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Article(id=1241329571405025322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241329570129956900, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503219, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741795200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773885632611, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773885632611, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773885632611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773885632611, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241329570129956900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='13', pageStart='2305', pageEnd='2496', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773885632307, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773885763730, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241330121425080472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241329570129956900, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241330121425080473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241329570129956900, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2349, endPage=2353, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241329571698626607, articleId=1241329571405025322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Hubei from 2020 to 2024, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Hubei from 2020 to 2024 and provide scientific evidence for subsequent prevention and control measures.

Methods

Using epidemiological history and clinical case data from the China CDC Information System, we analyzed influenza characteristics in Hubei during 2020 and 2024. Count data were compared using χ2 tests.

Results

Hubei reported 1 050 819 influenza cases (609 699 cases in 2023, 58.02%), including 377 576 influenza A (35.93%), 99 676 influenza B (9.49%), and 840 parainfluenza cases (0.08%). Influenza A predominated (χ2=530 018.166, P<0.001). Male cases (564 464, 53.72%) slightly outnumbered females (486 355, 46.28%) (χ2=5 806.006, P<0.001). Seasonal distribution showed winter (463 932 cases) > spring (376 247) > autumn (127 067) > summer (83 573) (χ2=395 402.793, P<0.001). Children aged 0 to 9 years were most affected (549 181 cases, χ2=1 358 132.202, P<0.001). Students (410 818 cases) and kindergarten children (193 027) showed highest incidence (χ2=8 079 748.599, P<0.001). Wuhan reported most cases (368 397), followed by Yichang (105 119)(χ2=2 800 000.000, P<0.001).

Conclusion

Influenza in Hubei exhibited distinct seasonality (winter-spring peaks), with 2023 seeing highest incidence. Children under 10 remain most vulnerable, warranting focused prevention in schools and childcare settings.

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目的

分析湖北省2020-2024年流行性感冒（简称流感）的流行病学特征，为后续流感防控提供科学依据。

方法

基于2020-2024年中国疾病预防控制信息系统中湖北省流感患者的流行病学史、临床诊断个案数据，计数资料比较采用χ2检验，分析其流行病学特征。

结果

2020-2024年湖北省共报告流感1 050 819例（2023年报告流感609 699例，比率58.02%），其中甲型流感377 576例（35.93%），乙型流感99 676例（比率9.49%），副流感840例（比率0.08%），甲型流感比率高于乙型流感和副流感（χ2=530 018.166，P<0.001）；2020-2024年湖北省报告流感男性564 464例（比率53.72%），女性486 355例（比率46.28%），差异无统计学意义（χ2=5 806.006，P<0.001）；2020-2024年湖北省春季、夏季、秋季和冬季分别报告流感376 247、83 573、127 067和463 932例，发病比率为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季（χ2=395 402.793，P<0.001），不同月份发病比率差异有统计学意义（χ2=1 188 650.113，P<0.001）；2020-2024年湖北省不同年龄段流感发病比率差异有统计学意义（χ2=1 358 132.202，P<0.001），高发年龄为0～9岁（549 181例）；2020-2024年湖北省报告流感学生比率最高，为410 818例，其次为幼托儿童，193 027例，不同人群发病比率差异有统计学意义（χ2= 8 079 748.599，P<0.001）；2020-2024年湖北省武汉市报告流感比率最高，为368 397例，其次为宜昌市，105 119例，不同城市流感发病比率比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=2 800 000.000，P<0.001）。

结论

2020-2024年湖北省流感流行具有明显季节性，冬季和春季高发，2023年发病最多，0～9岁易发病，防治对象应重点关注儿童，加强对学校和托幼机构的防控力度。

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张玲，E-mail:；
童叶青，E-mail:；
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=va6GIa/DB5rg848QjkA6qg==, magXml=8lMAxw2PGIoJzD7O7IhLpg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=wqm99gFTzz5cBSQNp9a3jA==, pdfFileSize=434349, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Dl+CbaCdBMzJyTjId6DVlw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张玲与童叶青为共同通信作者

葛胜辉（1980-），男，硕士在读，研究方向：流行病与卫生统计学

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2.河北医科大学第二医院，河北 石家庄 050000, bio={"content":"

葛胜辉（1980-），男，硕士在读，研究方向：流行病与卫生统计学

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Overview of influenza cases reported in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）总例数甲型流感乙型流感副流感
202086 05014 3756 30396
202133 1741 9416 254274
2022100 90329 00510 043214
2023609 699257 55636 263201
2024220 99374 69940 81355
), ArticleFig(id=1241329758793945480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329571405025322, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2020-2024年湖北省报告流感发病概况（例）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）总例数甲型流感乙型流感副流感
202086 05014 3756 30396
202133 1741 9416 254274
2022100 90329 00510 043214
2023609 699257 55636 263201
2024220 99374 69940 81355
), ArticleFig(id=1241329758898803087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329571405025322, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Seasonal distribution of reported influenza cases among the population in Hubei province (in cases) from 2020 to 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）春季夏季秋季冬季
20201 7401 7713 38779 152
20214 3225 24310 47913 130
20226 75070 1085 87418 171
2023323 2796 37893 171186 871
202440 1567314 156166 608
), ArticleFig(id=1241329758978494867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329571405025322, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2020-2024年湖北省人群流感报告病例季节分布情况（例）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）春季夏季秋季冬季
20201 7401 7713 38779 152
20214 3225 24310 47913 130
20226 75070 1085 87418 171
2023323 2796 37893 171186 871
202440 1567314 156166 608
), ArticleFig(id=1241329759066575257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329571405025322, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Monthly distribution of reported influenza cases among the population in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）1月2月3月4月5月6月7月8月9月10月11月12月
202076 2431 7695665736015436505788841 1401 3631 140
20211 0505007831 4422 0971 9542 0051 2842 1532 6995 62711 580
20221 11365 8954 6701 1349468 77950 85110 4781 5881 8262 4601 140
20237167 410233 04580 04310 1912 5831 8211 9742 3847 52383 264178 745
202413 61061 16240 07627233129433 0244 6996 43391 836
), ArticleFig(id=1241329759230153124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329571405025322, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2020-2024年湖北省人群流感报告病例月分布情况（例）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）1月2月3月4月5月6月7月8月9月10月11月12月
202076 2431 7695665736015436505788841 1401 3631 140
20211 0505007831 4422 0971 9542 0051 2842 1532 6995 62711 580
20221 11365 8954 6701 1349468 77950 85110 4781 5881 8262 4601 140
20237167 410233 04580 04310 1912 5831 8211 9742 3847 52383 264178 745
202413 61061 16240 07627233129433 0244 6996 43391 836
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Distribution of reported influenza cases among different age groups in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）0～9岁10～19岁20～29岁30～39岁40～49岁50～59岁≥60岁
202054 19614 4035 7764 5491 9111 9823 233
202122 4505 7599941 4586785691 266
202262 48311 8275 4986 6243 3233 7147 434
2023311 560145 13746 57040 16116 83917 31232 120
202498 49222 94715 02324 60013 25514 64232 034
), ArticleFig(id=1241329761402802618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329571405025322, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2020-2024年湖北省人群不同年龄组报告流感发病分布情况（例）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）0～9岁10～19岁20～29岁30～39岁40～49岁50～59岁≥60岁
202054 19614 4035 7764 5491 9111 9823 233
202122 4505 7599941 4586785691 266
202262 48311 8275 4986 6243 3233 7147 434
2023311 560145 13746 57040 16116 83917 31232 120
202498 49222 94715 02324 60013 25514 64232 034
), ArticleFig(id=1241329761532826053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329571405025322, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Distribution of reported influenza cases among different population groups in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）保育员及保姆不详干部职员餐饮食品业工人公共场所服务家务及待业海员及长途司机教师离退人员民工牧民农民其他散居儿童商业服务学生医务人员幼托儿童渔民
2020141 3911 126939391234 21784301 360102175 04848424 5841 35728 04629216 4127
2021430422929724121 06231693794601 6001567 11332815 071945 8510
2022112 0241 4431851 6991196 79394562 74515478 15983629 5631 62424 21942120 4342
20237718 7149 7996327 8882 20638 481455 66414 3264622526 1144 32558 20513 312288 7432 490118 16625
20241512 2435 4633133 4601 22726 527351 48514 9392101721 2552 83335 1527 67954 7391 23732 1640
), ArticleFig(id=1241329761671238092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329571405025322, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2020-2024年湖北省不同人群流感报告发病分布情况（例）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）保育员及保姆不详干部职员餐饮食品业工人公共场所服务家务及待业海员及长途司机教师离退人员民工牧民农民其他散居儿童商业服务学生医务人员幼托儿童渔民
2020141 3911 126939391234 21784301 360102175 04848424 5841 35728 04629216 4127
2021430422929724121 06231693794601 6001567 11332815 071945 8510
2022112 0241 4431851 6991196 79394562 74515478 15983629 5631 62424 21942120 4342
20237718 7149 7996327 8882 20638 481455 66414 3264622526 1144 32558 20513 312288 7432 490118 16625
20241512 2435 4633133 4601 22726 527351 48514 9392101721 2552 83335 1527 67954 7391 23732 1640
), ArticleFig(id=1241329761822233045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329571405025322, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Distribution of reported influenza cases among different cities’ population in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）丹江口市鄂州市恩施市广水市洪湖市黄冈市黄石市荆门市荆州市老河口市麻城市潜江市神农架十堰市石首市随州市天门市武汉市仙桃市咸宁市襄阳市孝感市宜昌市
20202339046 1283817618 0658 2633 6657 4351715361 012699 3531 8972 16998520 6631 2313 0172 2582 6334 221
20211811 3912 3611682083 0438905712 397193831903394 2065764231 7635 1496624511 6241 1705 135
20223242 6275 93030372313 7528 7321 6777 8884305052 7802115 1533 7919213 76319 6141 6012 5533 5505 0928 983
20231 8996 89541 4932 2243 70449 47429 52914 92227 0041 8376 4497 2431 69048 6305 7546 1467 098223 2176 01217 44418 34717 09365 595
20248222 5917 41361070416 3926 4019 62912 9794941 8112 84917712 2141 0572 8922 41699 7542 4554 6345 7795 73521 185
), ArticleFig(id=1241329761927090656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329571405025322, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2020-2024年湖北省人群不同地市流感报告发病分布情况（例）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）丹江口市鄂州市恩施市广水市洪湖市黄冈市黄石市荆门市荆州市老河口市麻城市潜江市神农架十堰市石首市随州市天门市武汉市仙桃市咸宁市襄阳市孝感市宜昌市
20202339046 1283817618 0658 2633 6657 4351715361 012699 3531 8972 16998520 6631 2313 0172 2582 6334 221
20211811 3912 3611682083 0438905712 397193831903394 2065764231 7635 1496624511 6241 1705 135
20223242 6275 93030372313 7528 7321 6777 8884305052 7802115 1533 7919213 76319 6141 6012 5533 5505 0928 983
20231 8996 89541 4932 2243 70449 47429 52914 92227 0041 8376 4497 2431 69048 6305 7546 1467 098223 2176 01217 44418 34717 09365 595
20248222 5917 41361070416 3926 4019 62912 9794941 8112 84917712 2141 0572 8922 41699 7542 4554 6345 7795 73521 185
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湖北省2020-2024年流行性感冒流行病学特征分析
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葛胜辉 1, 2 , 石玉琴 1 , 张玲 1 , 童叶青 3
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(13): 2349-2353
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025, 52(13): 2349-2353
湖北省2020-2024年流行性感冒流行病学特征分析
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葛胜辉1, 2, 石玉琴1, 张玲1 , 童叶青3
作者信息
  • 1.武汉科技大学医学部公共卫生学院环境卫生与职业医学系，湖北 武汉 430065
  • 2.河北医科大学第二医院，河北 石家庄 050000
  • 3.湖北省疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所，湖北 武汉 430079

    • 葛胜辉（1980-），男，硕士在读，研究方向：流行病与卫生统计学

通讯作者:

张玲，E-mail:；
童叶青，E-mail:；
Epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Hubei from 2020 to 2024
Sheng-hui GE1, 2, Yu-qin SHI1, Ling ZHANG1 , Ye-qing TONG3
Affiliations
  • Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Medical College of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503219
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摘要
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目的

分析湖北省2020-2024年流行性感冒（简称流感）的流行病学特征，为后续流感防控提供科学依据。

方法

基于2020-2024年中国疾病预防控制信息系统中湖北省流感患者的流行病学史、临床诊断个案数据，计数资料比较采用χ2检验，分析其流行病学特征。

结果

2020-2024年湖北省共报告流感1 050 819例（2023年报告流感609 699例，比率58.02%），其中甲型流感377 576例（35.93%），乙型流感99 676例（比率9.49%），副流感840例（比率0.08%），甲型流感比率高于乙型流感和副流感（χ2=530 018.166，P<0.001）；2020-2024年湖北省报告流感男性564 464例（比率53.72%），女性486 355例（比率46.28%），差异无统计学意义（χ2=5 806.006，P<0.001）；2020-2024年湖北省春季、夏季、秋季和冬季分别报告流感376 247、83 573、127 067和463 932例，发病比率为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季（χ2=395 402.793，P<0.001），不同月份发病比率差异有统计学意义（χ2=1 188 650.113，P<0.001）；2020-2024年湖北省不同年龄段流感发病比率差异有统计学意义（χ2=1 358 132.202，P<0.001），高发年龄为0～9岁（549 181例）；2020-2024年湖北省报告流感学生比率最高，为410 818例，其次为幼托儿童，193 027例，不同人群发病比率差异有统计学意义（χ2= 8 079 748.599，P<0.001）；2020-2024年湖北省武汉市报告流感比率最高，为368 397例，其次为宜昌市，105 119例，不同城市流感发病比率比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=2 800 000.000，P<0.001）。

结论

2020-2024年湖北省流感流行具有明显季节性，冬季和春季高发，2023年发病最多，0～9岁易发病，防治对象应重点关注儿童，加强对学校和托幼机构的防控力度。

湖北  /  流行性感冒  /  流行病学特征
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Hubei from 2020 to 2024 and provide scientific evidence for subsequent prevention and control measures.

Methods

Using epidemiological history and clinical case data from the China CDC Information System, we analyzed influenza characteristics in Hubei during 2020 and 2024. Count data were compared using χ2 tests.

Results

Hubei reported 1 050 819 influenza cases (609 699 cases in 2023, 58.02%), including 377 576 influenza A (35.93%), 99 676 influenza B (9.49%), and 840 parainfluenza cases (0.08%). Influenza A predominated (χ2=530 018.166, P<0.001). Male cases (564 464, 53.72%) slightly outnumbered females (486 355, 46.28%) (χ2=5 806.006, P<0.001). Seasonal distribution showed winter (463 932 cases) > spring (376 247) > autumn (127 067) > summer (83 573) (χ2=395 402.793, P<0.001). Children aged 0 to 9 years were most affected (549 181 cases, χ2=1 358 132.202, P<0.001). Students (410 818 cases) and kindergarten children (193 027) showed highest incidence (χ2=8 079 748.599, P<0.001). Wuhan reported most cases (368 397), followed by Yichang (105 119)(χ2=2 800 000.000, P<0.001).

Conclusion

Influenza in Hubei exhibited distinct seasonality (winter-spring peaks), with 2023 seeing highest incidence. Children under 10 remain most vulnerable, warranting focused prevention in schools and childcare settings.

Hubei  /  Influenza  /  Epidemiological characteristics
葛胜辉, 石玉琴, 张玲, 童叶青. 湖北省2020-2024年流行性感冒流行病学特征分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (13) : 2349 -2353 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503219
Sheng-hui GE, Yu-qin SHI, Ling ZHANG, Ye-qing TONG. Epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Hubei from 2020 to 2024[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (13) : 2349 -2353 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503219
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流行性感冒（简称流感）是由流感病毒引起的一种急性呼吸道传染病[1]，主要通过飞沫传播，也可通过接触被病毒污染的物品传播[2-4]。流感病毒属于正黏病毒科，分为甲、乙、丙和丁型，其中，甲型和乙型流感病毒是引起人类季节性流感的主要病原体。流感的临床特征包括突发咳嗽、咽痛、高热、肌肉酸痛、头痛、乏力等，部分患者可能发展为肺炎、心肌炎等严重并发症，尤其是老年人、儿童、孕妇及慢性病患者等高危人群[5-6]。每年全球季节性流感感染人数估计在10亿左右，其中重症病例约300万～500万，死亡人数约29万～65万，流感发病率和死亡率在不同地区存在显著差异，发展中国家和医疗资源有限的地区通常负担更重[7-8]。流感的流行病学特征表现为季节性流行，通常在冬季和春季高发，但也可能发生全球性大流行[9-10]。我国不同地区流感的流行病学特征差异较大[11]。本研究对2020—2024年湖北省流感病例的流行病学特征进行分析，为后续流感防控提供科学依据。
1　资料与方法
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1.1　资料来源
从中国疾病预防控制信息系统收集湖北省流感监测资料、临床诊断病例个案，人口学特征数据来源于湖北统计年鉴。
1.2　数据收集标准
筛选现住址为湖北省、审核日期为2020年1月1日—2024年12月31日、传染病报告卡审核状态为“已终审卡”的临床诊断流感病例；年龄范围为全人群；整理报告卡信息，包括性别、年龄、时间分布、人群分布和地区分布等情况。
1.3　统计学处理
采用SPSS 26.0软件和Excel 2020对收集数据进行整理分析，计数资料采用例数和频率描述，比较采用χ2检验，根据中国气象网将季节划分为四季：3—5月为春季，6—8月为夏季，9—11月为秋季，12—次年2月为冬季。按照年龄将研究对象分为7个年龄段：0～9、10～19、20～29、30～39、40～49、50～59和≥60岁。双侧检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　流感发病概况
2020-2024年湖北省共报告流感1 050 819例，其中甲型流感377 576例（比率35.93%），乙型流感99 676例（比率9.49%），副流感840例（比率0.08%），甲型流感比率高于乙型流感和副流感（χ2=530 018.166，P<0.001）；2023年流感发病例数显著高于2020-2022和2024年（χ2=1 040 106.800， P<0.001）。见表1。
2.2　时间分布
2020-2024年湖北省春季、夏季、秋季和冬季分别报告流感376 247、83 573、127 067和463 932例，发病比率为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季（χ2=395 402.793，P<0.001），2022年夏季为全年发病高峰。2020-2024年不同月份发病比率差异有统计学意义（χ2=1 188 650.113，P<0.001）。见表2、3。
2.3　人群分布
2020-2024年湖北省流感发病性别比例（男性vs.女性）为1.16∶1.00（564 464∶486 355），差异有统计学意义（χ2=5 806.006，P<0.001）。2020-2024年流感高发年龄为0～9岁，报告发病549 181例，占总报告发病例数的52.26%，40～59岁报告发病最少，为74 225例，占总报告发病例数的7.06%，不同年龄段流感发病比率比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=1 358 132.202，P<0.001）。2020-2024年湖北省流感学生累积发病最多，为410 818例，占总报告发病例数的39.10%；其次为幼托儿童，累积发病193 027例，占总报告发病例数的18.37%；散居儿童的累积发病例数位居第三，为154 617例，占总报告发病例数的14.71%。不同人群发病比率比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=8 079 748.599，P<0.001）。见表4、5。
2.4　地区分布
2020-2024年湖北省报告流感病例地区分布涉及23个城市，56个县（区）。武汉市累积报告发病例数最多，为368 397例，占总报告发病例数的35.06%；其次为宜昌市，报告发病105 119例，占总报告发病例数的10.00%；排第三位的城市为黄冈市，报告发病90 726例，占总报告发病例数的8.63%；湖北省不同城市流感发病例数比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=2 800 000.000，P<0.001）。见表6。
3　讨论
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流感是一种由流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病，对人类健康和社会经济造成严重危害。流感病毒具有高度变异性，可能通过基因重组或突变产生新型病毒株，导致全球大流行[12]。1918年西班牙流感全球约5 000万人死亡[13]；1957年亚洲流感全球约100万人死亡[14]；2009年H1N1流感全球约15万人死亡[15]。虽然多数流感具有自限性，但其并发症可能会对患者健康造成长期影响。
本研究结果表明，2020-2024年湖北省共报告流感1 050 819例，2023年报告流感比率（58.02%）最高，每年依次为86 050、33 174、100 903、609 699和220 993例。2009-2019年湖北省流感疫情资料显示，流感发病例数先下降，然后上升，2009年为15 444例，下降至2010年的1 994例，再上升至2019年的274 611例[16]。2020-2022年湖北省流感每年发病例数远低于2019年，与COVID-19疫情期间切断传染源、传播途径，在个人防护、社交距离、健康监测、疫苗接种、环境卫生、减少聚集、增强体质、信息共享和宣传教育及国际旅行防控等方面采取严格防控措施[17-19]有关。
研究表明，不同时期流感类型发病情况与该地区温度、湿度和蒸汽压密切相关，温度和相对湿度对流感传播的影响可能很复杂，潮湿和炎热的夏天可能会促进甲型流感的患病率，但降低乙型流感的传播[20]。2018年1-3月从广州收集了9 914例流感患者鼻拭子，有2 547例（25.7%）流感病毒呈阳性，其中312例（3.1%）被鉴定为甲型流感，2 241例（22.6%）被鉴定为乙型流感[21]。本研究结果表明，2020-2024年湖北省共报告甲型流感377 576例（比率35.9%）、乙型流感99 676例（比率9.49%），甲型流感vs.乙型流感为3.79∶1.00。湖北省位于中国中部，属于南方地区，亚热带季风气候，夏季高温多雨，冬季温和少雨，整体气候较为温和，湿度较高[16]，明确湖北省流感类型分布及其比例可为选择接种疫苗种类提供重要依据。
在时间分布特征方面，2020-2024年湖北省流感发病比率为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季，3月和12月常出现发病高峰，9月最低，2022年夏季为全年发病高峰。2020-2024年湖北省流感发病主要集中在春季和冬季，季节特征明显；2023年流感月发病例数较其他年份显著升高，2020-2024年不同月份发病比率有差异。
由于不同地区流感活动出现反弹，季节性分布发生变化，一些地区在夏季（非常规流感季节）出现了流感小高峰，可能与病毒传播模式变化和人群免疫功能降低[22]有关。本研究中2022年湖北省夏季就出现了全年流感高峰。
在人群分布特征方面，2020-2024年湖北省流感发病性别比例（男性vs.女性）为1.16∶1.00（564 464∶486 355），男性易感，与全国流感性别发病分布情况基本一致[23]。研究表明，雌激素可能增强免疫反应，而睾酮可能抑制免疫反应，男性对流感病毒的抵抗力弱于女性[24-25]。另外男性健康意识和预防措施不足、职业暴露风险较高、心理因素导致症状报告更频繁、进化生物学差异等[26-28]可能也是男性流感发病高于女性的原因。本研究中2020-2024年湖北省流感高发年龄为0~9岁，40～59岁报告发病最少；学生累积发病最多，其次为幼托儿童，散居儿童的累积发病例数位居第三。分析原因：（1）儿童和学生的免疫系统尚未完全发育，对流感病毒抵抗力较弱，易感染[29]；（2）容易通过飞沫和接触传播，学校和幼儿园是典型的群体聚集场所[30]；（3）儿童和学生卫生意识相对较弱，增加病毒传播风险[31]；（4）儿童和学生缺乏感染或免疫记忆，更易感染新变异流感病毒株[32]。
在空间分布特征方面，2020-2024年湖北省报告流感病例地区分布涉及23个城市，56个县（区）。武汉市累积报告发病例数最多，为368 397例，占总报告发病例数的35.06%；其次为宜昌市，报告发病105 119例，占总报告发病例数的10.00%；排第三位的城市为黄冈市，报告发病90 726例，占总报告发病例数的8.63%。受医疗资源分布、人口密度等因素影响，湖北省不同地市流感发病情况有所不同。其他地市，如宜昌、黄冈等地，流感发病率较往年也有所下降，整体发病分布情况与2009-2019年基本相似[16]。
综上所述，2020-2024年湖北省流感流行具有明显季节性，冬季和春季高发，2023年发病最多，0～9岁易发病，防治对象应重点关注儿童，加强对学校和托幼机构的防控力度。
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503219
  • 接收时间：2025-03-13
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-13
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作者信息
    1.武汉科技大学医学部公共卫生学院环境卫生与职业医学系，湖北 武汉 430065
    2.河北医科大学第二医院，河北 石家庄 050000
    3.湖北省疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所，湖北 武汉 430079

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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