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Article(id=1241036328188571972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503142, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741708800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815717979, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815717979, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815717979, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815717979, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241036327177744706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='17', pageStart='3073', pageEnd='3264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815717738, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840080282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3196, endPage=3201, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241036328519921991, articleId=1241036328188571972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The status quo and equity of allocation of primary health resources in Inner Mongolia from 2019 to 2023, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

In order to further optimize the allocation of primary health resources, this study analyzed the status quo and equity of primary health resources allocation in Inner Mongolia from 2019 to 2023.

Methods

Using Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient and Theil index, the equity of primary health resource allocation in Inner Mongolia was measured and analyzed.

Results

In the medical and health resources of all the cities in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot ranked first. According to the fairness of population allocation, the Gini coefficient ranged from 0.025 9 to 0.155 3，the total Theil index ranged from 0.004 0 to 0.077 3，and the intra-regional variance rates ranged from 61.65% to 93.50%. According to the fairness of geographical area allocation, the Gini coefficient ranged from 0.453 8 to 0.516 5, the total Theil index ranged from 0.256 7 to 0.352 8, and the inter-regional difference rate ranged from 13.12% to 24.93%. According to the fairness of GDP allocation, the Gini coefficient ranged from 0.100 7 to 0.379 2, the total Theil index ranged from 0.096 9 to 0.240 2, and the inter-regional difference rate ranged from 24.56% to 38.06%.

Conclusion

The total amount of primary health resources in Inner Mongolia has achieved continuous growth, but there is a structural imbalance in the allocation of medical human capital. The fairness of allocation according to population and GDP is significantly better than that according to geographical area. The distribution of primary health resources in different cities is uneven, forming a gradient pattern of "central uplift-edge collapse", with noticeable underutilization of primary health resources.

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目的

为进一步优化基层卫生资源配置，本研究对内蒙古2019—2023年基层卫生资源配置现状及公平性状况进行分析。

方法

采用洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数、泰尔指数等方法对内蒙古基层卫生资源配置的公平性进行测度分析。

结果

内蒙古各盟市医疗卫生资源中呼和浩特市居首位；按人口配置公平性划分，基尼系数区间为0.025 9～0.155 3，总泰尔指数区间为0.004 0～0.077 3，区域内差异率为61.65%～93.50%；按地理面积分配公平性划分，基尼系数区间为0.453 8～0.516 5，总泰尔指数区间为0.256 7～0.352 8，区域间差异率为13.12%～24.93%；按GDP配置的公平性，基尼系数区间为0.100 7～0.379 2，总泰尔指数区间为0.096 9～0.240 2，区域间差异率为 24.56%～38.06%。

结论

内蒙古基层卫生资源总量实现持续增长，但在医疗卫生人力资本的配置上却出现结构性失衡的现象；按人口、GDP分配的公平性明显优于按地理面积分配的公平性；各地市基层卫生资源分布不均，形成“中部隆起-边缘塌陷”梯度格局；基层卫生资源利用不足。

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萨如拉，E-mail:
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刘瑞（1997—），女，博士在读，研究方向：健康经济

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刘瑞（1997—），女，博士在读，研究方向：健康经济

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刘瑞（1997—），女，博士在读，研究方向：健康经济

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Primary health resource allocation per 10 000 population and per square kilometer in Inner Mongolia, 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区PMI(个)床位（张）卫生技术人员执业（助理）医师注册护士
人口地理人口地理人口地理人口地理人口地理
内蒙古10.153 60.020 511.776 70.023 828.883 10.058 314.806 30.029 99.648 60.019 5
内蒙古东部47.046 30.158 560.407 30.199 1126.436 90.385 764.293 00.197 241.004 00.124 1
内蒙古中部46.696 10.283 938.276 10.241 7132.855 01.001 269.265 10.509 544.569 00.353 3
内蒙古西部27.810 10.194 630.404 20.096 579.193 00.800 339.373 90.347 927.869 40.336 9
呼和浩特市6.928 20.145 24.242 40.088 926.148 00.547 913.387 50.280 59.017 50.189 0
包头市7.658 30.076 29.957 60.099 029.789 60.296 314.824 20.147 411.344 50.112 8
乌海市5.124 10.167 61.348 40.044 122.258 20.728 29.457 00.309 49.564 90.312 9
赤峰市12.131 00.053 517.715 00.078 130.403 10.134 016.865 40.074 38.417 60.037 1
通辽市15.043 10.071 016.682 10.078 731.935 40.150 614.982 50.070 711.839 90.055 8
鄂尔多斯市7.517 00.019 27.994 40.020 425.032 70.064 012.394 70.031 78.111 50.020 7
呼伦贝尔市8.189 10.007 012.283 60.010 532.493 20.027 815.685 70.013 411.605 00.009 9
巴彦淖尔市11.061 60.025 822.163 10.051 729.699 30.069 315.870 70.037 09.884 30.023 1
乌兰察布市12.599 70.036 810.331 50.030 127.218 30.079 414.381 90.042 09.234 80.026 9
兴安盟11.683 20.027 113.726 60.031 831.605 20.073 216.759 30.038 89.141 50.021 2
锡林郭勒盟11.992 80.006 65.750 10.003 224.666 40.013 614.276 80.007 96.860 70.003 8
阿拉善盟11.624 40.001 26.892 70.000 727.235 50.002 714.046 20.001 48.420 30.000 8
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379301831657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036328188571972, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2023年内蒙古每万人口和每平方千米基层卫生资源配置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区PMI(个)床位（张）卫生技术人员执业（助理）医师注册护士
人口地理人口地理人口地理人口地理人口地理
内蒙古10.153 60.020 511.776 70.023 828.883 10.058 314.806 30.029 99.648 60.019 5
内蒙古东部47.046 30.158 560.407 30.199 1126.436 90.385 764.293 00.197 241.004 00.124 1
内蒙古中部46.696 10.283 938.276 10.241 7132.855 01.001 269.265 10.509 544.569 00.353 3
内蒙古西部27.810 10.194 630.404 20.096 579.193 00.800 339.373 90.347 927.869 40.336 9
呼和浩特市6.928 20.145 24.242 40.088 926.148 00.547 913.387 50.280 59.017 50.189 0
包头市7.658 30.076 29.957 60.099 029.789 60.296 314.824 20.147 411.344 50.112 8
乌海市5.124 10.167 61.348 40.044 122.258 20.728 29.457 00.309 49.564 90.312 9
赤峰市12.131 00.053 517.715 00.078 130.403 10.134 016.865 40.074 38.417 60.037 1
通辽市15.043 10.071 016.682 10.078 731.935 40.150 614.982 50.070 711.839 90.055 8
鄂尔多斯市7.517 00.019 27.994 40.020 425.032 70.064 012.394 70.031 78.111 50.020 7
呼伦贝尔市8.189 10.007 012.283 60.010 532.493 20.027 815.685 70.013 411.605 00.009 9
巴彦淖尔市11.061 60.025 822.163 10.051 729.699 30.069 315.870 70.037 09.884 30.023 1
乌兰察布市12.599 70.036 810.331 50.030 127.218 30.079 414.381 90.042 09.234 80.026 9
兴安盟11.683 20.027 113.726 60.031 831.605 20.073 216.759 30.038 89.141 50.021 2
锡林郭勒盟11.992 80.006 65.750 10.003 224.666 40.013 614.276 80.007 96.860 70.003 8
阿拉善盟11.624 40.001 26.892 70.000 727.235 50.002 714.046 20.001 48.420 30.000 8
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379423466481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036328188571972, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Allocation of primary health resources in Inner Mongolia, 2019—2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）每万人拥有量每平方千米拥有量
PMI（个）床位（张）卫生技术人员执业（助理）医师注册护士PMI（个）床位（张）卫生技术人员执业（助理）医师注册护士
20199.150 410.733 421.078 911.057 15.933 30.019 60.022 90.045 10.023 60.012 7
20209.711 011.140 623.493 512.282 66.870 20.019 60.022 50.047 50.024 80.013 9
20219.867 911.368 324.905 013.001 37.559 60.019 90.023 00.050 30.026 30.015 3
20229.891 511.454 525.361 513.152 47.817 90.020 00.023 20.051 30.026 60.015 8
202310.153 611.776 728.883 114.806 39.648 60.020 50.023 80.058 30.029 90.019 5
增长率（%）2.662.358.307.6713.161.160.886.726.0911.52
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379528324090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036328188571972, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2019—2023年内蒙古基层卫生资源配置现状

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年份（年）每万人拥有量每平方千米拥有量
PMI（个）床位（张）卫生技术人员执业（助理）医师注册护士PMI（个）床位（张）卫生技术人员执业（助理）医师注册护士
20199.150 410.733 421.078 911.057 15.933 30.019 60.022 90.045 10.023 60.012 7
20209.711 011.140 623.493 512.282 66.870 20.019 60.022 50.047 50.024 80.013 9
20219.867 911.368 324.905 013.001 37.559 60.019 90.023 00.050 30.026 30.015 3
20229.891 511.454 525.361 513.152 47.817 90.020 00.023 20.051 30.026 60.015 8
202310.153 611.776 728.883 114.806 39.648 60.020 50.023 80.058 30.029 90.019 5
增长率（%）2.662.358.307.6713.161.160.886.726.0911.52
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379641569282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036328188571972, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Gini coefficient of primary health resources in Inner Mongolia, 2019—2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基尼系数年份（年）PMI床位数卫生技术人员数执业(助理)医师数注册护士数
按人口分布20190.063 50.165 80.032 70.030 40.074 2
20200.058 70.214 10.027 60.014 70.062 3
20210.057 60.219 10.037 60.025 40.074 5
20220.055 20.225 00.027 00.022 90.073 9
20230.049 10.155 30.032 90.036 20.025 9
按地理面积分布20190.502 30.509 60.433 40.448 60.405 2
20200.496 70.523 00.436 30.453 50.453 7
20210.492 30.528 40.441 80.461 00.460 4
20220.490 70.526 70.443 80.460 50.473 9
20230.497 40.516 50.453 80.455 50.504 7
按GDP分布20190.220 90.325 20.057 00.084 20.110 5
20200.209 70.378 10.061 10.058 10.068 1
20210.203 10.406 30.087 00.090 20.095 5
20220.204 40.407 40.082 80.083 70.060 3
20230.158 50.379 20.100 70.102 70.108 1
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379771592711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036328188571972, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2019—2023年内蒙古基层卫生资源基尼系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基尼系数年份（年）PMI床位数卫生技术人员数执业(助理)医师数注册护士数
按人口分布20190.063 50.165 80.032 70.030 40.074 2
20200.058 70.214 10.027 60.014 70.062 3
20210.057 60.219 10.037 60.025 40.074 5
20220.055 20.225 00.027 00.022 90.073 9
20230.049 10.155 30.032 90.036 20.025 9
按地理面积分布20190.502 30.509 60.433 40.448 60.405 2
20200.496 70.523 00.436 30.453 50.453 7
20210.492 30.528 40.441 80.461 00.460 4
20220.490 70.526 70.443 80.460 50.473 9
20230.497 40.516 50.453 80.455 50.504 7
按GDP分布20190.220 90.325 20.057 00.084 20.110 5
20200.209 70.378 10.061 10.058 10.068 1
20210.203 10.406 30.087 00.090 20.095 5
20220.204 40.407 40.082 80.083 70.060 3
20230.158 50.379 20.100 70.102 70.108 1
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379863867406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036328188571972, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Theil index of primary medical and health resources in Inner Mongolia, 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫生资源指标按人口分布差异率（%）按地理面积分布差异率（%）按GDP分布差异率（%）
T间T内T总区域间区域内T间T内T总区域间区域内T间T内T总区域间区域内
PMI0.005 90.011 70.017 633.3266.680.064 00.192 70.256 724.9375.070.044 10.106 20.150 329.3270.68
床位数0.029 60.047 70.077 338.3561.650.046 30.306 50.352 813.1286.880.091 40.148 80.240 238.0661.94
卫生
技术0.001 30.002 70.004 032.0667.940.064 10.228 40.292 521.9178.090.028 60.075 70.104 327.4172.59
人员数
执业
(助理)0.001 20.003 40.004 626.8873.120.064 40.222 60.286 922.4377.570.028 40.081 80.110 225.7974.21
医师数
注册护士数0.000 40.006 00.006 46.5093.500.060 90.261 60.322 518.8881.120.023 80.073 10.096 924.5675.44
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379960336408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036328188571972, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2023年内蒙古基层卫生资源泰尔指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫生资源指标按人口分布差异率（%）按地理面积分布差异率（%）按GDP分布差异率（%）
T间T内T总区域间区域内T间T内T总区域间区域内T间T内T总区域间区域内
PMI0.005 90.011 70.017 633.3266.680.064 00.192 70.256 724.9375.070.044 10.106 20.150 329.3270.68
床位数0.029 60.047 70.077 338.3561.650.046 30.306 50.352 813.1286.880.091 40.148 80.240 238.0661.94
卫生
技术0.001 30.002 70.004 032.0667.940.064 10.228 40.292 521.9178.090.028 60.075 70.104 327.4172.59
人员数
执业
(助理)0.001 20.003 40.004 626.8873.120.064 40.222 60.286 922.4377.570.028 40.081 80.110 225.7974.21
医师数
注册护士数0.000 40.006 00.006 46.5093.500.060 90.261 60.322 518.8881.120.023 80.073 10.096 924.5675.44
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2019—2023年内蒙古基层卫生资源配置现状及公平性研究
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刘瑞 1 , 苗苗 2 , 萨如拉 3
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2025,52(17): 3196-3201
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现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2025, 52(17): 3196-3201
2019—2023年内蒙古基层卫生资源配置现状及公平性研究
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刘瑞1, 苗苗2, 萨如拉3
作者信息
  • 1.武汉大学董辅礽经济社会发展研究院，湖北 武汉 430072
  • 2.北京大学肿瘤医院内蒙古医院（内蒙古医科大学附属肿瘤医院）、内蒙古自治区癌症中心、内蒙古自治区肿瘤医院
  • 3.内蒙古医科大学卫生管理学院，内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010

    • 刘瑞（1997—），女，博士在读，研究方向：健康经济

通讯作者:

萨如拉，E-mail:
The status quo and equity of allocation of primary health resources in Inner Mongolia from 2019 to 2023
Rui LIU1, Miao MIAO2, Ru-la SA3
Affiliations
  • Dong Fureng Institute of Economic and Social Develpoment, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503142
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摘要
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目的

为进一步优化基层卫生资源配置，本研究对内蒙古2019—2023年基层卫生资源配置现状及公平性状况进行分析。

方法

采用洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数、泰尔指数等方法对内蒙古基层卫生资源配置的公平性进行测度分析。

结果

内蒙古各盟市医疗卫生资源中呼和浩特市居首位；按人口配置公平性划分，基尼系数区间为0.025 9～0.155 3，总泰尔指数区间为0.004 0～0.077 3，区域内差异率为61.65%～93.50%；按地理面积分配公平性划分，基尼系数区间为0.453 8～0.516 5，总泰尔指数区间为0.256 7～0.352 8，区域间差异率为13.12%～24.93%；按GDP配置的公平性，基尼系数区间为0.100 7～0.379 2，总泰尔指数区间为0.096 9～0.240 2，区域间差异率为 24.56%～38.06%。

结论

内蒙古基层卫生资源总量实现持续增长，但在医疗卫生人力资本的配置上却出现结构性失衡的现象；按人口、GDP分配的公平性明显优于按地理面积分配的公平性；各地市基层卫生资源分布不均，形成“中部隆起-边缘塌陷”梯度格局；基层卫生资源利用不足。

基层卫生资源配置  /  公平性  /  洛伦兹曲线  /  基尼系数  /  泰尔指数
Objective

In order to further optimize the allocation of primary health resources, this study analyzed the status quo and equity of primary health resources allocation in Inner Mongolia from 2019 to 2023.

Methods

Using Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient and Theil index, the equity of primary health resource allocation in Inner Mongolia was measured and analyzed.

Results

In the medical and health resources of all the cities in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot ranked first. According to the fairness of population allocation, the Gini coefficient ranged from 0.025 9 to 0.155 3，the total Theil index ranged from 0.004 0 to 0.077 3，and the intra-regional variance rates ranged from 61.65% to 93.50%. According to the fairness of geographical area allocation, the Gini coefficient ranged from 0.453 8 to 0.516 5, the total Theil index ranged from 0.256 7 to 0.352 8, and the inter-regional difference rate ranged from 13.12% to 24.93%. According to the fairness of GDP allocation, the Gini coefficient ranged from 0.100 7 to 0.379 2, the total Theil index ranged from 0.096 9 to 0.240 2, and the inter-regional difference rate ranged from 24.56% to 38.06%.

Conclusion

The total amount of primary health resources in Inner Mongolia has achieved continuous growth, but there is a structural imbalance in the allocation of medical human capital. The fairness of allocation according to population and GDP is significantly better than that according to geographical area. The distribution of primary health resources in different cities is uneven, forming a gradient pattern of "central uplift-edge collapse", with noticeable underutilization of primary health resources.

Allocation of primary health resources  /  Fairness  /  Lorenz curve  /  Gini coefficient  /  Theil index
刘瑞, 苗苗, 萨如拉. 2019—2023年内蒙古基层卫生资源配置现状及公平性研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3196 -3201 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503142
Rui LIU, Miao MIAO, Ru-la SA. The status quo and equity of allocation of primary health resources in Inner Mongolia from 2019 to 2023[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3196 -3201 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503142
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《关于进一步完善医疗卫生服务体系的意见》中指出：要通过优化资源配置结构、促进服务均衡水平、推进医疗服务公平可及等措施，不断完善医疗体系。基层医疗卫生服务体系作为全民健康保障网的基石，其资源分配效能直接决定初级卫生保健的可及性，从而影响人民的健康[1]。随着经济水平和人民群众对医疗水平要求的逐步提高，我国各级政府多年来对基层医疗卫生资源的配置十分重视[2]，但在资源配置和利用上，基层医疗还存在着不平衡等问题。因此，本研究通过对内蒙古基层卫生资源配置公平性的分析和评估，利用洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数和泰尔指数，旨在为进一步优化配置内蒙古基层卫生资源,促进基层卫生资源的有效利用，提高卫生服务可及性提供依据。
1　资料与方法
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1.1　数据来源
卫生资源数据(基层医疗机构数、床位数、卫生技术人员数、执业(助理)医师数、注册护士数)来源于内蒙古自治区《2020—2024年度卫生与健康发展简报》，其中基层医疗机构包括社区卫生服务中心（站）、乡镇（街道）卫生院、村卫生室、门诊部和诊所(医务室)。区域社会经济数据［地理空间面积、常驻人口基数、国内生产总值（GDP）］来源于《2020—2024年内蒙古统计年鉴》。
1.2　研究方法
根据地理位置和区域经济发展，将内蒙古12盟市划分为东、中、西三个区(东部含呼伦贝尔市、兴安盟、通辽市、赤峰市；中部有锡林郭勒盟、呼市、包头市、鄂尔多斯市、乌兰察布市；西部包括巴彦淖尔市、乌海市、阿拉善盟)，采用Excel 2019进行数据标准化处理，用洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数、泰尔指数分别从人口、地理面积、GDP三个维度测量基层卫生资源分配的公平性差异。
1.2.1　洛伦兹曲线
该曲线将资源分布累积比例通过可视化的方式呈现，可直观看出健康资源分配公平性。实证曲线越接近Y=X直线，则卫生资源分配越公平，反之则不公平。
1.2.2　基尼系数
基尼系数是由弓形面积（洛伦兹曲线和绝对公平线所围成的）占最大面积的比例来计算，其取值范围为[0，1]。基尼系数越趋近于0，则公平程度越高；越接近1，公正性越低。根据世界卫生组织（WHO）对卫生资源配置公平性的标准[1]：当基尼系数小于0.2时，表示资源配置处于“高度平均状态”；0.2～ 0.3代表“较为平均状态”；0.3～ 0.4则表示“相对合理状态”。通常将0.4视为公平性的“临界值”，超过这个值则意味资源配置不均衡。基尼系数在0.5～0.6时，说明资源配置处于“不公平状态”；若大于0.6，则属于“高度不公平”，需特别重视资源配置严重失衡的问题。通过R语言计算基尼系数。
1.2.3　泰尔指数
该指数是评价多层级卫生体系公平性的关键指标，总差异被分解为组间差异和组内差异,反映区域内部和地区差异对总体差异的贡献程度[2]。泰尔指数越小，代表卫生资源分配越公平，越大越说明不公平[3]。
2　结果
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2.1　内蒙古基层卫生资源配置情况
2.1.1　2023年按人口分配的基层卫生资源
从卫生资源的人均配置维度分析，中部地区卫生人力资源密度显著高于其他地区；东部地区在基层医疗机构数和床位数的配比上相对较高，而西部地区人均卫生资源占有量相对较低。见表1。
2.1.2　2023年按地理面积分配的基层卫生资源
西部和东部地区资源匮乏，其中阿拉善盟基层卫生资源配置密度明显偏低，基层医疗卫生机构（primary medical institution, PMI）0.001 2个/km2，床位0.000 7张/km2，卫生技术人员0.002 7人/km2，执业（助理）医师、注册护士分别低至0.001 4和0.000 8人/km2。而中部地区每平方千米卫生资源配置相对较高，其中呼市PMI 0.145 2个/km2，床位0.088 9张/km2，卫生技术人员0.547 9人/km2，执业(助理)医师0.280 5人/km2，注册护士数0.189 0人/km2，均高于其他盟市。从整体来看，基层卫生机构执业（助理）医师的配置数量显著超过注册护士的覆盖水平。见表1。
2.1.3　2019—2023年基层卫生资源配置现状
内蒙古基层卫生资源总量在2019—2023年持续扩张，注册护士年均增长率为13.16%，远远超过床位数年均增长率的2.35%和PMI的6%，说明护理队伍建设在加快；但医护比仍有差距，低于国家规划目标。执业（助理）医师地理密度增速为6.09%，低于人口密度增速的7.67%。见表2。
2.2　内蒙古基层卫生资源公平性分析
2.2.1　基层卫生资源洛伦兹曲线
按人口配置的洛伦兹曲线显示，卫生技术人员、执业（助理）医师和注册护士的配置曲线最接近绝对公平线，而床位数曲线偏离最远。基于经济分层的洛伦兹曲线显示，卫生技术人员、医师和护士的分布曲线最接近绝对公平线，而床位数曲线离绝对公平线较远。多维度卫生资源配置公平性对比分析显示，内蒙古基层卫生资源存在显著的地理空间配置失衡问题。见图1、2、3。
2.2.2　基层卫生资源基尼系数
在2023年，除了按GDP配置的卫生机构床位数的基尼系数大于0.2外，按人口和GDP配置的基尼系数均低于0.2，说明这些配置处于“高度平均状态”。但按地理面积配置的基尼系数为0.45～0.52，各项指标的基尼系数均在0.4以上，反映公平性严重不足。2019—2023年，按人口分布的基尼系数，在护士配置公平性增强的同时，床位数呈递减的趋势；按地理分布的基尼系数，护士分配的公平性趋于下降；按GDP分布的基尼系数，相对于硬件资源的配置，人力资源的公平性更好。见表3。
2.2.3　基层卫生资源泰尔指数
地理维度的总泰尔指数为0.352 8，显著高于人口维度（0.077 3）与经济维度（0.240 2），印证地理空间可及性成为资源配置最大短板。从人口维度来看，床位数的总泰尔指数(0.077 3)的区域差异率为61.65%；2023年护士总泰尔指数为0.006 4，较2019年下降65.90%，地区差异率由95.00%下降至93.50%。根据地理分布的泰尔指数，区域差异加剧，其中床位数的总泰尔指数最大，区域内差异率达86.88%，卫生机构数的总泰尔指数最小，区域内差异率达24.93%。在按GDP分布的泰尔指数中，区域间经济相关性突出，其中床位数的总泰尔指数最大，区域间差异率为38.06%，护士的总泰尔指数最小，区域间差异率为24.56%，表明护理人力配置受经济水平影响较弱。见表4。
3　讨论
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3.1　内蒙古基层卫生资源总量呈上升趋势，但医护比配置失调
2019—2023年，内蒙古基层医疗卫生资源总量稳中有升。参照《中国卫生健康统计年鉴2024》，PMI设置密度比全国水平高41.7%，但存在8.5%的床位供给缺口；卫生技术人员总数超过全国平均水平5.1%，执业(助理)医师配置强度明显领先(比全国高41.0%)，但护士队伍规模较国家规定减少22.6%。这种“机构冗余-床位不足、医师富集-护士短缺”的资源配置倒挂现象，凸显优化基层卫生资源配置的迫切性[4-5]。全国医护比目标为1∶1.15至1∶1.20[6]，而内蒙古目前1∶1.09的医护比例仍未达标。这一结构性失衡可能引发两方面问题：其一，护理人力资源供给不足将制约患者获得连续性、高质量的照护服务；其二，护士人均服务超负荷，可能加重职业倦怠风险并影响医疗安全质量。建议医疗机构合理规划人力资源，增加护士的招聘力度，确保有足够的护士来满足患者的护理需求。同时加强现有护士专业技能的培训与考核，确保护士能提供高质量的护理服务。
3.2　内蒙古在人口与经济发展水平维度上卫生资源配置公平性显著高于地理分布维度
从纵向上看，卫生技术人员和护理人员按地理分布配置的基尼系数的公平性正在持续减弱，两类资源的分配不均问题愈发显著。这种不均衡可能导致不同地区的居民在获取基层卫生服务的可及性上存在差异，对于那些面积较大但资源不足的地区，居民可能需要更多的时间和费用来获得足够的卫生服务，影响居民的健康，加剧健康不平等。东部地区虽然在PMI和床位数的配比上相对较高，但由于地广人稀，人口密度较低，导致卫生资源的可及性较差。中部地区人口密集，经济发展水平较高，基层卫生资源的可及性相对较好，但随着人口的不断聚集，资源的供需矛盾也逐渐凸显。西部地区由于地理环境复杂，交通不便，加上人口稀少且分布分散，基层卫生资源的可及性最低，居民获取基本医疗服务难度较大。为增强卫生资源的可及性，建议政府相关部门要注重基层卫生资源配置的精准性和均衡性[7-8]。构建“5G+AI”远程医疗协作网络[9]，降低边远地区的转诊率，通过差异化政策工具包破解“中部过载-边缘失能”的空间配置困境；针对地广人稀的地区着重强调卫生资源地理面积分布的公平性,提升医疗服务可及性,同时可以鼓励和引导社会办医,利用社会资本促进资源的整合与优化配置[10-12]。
3.3　内蒙古各地市基层卫生资源分布不均
中部地区PMI设置密度较为集中，卫生技术人员和执业（助理）医师密度较西部区域分别高25.10%和46.45%，呈“中心-外围”分布格局。而阿拉善盟等地区各项资源的地理面积配置数量极低。地理环境、人口密度和经济发展水平可能是造成这种分布差异的主要因素。建议政府加大对薄弱地区基层卫生资源的投入，包括资金、设备和人才支持[13]。例如，通过财政转移支付，增加对阿拉善盟等地区PMI的建设和运营资金。制定差异化人才激励政策，对赴西部盟市服务的卫生技术人员给予岗位津贴上浮30%～50%、职称晋升年限缩减20%等优惠，破解“招人难、留人难”困局。同时，推进5G远程诊疗技术应用，在阿拉善盟等重点区域布设人工智能辅助诊断系统，实现三甲医院专家资源对基层的实时支援。
3.4　内蒙古基层卫生资源利用不足
内蒙古基层卫生资源利用不足,具体表现为医护人员配比失调，医护比低于国家规划目标，护士队伍规模不足导致护理资源短缺，影响医疗服务质量和效率。为增强基层医疗卫生资源的有效利用，建议优化资源配置，根据地区的人口密度、地理面积和经济发展水平，制定差异化的资源配置标准，例如，对人口密集的中部地区，重点优化医护比等结构性指标；对地广人稀的西部和东部地区，增加PMI的床位数和基础设施投入。建立动态监测机制，定期评估基层卫生资源的利用情况，根据实际需求调整资源分配，确保资源合理利用。加强公共卫生服务，确保疾病早期发现和干预，提升居民整体健康水平。建立双向转诊机制，实现医疗资源的合理分流，提高医疗资源利用效率。改善地理可及性，推进远程医疗技术应用，配备移动医疗设施，定期到偏远地区提供医疗服务，提高医疗服务的可及性，同时改善偏远地区的交通条件，确保居民能够更便捷地到达PMI。加强信息化建设，建立统一的医疗信息管理平台，建立居民电子健康档案，提高医疗服务的针对性和有效性。通过学校、社区、媒体等渠道开展健康教育和健康促进活动，向公众宣传疾病预防和管理知识，提高居民的健康意识和自我保健能力。
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2025年第52卷第17期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503142
  • 接收时间：2025-03-12
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-12
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    1.武汉大学董辅礽经济社会发展研究院，湖北 武汉 430072
    2.北京大学肿瘤医院内蒙古医院（内蒙古医科大学附属肿瘤医院）、内蒙古自治区癌症中心、内蒙古自治区肿瘤医院
    3.内蒙古医科大学卫生管理学院，内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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