Article(id=1323941253875905090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501192, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736697600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793581792562, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793581792562, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793581792562, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793581792562, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1323941237702668764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='23', pageStart='4225', pageEnd='4416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765296000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793581788707, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793581887795, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1323941653374959780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1323941653374959781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4236, endPage=4242, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1323941254110786115, articleId=1323941253875905090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Prevalence and risk factors of dementia based on BPS, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Based on biopsychosocial (BPS) perspective, this study explores the prevalence of dementia and related risk factors, providing a reference for the prevention and control of dementia.

Methods

Using the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data, a statistical analysis was conducted on individuals aged 60 and above. Lasso regression was employed to select variables, and binary logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors for dementia. The dataset was divided into a 7:3 ratio to construct a logistic nomogram prediction model for the risk of dementia, and the model was validated using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), decision curve analysis (DCA), and calibration curves.

Results

A total of 3 464 study subjects were included, with 2 425 in the training set and 1 039 in the test set. The prevalence of dementia was 23.96%. Through lasso regression and logistic regression analysis, five risk factors were identified: gender (OR=3.918, P<0.001), age (OR=1.398, P<0.001), education level (OR=1.589, P<0.001), napping (OR=0.799, P=0.013), and life insurance (OR=0.613, P=0.016). The evaluation of the logistic nomogram prediction model for the risk of dementia showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for the training set was 0.729 (95% CI: 0.706-0.752) and the AUC for the test set was 0.713(95% CI: 0.677-0.749). The DCA threshold probability for the training set was 10%-84%, and the threshold probability for the test set was 15%-78%. The calibration curves for both the training and test sets showed good agreement with the prediction curve.

Conclusion

Gender, age, education level, napping, and life insurance are the main risk factors for dementia and society should focus on and effectively intervene in these factors. In addition, the constructed nomogram prediction model for the risk of dementia has good predictive performance and can be used for external prediction.

, authors=Peng-xin GENG1, Guo-lei LI1, Tao LIU2, Shuang-xin DU1, Xin-yu WANG1, Hong-qing AN1, authorsList=Peng-xin GENG, Guo-lei LI, Tao LIU, Shuang-xin DU, Xin-yu WANG, Hong-qing AN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hong-qing AN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1323941255658484304, articleId=1323941253875905090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=BPS视角下老年痴呆患病状况及风险因素分析, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于生物-心理-社会(biopsychosocial,BPS)视角,探讨老年痴呆患病状况及相关风险因素,为老年人群痴呆防控提供参考依据。

方法

利用2018年《中国健康与养老追踪调查》(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)数据,对60岁及以上老年人数据进行统计学分析,利用LASSO回归筛选变量、二元logistic回归分析老年痴呆风险因素;按照7∶3划分数据集并构建老年痴呆患病风险logistic列线图预测模型,运用受试者工作特征(receiver operatig characteristic,ROC)曲线、决策曲线分析(decision curve analysis,DCA)及校准曲线进行模型验证。

结果

共纳入3 464例研究对象,其中训练集2 425例、测试集1 039例;老年痴呆患病率为23.96%;通过LASSO回归及二元logistic回归分析筛选得五个风险因素:性别(OR=3.918,P<0.001)、年龄(OR=1.398,P<0.001)、文化程度(OR=1.589,P<0.001)、午睡(OR=0.799,P=0.013)、人寿保险(OR=0.613,P=0.016);利用其构建老年痴呆患病风险logistic列线图预测模型,效果评价显示:训练集曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.729(95% CI:0.706~0.752)、测试集AUC为0.713(95% CI:0.677~0.749),训练集的DCA阈值概率为10%~84%、测试集的阈值概率为15%~78%,训练集和测试集的校准曲线皆与预测曲线具有较高的拟合程度。

结论

性别、年龄、文化程度、午睡、人寿保险为老年痴呆的主要风险因素,社会应该重点关注并有效干预;此外,构建的老年痴呆患病风险列线图预测模型具有良好的预测效能,可以进行外推预测。

, authors=耿鹏馨1, 李国磊1, 刘涛2, 杜爽心1, 王馨瑜1, 安洪庆1, authorsList=耿鹏馨, 李国磊, 刘涛, 杜爽心, 王馨瑜, 安洪庆, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=安洪庆, authorNote=

耿鹏馨与李国磊为共同第一作者

耿鹏馨(2000—),女,硕士,无职称,研究方向:慢性病风险评估与预测;

李国磊(1982—),男,本科,馆员,研究方向:信息管理;

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安洪庆, E-mail:
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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of factors influencing short-term poor prognosis in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and construction of a nomogram, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1323941265380881070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941253875905090, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=51, issue=14, pageStart=2620, pageEnd=2627, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=29, authorNames=王瑞, 曾泓辑, 王雯娟, journalName=现代预防医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王瑞,曾泓辑,王雯娟, 等. 老年高血压患者合并脑卒中的影响因素分析及列线图模型构建 [J]. 现代预防医学, 2024, 51 (14): 2620-2627., articleTitle=老年高血压患者合并脑卒中的影响因素分析及列线图模型构建, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1323941265452184239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941253875905090, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=51, issue=14, pageStart=2620, pageEnd=2627, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Wang R, Zeng HJ, Wang WJ, journalName=Modern Preventive Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang R, Zeng HJ, Wang WJ, et al. Analysis of influencing factors and construction of nomogram model in elderly patients with hypertension complicated with stroke [J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024, 51 (14): 2620-2627. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of influencing factors and construction of nomogram model in elderly patients with hypertension complicated with stroke, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1323941265515098800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941253875905090, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=30, issue=3, pageStart=232, pageEnd=243, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Levine TF, Allison SL, Dessenberger SJ, journalName=Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Levine TF, Allison SL, Dessenberger SJ, et al. Clinical utility of self- and informant-reported memory, attention, and spatial navigation in detecting biomarkers associated with Alzheimer disease in clinically normal adults [J]. 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注:A特征筛选;B交叉验证。

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注:A训练集;B测试集。

, figureFileSmall=m6CFafNW0LTLjr8XBt1sQg==, figureFileBig=eQgu3/TlnjuLW1sTMINpMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1323941259332694661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941253875905090, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=DCA curve analysis in the training and test sets, figureFileSmall=6V4m47d9T7UGSxPFmcE/zQ==, figureFileBig=rOrDNsiHMg5H82eAEa+tKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1323941259483689606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941253875905090, language=CN, label=图5, caption=训练集和测试集DCA曲线分析

注:A训练集;B测试集。

, figureFileSmall=6V4m47d9T7UGSxPFmcE/zQ==, figureFileBig=rOrDNsiHMg5H82eAEa+tKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1323941259559187079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941253875905090, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Calibration curve analysis in the training and test sets, figureFileSmall=OvUIEvQG9P2Nh3S2xiDiNg==, figureFileBig=kjAczpzazb7HbdT7GXWlkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1323941259643073160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941253875905090, language=CN, label=图6, caption=训练集和测试集校准曲线分析

注:A训练集;B测试集。

, figureFileSmall=OvUIEvQG9P2Nh3S2xiDiNg==, figureFileBig=kjAczpzazb7HbdT7GXWlkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1323941259752125065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941253875905090, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Baseline demographic characteristics of older adults with dementia [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征调查人(n=3 464)正常组(n=2 634)痴呆组(n=830)χ2值P值
性别
男2 041(58.92)1 715(65.11)326(39.28)174.010<0.001
女1 423(41.08)919(34.89)504(60.72)
年龄(岁)
60~64552(15.94)459(17.43)93(11.20)153.306<0.001
65~69729(21.05)611(23.20)118(14.22)
70~74746(21.54)623(23.65)123(14.82)
75~79692(19.98)443(16.82)249(30.00)
80~84411(11.86)281(10.67)130(15.66)
85~89211(6.09)135(5.13)76(9.16)
≥90123(3.55)82(3.11)41(4.94)
文化程度
文盲1 019(29.42)744(28.25)275(33.13)159.891<0.001
小学以下/私塾939(27.11)775(29.42)164(19.76)
小学988(28.52)817(31.02)171(20.60)
初中331(9.56)196(7.44)135(16.27)
高中/中专165(4.76)96(3.64)69(8.31)
大专及以上22(0.64)6(0.23)16(1.93)
婚姻状况
已婚2 763(79.76)2 149(81.59)614(73.98)22.650<0.001
未婚/离异/丧偶701(20.24)485(18.41)216(26.02)
慢性病
有2 189(63.19)1 667(63.29)522(62.89)0.0430.836
无1 275(36.81)967(36.71)308(37.11)
抑郁
好3 167(91.43)2 422(91.95)745(89.76)5.7040.058
一般278(8.03)196(7.44)82(9.88)
差19(0.55)16(0.61)3(0.36)
自评健康状况
很好452(13.05)359(13.63)93(11.20)5.3740.251
好418(12.07)310(11.77)108(13.01)
一般1 805(52.11)1 365(51.82)440(53.01)
很不好626(18.07)470(17.84)156(18.80)
不知163(4.71)130(4.94)33(3.98)
喝酒
是1 021(29.47)777(29.50)244(29.40)0.0030.956
否2 443(70.53)1 857(70.50)586(70.60)
社交
有1 940(56)1 474(55.96)466(56.14)0.0090.926
无1 524(44)1 160(44.04)364(43.86)
重度体力活动
是981(28.32)752(28.55)229(27.59)0.2860.593
否2 483(71.68)1 882(71.45)601(72.41)
中度体力活动
是1 666(48.09)1 279(48.56)387(46.63)0.9430.332
否1 798(51.91)1 355(51.44)443(53.37)
轻度体力活动
是2 853(82.36)2 164(82.16)689(83.01)0.3180.573
否611(17.64)470(17.84)141(16.99)
睡眠(h)
≤61 862(53.75)1 422(53.99)440(53.01)6.3660.041
>6~81 304(37.64)1 003(38.08)301(36.27)
>8298(8.6)209(7.93)89(10.72)
午睡
有2 181(62.96)1 635(62.07)546(65.78)3.7260.054
无1 283(37.04)999(37.93)284(34.22)
居住地
城或镇中心区443(12.79)304(11.54)139(16.75)18.680<0.001
城乡结合部238(6.87)172(6.53)66(7.95)
农村2 783(80.34)2 158(81.93)625(75.30)
工作
有1 584(45.73)1 217(46.20)367(44.22)1.0040.316
无1 880(54.27)1 417(53.80)463(55.78)
医疗保险
有3 354(96.82)2 545(96.62)809(97.47)1.4790.224
无110(3.18)89(3.38)21(2.53)
退休金
有639(18.45)492(18.68)147(17.71)0.3930.531
无2 825(81.55)2 142(81.32)683(82.29)
人寿保险
有140(4.04)98(3.72)42(5.06)2.9210.087
无3 324(95.96)2 536(96.28)788(94.94)
体检
有1 665(48.07)1 270(48.22)395(47.59)0.0990.753
无1 799(51.93)1 364(51.78)435(52.41)
工资收入
有915(26.41)704(26.73)211(25.42)0.5540.457
无2 549(73.59)1 930(73.27)619(74.58)
), ArticleFig(id=1323941259877954186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941253875905090, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

老年痴呆人口学基线特征分析[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征调查人(n=3 464)正常组(n=2 634)痴呆组(n=830)χ2值P值
性别
男2 041(58.92)1 715(65.11)326(39.28)174.010<0.001
女1 423(41.08)919(34.89)504(60.72)
年龄(岁)
60~64552(15.94)459(17.43)93(11.20)153.306<0.001
65~69729(21.05)611(23.20)118(14.22)
70~74746(21.54)623(23.65)123(14.82)
75~79692(19.98)443(16.82)249(30.00)
80~84411(11.86)281(10.67)130(15.66)
85~89211(6.09)135(5.13)76(9.16)
≥90123(3.55)82(3.11)41(4.94)
文化程度
文盲1 019(29.42)744(28.25)275(33.13)159.891<0.001
小学以下/私塾939(27.11)775(29.42)164(19.76)
小学988(28.52)817(31.02)171(20.60)
初中331(9.56)196(7.44)135(16.27)
高中/中专165(4.76)96(3.64)69(8.31)
大专及以上22(0.64)6(0.23)16(1.93)
婚姻状况
已婚2 763(79.76)2 149(81.59)614(73.98)22.650<0.001
未婚/离异/丧偶701(20.24)485(18.41)216(26.02)
慢性病
有2 189(63.19)1 667(63.29)522(62.89)0.0430.836
无1 275(36.81)967(36.71)308(37.11)
抑郁
好3 167(91.43)2 422(91.95)745(89.76)5.7040.058
一般278(8.03)196(7.44)82(9.88)
差19(0.55)16(0.61)3(0.36)
自评健康状况
很好452(13.05)359(13.63)93(11.20)5.3740.251
好418(12.07)310(11.77)108(13.01)
一般1 805(52.11)1 365(51.82)440(53.01)
很不好626(18.07)470(17.84)156(18.80)
不知163(4.71)130(4.94)33(3.98)
喝酒
是1 021(29.47)777(29.50)244(29.40)0.0030.956
否2 443(70.53)1 857(70.50)586(70.60)
社交
有1 940(56)1 474(55.96)466(56.14)0.0090.926
无1 524(44)1 160(44.04)364(43.86)
重度体力活动
是981(28.32)752(28.55)229(27.59)0.2860.593
否2 483(71.68)1 882(71.45)601(72.41)
中度体力活动
是1 666(48.09)1 279(48.56)387(46.63)0.9430.332
否1 798(51.91)1 355(51.44)443(53.37)
轻度体力活动
是2 853(82.36)2 164(82.16)689(83.01)0.3180.573
否611(17.64)470(17.84)141(16.99)
睡眠(h)
≤61 862(53.75)1 422(53.99)440(53.01)6.3660.041
>6~81 304(37.64)1 003(38.08)301(36.27)
>8298(8.6)209(7.93)89(10.72)
午睡
有2 181(62.96)1 635(62.07)546(65.78)3.7260.054
无1 283(37.04)999(37.93)284(34.22)
居住地
城或镇中心区443(12.79)304(11.54)139(16.75)18.680<0.001
城乡结合部238(6.87)172(6.53)66(7.95)
农村2 783(80.34)2 158(81.93)625(75.30)
工作
有1 584(45.73)1 217(46.20)367(44.22)1.0040.316
无1 880(54.27)1 417(53.80)463(55.78)
医疗保险
有3 354(96.82)2 545(96.62)809(97.47)1.4790.224
无110(3.18)89(3.38)21(2.53)
退休金
有639(18.45)492(18.68)147(17.71)0.3930.531
无2 825(81.55)2 142(81.32)683(82.29)
人寿保险
有140(4.04)98(3.72)42(5.06)2.9210.087
无3 324(95.96)2 536(96.28)788(94.94)
体检
有1 665(48.07)1 270(48.22)395(47.59)0.0990.753
无1 799(51.93)1 364(51.78)435(52.41)
工资收入
有915(26.41)704(26.73)211(25.42)0.5540.457
无2 549(73.59)1 930(73.27)619(74.58)
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BPS视角下老年痴呆患病状况及风险因素分析
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耿鹏馨 1 , 李国磊 1 , 刘涛 2 , 杜爽心 1 , 王馨瑜 1 , 安洪庆 1
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(23): 4236-4242
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2025 , 52 (23) : 4236 -4242
BPS视角下老年痴呆患病状况及风险因素分析
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耿鹏馨1, 李国磊1, 刘涛2, 杜爽心1, 王馨瑜1, 安洪庆1
作者信息
  • 1.山东第二医科大学,山东 潍坊 261053
  • 2.潍坊滨海中学
通讯作者:
安洪庆, E-mail:
作者简介:

耿鹏馨与李国磊为共同第一作者

耿鹏馨(2000—),女,硕士,无职称,研究方向:慢性病风险评估与预测;

李国磊(1982—),男,本科,馆员,研究方向:信息管理;

Prevalence and risk factors of dementia based on BPS
Peng-xin GENG1, Guo-lei LI1, Tao LIU2, Shuang-xin DU1, Xin-yu WANG1, Hong-qing AN1
Affiliations
  • Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501192
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目的

基于生物-心理-社会(biopsychosocial,BPS)视角,探讨老年痴呆患病状况及相关风险因素,为老年人群痴呆防控提供参考依据。

方法

利用2018年《中国健康与养老追踪调查》(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)数据,对60岁及以上老年人数据进行统计学分析,利用LASSO回归筛选变量、二元logistic回归分析老年痴呆风险因素;按照7∶3划分数据集并构建老年痴呆患病风险logistic列线图预测模型,运用受试者工作特征(receiver operatig characteristic,ROC)曲线、决策曲线分析(decision curve analysis,DCA)及校准曲线进行模型验证。

结果

共纳入3 464例研究对象,其中训练集2 425例、测试集1 039例;老年痴呆患病率为23.96%;通过LASSO回归及二元logistic回归分析筛选得五个风险因素:性别(OR=3.918,P<0.001)、年龄(OR=1.398,P<0.001)、文化程度(OR=1.589,P<0.001)、午睡(OR=0.799,P=0.013)、人寿保险(OR=0.613,P=0.016);利用其构建老年痴呆患病风险logistic列线图预测模型,效果评价显示:训练集曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.729(95% CI:0.706~0.752)、测试集AUC为0.713(95% CI:0.677~0.749),训练集的DCA阈值概率为10%~84%、测试集的阈值概率为15%~78%,训练集和测试集的校准曲线皆与预测曲线具有较高的拟合程度。

结论

性别、年龄、文化程度、午睡、人寿保险为老年痴呆的主要风险因素,社会应该重点关注并有效干预;此外,构建的老年痴呆患病风险列线图预测模型具有良好的预测效能,可以进行外推预测。

BPS视角  /  老年痴呆  /  患病风险因素  /  列线图
Objective

Based on biopsychosocial (BPS) perspective, this study explores the prevalence of dementia and related risk factors, providing a reference for the prevention and control of dementia.

Methods

Using the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data, a statistical analysis was conducted on individuals aged 60 and above. Lasso regression was employed to select variables, and binary logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors for dementia. The dataset was divided into a 7:3 ratio to construct a logistic nomogram prediction model for the risk of dementia, and the model was validated using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), decision curve analysis (DCA), and calibration curves.

Results

A total of 3 464 study subjects were included, with 2 425 in the training set and 1 039 in the test set. The prevalence of dementia was 23.96%. Through lasso regression and logistic regression analysis, five risk factors were identified: gender (OR=3.918, P<0.001), age (OR=1.398, P<0.001), education level (OR=1.589, P<0.001), napping (OR=0.799, P=0.013), and life insurance (OR=0.613, P=0.016). The evaluation of the logistic nomogram prediction model for the risk of dementia showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for the training set was 0.729 (95% CI: 0.706-0.752) and the AUC for the test set was 0.713(95% CI: 0.677-0.749). The DCA threshold probability for the training set was 10%-84%, and the threshold probability for the test set was 15%-78%. The calibration curves for both the training and test sets showed good agreement with the prediction curve.

Conclusion

Gender, age, education level, napping, and life insurance are the main risk factors for dementia and society should focus on and effectively intervene in these factors. In addition, the constructed nomogram prediction model for the risk of dementia has good predictive performance and can be used for external prediction.

BPS perspective  /  Dementia  /  Risk factors  /  Nomogram
耿鹏馨, 李国磊, 刘涛, 杜爽心, 王馨瑜, 安洪庆. BPS视角下老年痴呆患病状况及风险因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (23) : 4236 -4242 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501192
Peng-xin GENG, Guo-lei LI, Tao LIU, Shuang-xin DU, Xin-yu WANG, Hong-qing AN. Prevalence and risk factors of dementia based on BPS[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (23) : 4236 -4242 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501192
老年痴呆是指发生于老年和老年前期、以进行性认知功能障碍和行为损害为特征的中枢神经系统退行性病变[1]。目前,老年痴呆尚无有效治愈方法,尽早识别并干预是老年痴呆防控的关键[2]。随着我国老龄化程度的不断加深,老年痴呆患者数量呈现快速上升趋势,预计到2030年我国老年痴呆患病人数将达到2 220万[3],约占世界老年痴呆患病人数的30%。
当前,国内外相关研究学者多利用图像[磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)扫描][4]、生物标志物[5-6]及从MRI提取的信息[7]等临床、生物学数据进行老年痴呆风险识别。虽然临床和生物学的数据对个体老年痴呆风险筛查具有高度的实用性,但在群体层面上却存在成本高昂及不易普及等弊端,不适用于大面积人群的筛选与早期诊断。相比之下,生物-心理-社会(biopsychosocial,BPS)视角具有更加的广泛性、易获得性及低成本等优势,在群体老年痴呆风险筛查与早期诊断方面具有更加广泛的便利性。BPS视角[8]即采用社会学的方法来研究精神健康领域,强调心理、社会、环境对人体健康的多层次影响。该视角认为,个体的健康状况并非由单一因素决定,而是由生物学因素、行为心理学因素和社会学因素共同作用的结果。其中,生物维度指影响个体生物学特征和生理功能的因素;心理维度指的是个体的行为模式和心理状态;社会因素指的是个体所处的社会环境和社会关系。基于此,本研究立足于BPS视角,探讨老年痴呆患病状况及影响因素,进而构建早期风险筛查与诊断模型,从而为有针对性强化老年痴呆防控及个性化干预策略提供参考。
本研究所用数据来源于2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)数据库,该调查采用多阶段、分层整群的概率抽样设计,具有复杂抽样结构。考虑到本研究的主要目标为构建预测模型,聚焦变量之间的关联与风险识别而非对全国总体指标的推断,因此在建模过程中未采用个人权重与设计变量。该数据已获得北京大学伦理审查委员会批准(IRB 0000001052 -11015);所有参与者在参与时均签署知情同意书;该数据可在http://charls.pku.edu.cn/index.htm上公开获取。
(1)提取CHARLS 2018中60岁及以上老年人共21项相关因素指标,并按BPS视角进行分类:生物因素纳入的变量有性别、年龄、慢性病、自评健康状况;行为心理因素含有社交、睡眠、午睡、喝酒、重度体力活动、中度体力活动、轻度体力活动、抑郁;社会学因素含有文化程度、婚姻状况、居住地、工作、工资收入、体检、医疗保险、退休金、人寿保险。(2)老年痴呆测量:采用简版社区痴呆筛查量表(CSI-D)测量是否痴呆。量表包括认知部分及知情人部分。认知部分共包含7道题,共9个项目,回答正确为1分,错误为0分,分值范围为0~9分,其中4分及以下为老年痴呆、7~9分为正常、5~6分为可能老年痴呆,此时辅助以知情人部分得分进行鉴别。知情人部分回答“否”为1分,“是”为0分,分值范围为0~6分;综合评分(认知部分评分减去知情人部分评分)为-6~9分,≤4分即为老年痴呆[9-10]。
利用R 4.3.1进行分析处理。剔除缺失值超过10%的个案并采用多重插补法对其余缺失值进行填补。根据数据特点采用频数、频率及χ2检验进行统计描述;利用LASSO回归筛选潜在影响因素;利用多因素logistic回归分析确定独立影响因素。按照7∶3将数据划分为训练集和测试集,其中训练集2 425例、测试集1 039例。利用筛选的因素建立logistic列线图并通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线、决策曲线分析(decision curve analysis,DCA)及校正曲线进行效能检验。检验水准α=0.05。
本研究共纳入3 464例研究对象,其中正常组2 634例,痴呆组830例,患病率为23.96%。χ2检验结果显示是否痴呆在不同性别(P<0.001)、年龄(P<0.001)、文化程度(P<0.001)、婚姻状况(P<0.001)、睡眠(P=0.041)及居住地(P<0.001)方面,差异具有统计学意义。见表1。
由于纳入的部分变量间存在一定的共线性,因此将全部21项变量作为自变量,以是否患老年痴呆作为因变量,利用LASSO回归分析进行因素筛选。图1A使用 LASSO回归模型进行人口统计学和临床特征选择。根据Logλ序列,生成系数工作图,由最优λ生成非零系数。图1B利用3折交叉验证进行变量筛选。为纳入更多变量,本研究选择λ.min=0.006 396 287作为最佳模型(均方误差为0.163),此时LASSO回归共纳入13个自变量。其中,生物因素包括性别、年龄;行为心理因素包括抑郁、中度体力活动、睡眠、午睡;社会学因素包括文化程度、婚姻状况、居住地、医疗保险、养老保险、人寿保险、体检。
将LASSO回归筛选出的变量进一步纳入多因素logistic回归分析,以识别与老年痴呆显著相关的独立影响因素。结果显示,共有5个变量在统计学上达到显著水平,涵盖BPS理论的三个维度。其中,生物因素包括性别(OR=3.918,P<0.001)、年龄(OR=1.398,P<0.001);社会学因素包括文化程度(OR=1.589,P<0.001)、人寿保险(OR=0.613,P=0.016);行为心理因素包括午睡(OR=0.799,P=0.013)。见图2。
基于多因素二元logistic回归分析,本研究构建了包含性别、年龄、文化程度、午睡习惯及人寿保险状况的老年痴呆风险预测列线图模型,见图3。各变量的不同取值对应“变量评分”行中的单项得分,将这5个因素的得分相加,得到变量总分;该总分对应于“Linear Predictor”轴上的位置,可进一步转换为“痴呆风险”概率。总分越高,预示个体罹患老年痴呆的风险越大。以一名75~79岁、文化程度为高中/中专、有午睡习惯且参保人寿保险的男性为例,其各变量得分依次为0、45、60、5和0分,总分为110分。该总分对应线性预测值约0.5,痴呆风险概率约为50%。列线图得分高,则表示个体患老年痴呆的风险高;反之,患老年痴呆的风险低。因此,医疗工作者或研究者可针对不同个体,通过评估这些影响因素,结合列线图评分对老年痴呆风险进行预判,为老年痴呆的早期识别、干预及健康管理提供参考,助力更精准化的医疗决策与照护。
通过ROC曲线分析结果显示,训练集AUC为0.729(95% CI:0.706~0.752);测试集的AUC为0.713(95% CI:0.677~0.749)。训练集和测试集的ROC皆显示了较好的区分能力,表明该模型对是否患老年痴呆具有很好的区分作用。见图4。
通过DCA结果显示,训练集的阈值概率为10%~84%;测试集的阈值概率为15~78%,表明该模型具有一定的临床应用价值。见图5。
由校准曲线分析结果显示,训练集和测试集的校准曲线皆与预测曲线具有较高的拟合程度,且与理想曲线的偏差较小,表明该老年痴呆预测模型能够准确地预测出老年痴呆患病风险。见图6。
随着老龄化问题不断加重,老年痴呆已成为影响国家经济及社会发展的重大公共卫生问题[11-12]。据2021年中国老年痴呆报告显示[13],我国老年痴呆发病率、患病率及死亡率持续上涨;截至2020年,我国60岁及以上痴呆患病人数达到1 507万人。为贯彻落实《健康中国行动(2019—2030年)》相关要求,制定有效的防治措施,降低我国老年痴呆患病风险,减轻家庭与社会负担,本研究利用中国健康与养老追踪调查有关数据并结合BPS理论模型,构建老年痴呆患病风险列线图预测模型,采用LASSO回归、二元logistic回归分析等统计方法,对我国老年人痴呆患病风险的主要危险因素及其作用机理进行深入探讨。通过分析,本研究中老年痴呆患病率为23.96%,相较于部分国内人口学研究中报道的比例略高[1,10]。这一现象可能与本研究对缺失数据的处理策略有关。尽管该策略在一定程度上提升了样本利用率,尽可能发挥了数据的赋能功效,但多重插补过程中可能将部分潜在的高风险个体纳入分析,进而在统计上抬高了痴呆患病率的估计值。
本研究通过LASSO回归及二元logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、年龄、文化程度、午睡及人寿保险入保情况是老年痴呆患病风险的主要危险因素。其中,性别、年龄为BPS模型中的生物学因素。性别是影响老年痴呆患病风险的关键因素之一。二元logistic回归分析OR值显示,女性是老年痴呆的危险因素,即女性患病风险高于男性,这与以往研究结果一致[14]。雌激素对大脑具有多种保护作用,包括保护神经元免受损伤和提高认知功能。而女性绝经后雌激素水平的下降则减弱了这些保护作用,进而促进女性痴呆[15]。本研究中年龄与老年痴呆患病风险密切相关,高龄老人患痴呆的风险高于低龄老人。这是由于随着年龄的增长,大脑的认知储备可能会减少,从而增加发生神经退化性疾病的风险[16]。午睡作为行为心理学因素与老年痴呆密切相关。本研究发现午睡是老年痴呆的保护因素。相关研究表明,适当午睡能够巩固记忆和提高情绪稳定性,而午睡时间过长则增加老年痴呆的患病风险[17-18]。因此,应在健康教育中倡导合理的午休习惯,以此保证睡眠需求的同时,降低老年痴呆的患病风险。文化程度及人寿保险作为社会因素亦与老年痴呆患病风险具有相关性。研究表明,高文化程度是老年痴呆的危险因素,即文化程度与老年痴呆呈现正相关。此现象虽与传统观点略有差异,但可能与高文化人群面临更高认知负荷与社会压力有关。而长期应激状态则对会导致神经元树突缩短、突触丢失,甚至神经细胞凋亡,表现为记忆力减退、学习能力下[19]。此外,人寿保险作为社会保障的组成部分,其具有显著的保护作用。这提示保险制度通过增强个体的安全感、降低经济负担,从而间接改善老年人心理状态与健康水平。
列线图是临床领域常用的一种定量分析预测模型,通过坐标表与变量间的函数关系以此预测患病风险[20-22]。本研究基于CHARLS数据库构建的老年痴呆预测模型具有良好的辨别性、校正性和临床效度,表明该预测模型对于识别老年痴呆患者具有一定的价值。相较于传统的量表筛查方法,风险预测模型在老年痴呆症的筛查中具有一定的优势。量表筛查通常需要依赖于知情人的协助,这可能会由于知情人的主观认知及记忆偏差等原因造成信息偏差[23]。此外,对于老年人而言,进行量表测试可能会给他们带来心理压力,这种压力则影响老年人的表现,从而导致筛查结果的不准确。而风险预测模型是基于大量数据分析和统计方法构建,能够利用个体生物学信息、行为心理及社会状况等多种因素来预测痴呆患病风险,能够避免因主观心理状态和信息报告偏差的影响,具有一定的客观性。因此,该模型可作为一种高效、准确的评估工具辅助医疗从业者进行老年痴呆风险筛查,为制定早期预防和干预措施提供理论依据和数据支撑。
综上所述,本研究基于BPS模型,通过融合生物、心理及社会因素,构建并验证了适合群体筛查的老年痴呆列线图预测模型。该模型结合了性别、年龄、文化程度、午睡及人寿保险等变量,通过评估及验证表明该预测模型对老年痴呆筛查具有一定的临床价值。本研究尚存在一些局限。一是,该数据库未包含生化、基因等潜在预测因素;二是,该预测模型是基于中国数据开发构建,对于是否可以推广到其他地区及国家尚需外部验证。因此,今后将纳入更多变量以及进行外部验证,以此完善现有老年痴呆列线图预测模型。
  • 国家自然科学基金(72104186)
  • 教育部人文社科课题(20YJCZH002)
  • 山东省教育规划课题(2023ZC168)
  • 中国高等教育学会课题(23PG041)
  • 校级研究课题(2023YJS009/2023FYN019)
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2025年第52卷第23期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501192
  • 接收时间:2025-01-13
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-13
基金
国家自然科学基金(72104186)
教育部人文社科课题(20YJCZH002)
山东省教育规划课题(2023ZC168)
中国高等教育学会课题(23PG041)
校级研究课题(2023YJS009/2023FYN019)
作者信息
    1.山东第二医科大学,山东 潍坊 261053
    2.潍坊滨海中学

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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