). A total of 20 HRV VP4/VP2 gene sequences were obtained, including 16 HRV-A strains, 1 HRV-B strain, and 3 HRV-C.

Conclusion

HRV is an important pathogen causing influenza-like cases in children in Guizhou Province from 2023 to 2024. HRV-A is the main popular plant type. There is co-infection with HRV in the case, with co infection of two pathogens being the most common. The main co-infection viruses are EV, HPIV, and RSV.

Guizhou Province  /  Childhood influenza-like cases  /  Human rhinovirus  /  Epidemiology  /  Molecular typing
庄丽, 郑菊, 吴萍, 柯倩, 蒋维佳. 2023—2024年贵州省儿童流感样病例中人鼻病毒检出及其分子分型研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (20) : 3801 -3806 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505152
Li ZHUANG, Ju ZHENG, Ping WU, Qian KE, Wei-jia JIANG. Detection and molecular typing of human rhinovirus in children with influenza-like cases, Guizhou, 2023-2024[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (20) : 3801 -3806 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505152
正文
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人鼻病毒（human rhinovirus，HRV）是婴幼儿及学龄期儿童引发急性呼吸道感染的主要病原体之一，HRV感染的临床表现可引起普通感冒症状，还可诱发中耳炎、鼻窦炎、支气管炎、肺炎、慢性阻塞性肺部疾病及哮喘急性发作的加重[1-3]。HRV包括HRV-A、HRV-B及HRV-C，其血清型已超过200种[4]。HRV基因由两端的非编码区及开放阅读框共同组成，开放阅读框经转录翻译形成4种结构蛋白和7种非结构蛋白，4种结构蛋白包括VP1、VP2、VP3和 VP4，其中VP4/ VP2具有特异性抗体中和位点,且VP4相对保守，在病毒进化过程中，关键位点的不断突变可使病毒进化产生新的变异毒株，引起病毒部分生物学特性的改变，导致变异毒株在抗原性、致病力、传播力上发生变化，因此常以VP4 /VP2基因序列作为鼻病毒分子分型的依据[5-6]。本研究通过对贵州省0-14岁儿童流感样病例中筛选合格HRV阳性样本进行VP4/ VP2基因测序及数据分析，以期掌握贵州省HRV的流行规律及分子分型规律。
1　对象和方法
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1.1　实验对象
实验对象包括0～14岁流感样病例（Influenza-like illness，ILI）。采集医院为贵州省9个市州的流感国家级哨点医院，针对2023年10月—2024年9月同时具备体温≥38 ℃并伴有咳嗽或咽痛症状之一的患者进行采样，样本类型为咽拭子样本。采样后48小时内送至贵州省流感网络实验室进行呼吸道病原体多病原检测。
1.2　研究方法
将收集到的样本使用西安天隆科技有限公司的自动核酸提取仪及配套核酸提取试剂进行病原体核酸提取；使用深圳生科原有限公司的呼吸道多病原检测试剂盒通过多重荧光定量PCR（multiplex real time polymerase chain reaction, MRT-PCR）对HRV、肠道病毒（enterovirus，EV）、腺病毒(respiratory Adenovirus，ADV）、博卡病毒（human bocavirus，HBoV）、流感病毒（influenzavirus，IFV）、副流感病毒（human parainfluenza，HPIV）、普通冠状病毒（Human Coronavirus，HCoV）、新型冠状病毒 (Severeacuterespiratory syndromecoronavirus 2, SARSCoV-2)、偏肺病毒（Metapneumovirus，HMPV）、呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory Syncytial Virus，RSV）和肺炎支原体（Mycoplasma Pneumoniae，MP）进行检测，按照试剂盒说明书阳性判定标准为CT值≤38且有明显指数增长时判为阳性。
1.3　统计学方法
使用 Excel 2021和SPSS 22软件对HRV检测结果进行统计学分析。计数资料采用率/占比（%）描述，采用χ2检验对不同性别、不同年龄组和不同季节检出情况进行组间率的比较，检验水准α=0.05。
1.3.1　年龄分组
婴儿组0～1岁、幼儿组>1～3岁、学龄前组>3～6岁、学龄组>6～14岁。
1.3.2　季节分组
春季3～5 月；夏季6～8 月；秋季9～11 月；冬季12～2月。
1.4　HRV病毒基因测序
1.4.1　将CT值≤30的HRV阳性样本视为合格样本，24小时内将样本核酸RNA送至上海伯杰有限公司进行VP4/VP2基因测序。
1.4.2　通过NCBI（https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/）数据库下载鼻病毒A22、A18、A67、A71、A28、A1B、A77、C10、C16、B6各原型株的VP4/ VP2基因参考序列。采用MEGA11软件基于VP4/ VP2基因进行基因分型，使用邻接（neighbor-joining method，NJ）法构建系统进化树。
2　结果
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2.1　儿童流感样病例鼻病毒检出情况
本研究共检测0～14岁儿童流感样病例样本4 771份，检出HRV 371份，检出率7.78%。4 771份呼吸道样本中，HRV与其他病原体合并感染样本143份，检出率3.00%（143/4 771）。两种病原体的合并感染检出率2.64%（126/4 771），占合并感染中的88.11%（126/143），共发现9种组合方式，其中HRV和EV的合并感染检出占比最高，为27.97%（40/143），其次为与HPIV、RSV、ADV、MP的合并感染，与HCOV、HMPV、HBOV、SARS-CoV-2的合并感染检出最少。三种病原体的的合并感染检出率0.36%（17/4 771），占合并感染的11.89%（17/143），共发现12种组合方式，其中HRV与ADV+EV的合并感染检出占比最高，为2.80%（4/143），其次HRV与HPIV+EV、RSV+ADV的合并感染检出率占比较低，均为1.40%（2/143）；HRV与ADV+MP、EV+MP、RSV+EV、HBoV+EV、RSV+MP、HBoV+MP、HPIV+MP、ADV+HCoV、SARS-CoV-2+HCoV的合并感染检出最少，仅为1例0.70%（1/143），见表1。
2.2　不同性别HRV检出率
本研究共采集男性样本2 792份，检出率7.92%（221/2 792）；采集女性样本1 979份，检出率7.58%（150/1 979），差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.182，P=0.669），见表2。
2.3　不同年龄HRV检出情况
本研究共采集0～1岁样本2 009份，检出率8.11%（163/2 009）；>1～3岁样本1 069份，检出率为8.04%（86/1 069）；>3～6岁样本983份，检出率为8.04%（79/983）；>6～14岁样本710份，检出率为6.06%（43/710）。差异无统计学意义（χ2=3.448，P=0.328），见表2。
2.4　不同季节HRV检出情况
本研究春季采集803份，检出率为9.22%（74/803）；夏季采集2 075份，检出率为5.30%（110/2 075）；秋季采集1 551份，检出率为10.70%（166/1 551）；冬季采集342份，检出率为6.14%（21/342）。不同季节HRV检出率差异有统计学意义（χ2=39.843，P<0.001）。HRV每月均有检出，9月检出率最高，为11.66%。另一个小峰值出现在4月，见表2、图1。
2.5　HRV病毒VP4/2基因分型及进化分析
将20份CT值≤30的儿童流感样病例HRV阳性样本的核酸RNA送至上海伯杰有限公司进行VP4/ VP2基因测序，最终获得20条病例HRV的VP4/VP2基因序列,基于所有VP4/ VP2基因序列与HRV-A22、A18、A67、A71、A28、A1B、A77、C10、C16、B6原型株的VP4/ VP2基因序列共同构建系统进化树.结果显示，20条VP4/VP2基因序列与各原型株共分为3个大分支：16株HRV-A，1株HRV-B，3株HRV-C。其中4株与A22汇成一支，4株与A77汇成一支，2株与A71汇成一支，2株与A28汇成一支，2株与A1B汇成一支，1株与A18汇成一支，1株与A67汇成一支，以上7种HRV-A亚型亲缘关系较近。另有1株与B6汇成一支，1株与C10汇成一支，2株与C16汇成一支，与HRV-A各亚型亲缘关系较远，见图2。
3　讨论
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HRV变异性强，血清型复杂多样，人群普遍易感，主要通过气溶胶和密切接触传播，是儿童呼吸道感染的主要病原体[7-9]。本研究儿童流感样病例中HRV检出率为7.78%，与石家庄[4]HRV检出率相似，高于徐州3.13%的检出率[10]和贵州省2022年HRV检出率（4.91%）[11]，低于长春[12]18.63%、唐山[13]20.60%、银川[14]38.3%的检出率，检出率差异较大的原因可能是不同地区由于地理位置不同，会出现气候、温度、湿度的差异，加之各地呼吸道病原体的检测方法及及检测试剂的敏感性不同，研究对象的组成等等的不同。即使在同一地区在不同年份的呼吸道病毒的检出率也不完全相同。
本研究发现，儿童流感样病例中存在鼻病毒与其他病毒的合并感染，且合并感染模式包括9类两种病原体的合并感染和12类三种病原体的合并感染。以两种病原体的合并感染最为常见，主要的合并感染病毒为EV、HPIV、RSV，但合并感染检出率均低于唐山[13]和银川[14]，主要原因是合并感染检出率与检测方法及检测试剂的敏感性高度相关，同时与研究对象的组成也有密切关联。合并感染后，病原体间的协同作用可导致机体免疫失衡加重，破坏肺巨噬细胞的吞噬杀菌作用，促使大量的炎症因子释放，进而削弱宿主的屏障防御功能，加重机体感染损害，同时增加了病毒变异风险[15]，应持续加强儿童流感样病例，尤其是１岁以下人群的HRV混合感染监测。
本研究发现，不同性别、年龄病例HRV检出率差异无统计学意义，流行趋势与南京[16]、唐山[13]、石家庄[4]、银川[14]相同，与徐州[10]、长春[12]略有差异。HRV全年均可检出，但具有明显季节性模式，流行高峰发生在春秋两季，有研究表明我国南方地区HRV感染高峰多为春秋两季[17]，贵州省属于南方地区，是亚热带季风性气候特点，相对湿度较高。日照较少，省内地域差异明显，包括高原地区和低洼河谷，符合我国南方地区HRV感染的流行趋势。春秋季气温反复、昼夜温差大，导致呼吸道黏膜屏障功能下降，病毒更易入侵。病例HRV检出高峰在每年9月，另一个稍小的峰值出现在4月，9月和4月均为托幼机构及学校开学期间，人员密集，传播风险较高，故应多开窗通风，做好环境消杀，出现呼吸道症状后，尽量不要带病上学，尽快采取对症治疗，避免发展为重症。
HRV为单股正链ＲNA病毒，依赖ＲNA的ＲNA聚合酶缺乏外切酶校正功能，复制错配率较高[18-19]，容易进化产生新的毒株。本研究病例以HRV-A为主要流行株型，HRV-C次之，HRV-B检出最少，HRV-C和HRV-B均处于低水平流行。这与石家庄[4]、徐州 [10]、长春[12]、唐山[13]、银川[14]、广东[20]等地HRV亚型流行模式一致，说明在全国范围内，因为地域，人群构成的差异而产生不同的HRV血清型流行模式的可能性较小。贵州省儿童流感样病例HRV-A型共发现7个血清型，以A22和A77血清型为优势毒株，其他HRV-A血清型检出较少，HRV-B仅检出1个血清型，HRV-C检出2个血清型，检出型别均较少。HRV-A和HRV-C通常与中度和重度感染有关，HRV-B则主要存在轻症患者[21]，此外，HRV-C相比HRV-A、HRV-B更易引起儿童，尤其是婴幼儿的重症肺炎和哮喘急性发作[10]。HRV不断的变异导致越来越多的血清型的出现，但型别之间又缺乏交叉免疫保护作用，导致疫苗设计、研发及HRV防控存在困难[22]，目前仍无HRV相关疫苗上市，后续仍需大量HRV监测数据及基因进化数据为疫苗研发提供科学支撑。
基金
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  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合平台人才-ZDSYS[2023]004)
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2021]一般025)
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2021]一般028)
文献
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2025年第52卷第20期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505152
  • 接收时间：2025-05-13
  • 首发时间：2026-10-29
  • 出版时间：2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-05-13
基金
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合平台人才-ZDSYS[2023]004)
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2021]一般025)
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2021]一般028)
作者信息
    贵州省疾病预防控制中心实验中心病毒科，贵州　贵阳　550004

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蒋维佳，E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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