Article(id=1241329576673079837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241329570129956900, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412444, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735056000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773885633867, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773885633867, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773885633867, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773885633867, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241329570129956900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='13', pageStart='2305', pageEnd='2496', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773885632307, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773885763730, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241330121425080472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241329570129956900, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241330121425080473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241329570129956900, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2361, endPage=2368, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241329578946392695, articleId=1241329576673079837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Gestational duration, brain functional networks, and fetal mental disorders: a mediation Mendelian randomization study, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the genetic association between gestational duration and fetal mental disorders using Mendelian randomization (MR), and to explore the mediating role of brain functional networks in this pathway through two-step Mendelian randomization (TSMR).

Methods

Using gestational duration as the exposure and six mental disorders (autism spectrum disorder[ASD], anorexia nervosa [AN], schizophrenia, etc.) as outcomes, with 191 resting-state functional MRI traits as potential mediators, we analyzed publicly available GWAS summary data. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, MR-Egger regression, and weighted median method were employed to estimate causal effects. TSMR was used to assess the mediating role of brain functional networks, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate robustness.

Results

Gestational duration showed negative genetic associations with ASD (OR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.48-0.69), AN (OR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.66-0.89), and schizophrenia (OR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.96). Brain networks, including the salience, central executive, and default mode networks, partially mediated the genetic association between gestational duration and mental disorders, with mediation proportions ranging from 19.09% to 52.40%.

Conclusion

Longer gestational duration reduces the risk of mental disorders, and brain functional networks mediate this genetic association.

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目的

通过孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization,MR)研究妊娠持续时间与胎儿精神障碍疾病的遗传关联,并利用两步孟德尔随机化(two-step Mendelian randomization,TSMR)探索大脑功能网络在上诉路径的中介作用。

方法

以妊娠持续时间为暴露,六种精神障碍疾病即自闭症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)、神经性厌食(anorexia nervosa,AN)、精神分裂症等作为结局,191种大脑静息功能核磁共振成像性状为潜在中介,基于公开的全基因组关联分析研究汇总数据,使用逆方差加权法、MR-Egger回归、加权中位数法来计算妊娠持续时间与精神障碍疾病的因果关联,利用TSMR探索大脑功能网络在暴露到结局的中介作用,并通过敏感性分析来评估MR结果的稳健性。

结果

妊娠持续时间与ASD、AN以及精神分裂症存在负向遗传关联(ORASD=0.58,95%CI:0.48~0.69;ORAN=0.77,95%CI:0.66~0.89;OR精神分裂症=0.85,95%CI:0.74~0.96)。突出、中央执行和默认模式网络等大脑网络可部分介导妊娠持续时间到精神障碍疾病的遗传关联,中介比例为19.09%~52.40%。

结论

妊娠持续时间增加会降低患精神障碍疾病的风险,大脑网络可介导上诉路径的遗传关联。

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刘振谧,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=0qktrnkCfjgo+G0KJNtIZA==, magXml=hBbxpnMg4cBauqSyDzBpuA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=9XY1kVdebrVNqXmcGWkjLA==, pdfFileSize=936486, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=GQWbK8bW2H+A2AYagJ8F6A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=FW7r69diyRsoVx2TxDW+MA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张唯栋(1997—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

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张唯栋(1997—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

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Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2016,42(Suppl 1): S13-S21., articleTitle=Aberrant functional Whole-Brain network architecture in patients with schizophrenia:a meta-analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241329754289271535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241329754297660145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, companyId=1241329754289271535, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=West China School of Public Health / West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241329754306048756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, companyId=1241329754289271535, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241329757451776019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The MR results of gestational age on fetal mental disorders, figureFileSmall=L4GA8nTcKfXkTwle8lg4Mg==, figureFileBig=GQWbK8bW2H+A2AYagJ8F6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241329757548245020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, language=CN, label=图1, caption=妊娠持续时间与胎儿精神障碍疾病的MR结果, figureFileSmall=L4GA8nTcKfXkTwle8lg4Mg==, figureFileBig=GQWbK8bW2H+A2AYagJ8F6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241329757669879848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Leave-one-out plot for the genetic causal link between pregnancy duration and mental disorder, figureFileSmall=Msy+VrIIeGJijsRMB/HYTA==, figureFileBig=6FDpqJD/5X/7Zqy4FyVxhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241329757774737464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, language=CN, label=图2, caption=妊娠持续时间与精神障碍疾病的遗传因果关联的留一结果图, figureFileSmall=Msy+VrIIeGJijsRMB/HYTA==, figureFileBig=6FDpqJD/5X/7Zqy4FyVxhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241329757887983681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information of the GWAS summary data in the two-sample MR study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露/结局PMID样本量(病例)样本种族数据公布年份(年)No.IVsR2值F值
妊娠持续时间3147773584 689欧洲201960.002 839.17
ASD2854002615 954(7 387)欧洲2017---
ADHD36702997186 843(38 691)欧洲2023---
AN3130854572 517(16 992)欧洲2019---
BD34002096413 466(41 917)欧洲2021---
抑郁症33959723484 598(27 568)欧洲2021---
精神分裂症3539658076 755(320 404)欧洲2022---
), ArticleFig(id=1241329757980258377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

TSMR研究中GWAS汇总数据基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露/结局PMID样本量(病例)样本种族数据公布年份(年)No.IVsR2值F值
妊娠持续时间3147773584 689欧洲201960.002 839.17
ASD2854002615 954(7 387)欧洲2017---
ADHD36702997186 843(38 691)欧洲2023---
AN3130854572 517(16 992)欧洲2019---
BD34002096413 466(41 917)欧洲2021---
抑郁症33959723484 598(27 568)欧洲2021---
精神分裂症3539658076 755(320 404)欧洲2022---
), ArticleFig(id=1241329758089310288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

SNPs significantly associated with gestational age

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SNPCHRBPA1A2Beta PR2F
rs75948522113521754TC-0.033 60.004 81.877×10-120.000 545.44
rs92892183123064831TC0.023 80.004 74.663×10-70.000 323.76
rs100507575157201700TC-0.026 50.005 11.674×10-70.000 325.02
rs123326525157895459TC0.025 10.004 92.399×10-70.000 326.68
rs114887491097014773TC-0.025 90.004 91.403×10-70.000 324.84
rs71424271476940735TC-0.083 50.016 22.615×10-70.001 034.95
), ArticleFig(id=1241329758189973592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

与妊娠持续时间密切关联的SNPs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SNPCHRBPA1A2Beta PR2F
rs75948522113521754TC-0.033 60.004 81.877×10-120.000 545.44
rs92892183123064831TC0.023 80.004 74.663×10-70.000 323.76
rs100507575157201700TC-0.026 50.005 11.674×10-70.000 325.02
rs123326525157895459TC0.025 10.004 92.399×10-70.000 326.68
rs114887491097014773TC-0.025 90.004 91.403×10-70.000 324.84
rs71424271476940735TC-0.083 50.016 22.615×10-70.001 034.95
), ArticleFig(id=1241329758294831197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mediation effect of gestational age on fetal mental disorders through the phenotype of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中介结局直接效应(95%CI中介效应(95%CIMP(%)
位置网络
pheno58(顶骨区、中央旁、中央后)注意网络、突显网络、中央执行网络、运动网络ASD-0.87(-1.29~-0.45)-0.29(-0.55~-0.02)52.40
pheno716(枕楔前叶、颞区、额区、支持运动区域)默认模式网络、中央执行网络、突显网络-0.40(-0.59~-0.22)-0.15(-0.28~-0.02)27.44
pheno1161(楔前叶、角形脑回、扣带回、额区)默认模式网络、中央执行网络、突显网络-0.25(-0.91~0.42)-0.15(-0.28~-0.03)27.95
pheno1183(中央前、额区、支持运动区域注意网络、突显网络、运动网络、默认模式网络-0.38(-0.63~-0.12)-0.16(-0.29~-0.02)28.54
pheno1184(支持运动区域、额区)突显网络、默认模式网络-0.40(-0.65~-0.15)-0.13(-0.22~-0.03)23.18
pheno956(楔前叶、角形脑回、扣带回、额区)默认模式网络、中央执行网络精神分裂症-0.12(-0.23~-0.01)-0.05(-0.08~-0.01)27.72
pheno1161(楔前叶、角形脑回、扣带回、额区)默认模式网络、中央执行网络、突显网络-0.08(-0.52~0.36)-0.07(-0.14~-0.00)42.66
pheno1183(中央前、额区、支持运动区域)注意网络、突显网络、运动网络-0.11(-0.23~0.00)-0.05(-0.10~-0.00)32.27
pheno956(楔前叶、角形脑回、|扣带回、额区)默认模式网络、中央执行网络AN-0.17(-0.49~-0.16)-0.09(-0.18~-0.01)34.79
pheno1184(支持运动区域、额区)突显网络、默认模式网络-0.22(-0.41~-0.03)-0.05(-0.10~-0.01)19.09
), ArticleFig(id=1241329758416466021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

妊娠持续时间通过脑部静息状态功能MRI表型对胎儿精神障碍疾病的中介效应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中介结局直接效应(95%CI中介效应(95%CIMP(%)
位置网络
pheno58(顶骨区、中央旁、中央后)注意网络、突显网络、中央执行网络、运动网络ASD-0.87(-1.29~-0.45)-0.29(-0.55~-0.02)52.40
pheno716(枕楔前叶、颞区、额区、支持运动区域)默认模式网络、中央执行网络、突显网络-0.40(-0.59~-0.22)-0.15(-0.28~-0.02)27.44
pheno1161(楔前叶、角形脑回、扣带回、额区)默认模式网络、中央执行网络、突显网络-0.25(-0.91~0.42)-0.15(-0.28~-0.03)27.95
pheno1183(中央前、额区、支持运动区域注意网络、突显网络、运动网络、默认模式网络-0.38(-0.63~-0.12)-0.16(-0.29~-0.02)28.54
pheno1184(支持运动区域、额区)突显网络、默认模式网络-0.40(-0.65~-0.15)-0.13(-0.22~-0.03)23.18
pheno956(楔前叶、角形脑回、扣带回、额区)默认模式网络、中央执行网络精神分裂症-0.12(-0.23~-0.01)-0.05(-0.08~-0.01)27.72
pheno1161(楔前叶、角形脑回、扣带回、额区)默认模式网络、中央执行网络、突显网络-0.08(-0.52~0.36)-0.07(-0.14~-0.00)42.66
pheno1183(中央前、额区、支持运动区域)注意网络、突显网络、运动网络-0.11(-0.23~0.00)-0.05(-0.10~-0.00)32.27
pheno956(楔前叶、角形脑回、|扣带回、额区)默认模式网络、中央执行网络AN-0.17(-0.49~-0.16)-0.09(-0.18~-0.01)34.79
pheno1184(支持运动区域、额区)突显网络、默认模式网络-0.22(-0.41~-0.03)-0.05(-0.10~-0.01)19.09
), ArticleFig(id=1241329758533906539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The sensitive analysis of gestational age on fetal mental disorders

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结局Cochran QMR-Egger 截距
Q (IVW)P截距P
ASD0.270.990.010.80
ADHD4.360.500.020.11
AN0.720.98-0.010.74
BD12.790.030.010.54
抑郁8.360.14-0.000.19
精神分裂症1.380.93-0.000.76
), ArticleFig(id=1241329758672318578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241329576673079837, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

妊娠持续时间与胎儿精神障碍疾病的敏感性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结局Cochran QMR-Egger 截距
Q (IVW)P截距P
ASD0.270.990.010.80
ADHD4.360.500.020.11
AN0.720.98-0.010.74
BD12.790.030.010.54
抑郁8.360.14-0.000.19
精神分裂症1.380.93-0.000.76
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妊娠持续时间、大脑功能网络与胎儿精神障碍疾病的关联——一项中介孟德尔随机化研究
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张唯栋 , 金馨 , 张璐 , 肖成汉 , 刘振谧
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(13): 2361-2368
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025, 52(13): 2361-2368
妊娠持续时间、大脑功能网络与胎儿精神障碍疾病的关联——一项中介孟德尔随机化研究
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张唯栋, 金馨, 张璐, 肖成汉, 刘振谧
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
  • 张唯栋(1997—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

通讯作者:

刘振谧,E-mail:
Gestational duration, brain functional networks, and fetal mental disorders: a mediation Mendelian randomization study
Wei-dong ZHANG, Xin JIN, Lu ZHANG, Cheng-han XIAO, Zhen-mi LIU
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health / West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412444
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目的

通过孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization,MR)研究妊娠持续时间与胎儿精神障碍疾病的遗传关联,并利用两步孟德尔随机化(two-step Mendelian randomization,TSMR)探索大脑功能网络在上诉路径的中介作用。

方法

以妊娠持续时间为暴露,六种精神障碍疾病即自闭症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)、神经性厌食(anorexia nervosa,AN)、精神分裂症等作为结局,191种大脑静息功能核磁共振成像性状为潜在中介,基于公开的全基因组关联分析研究汇总数据,使用逆方差加权法、MR-Egger回归、加权中位数法来计算妊娠持续时间与精神障碍疾病的因果关联,利用TSMR探索大脑功能网络在暴露到结局的中介作用,并通过敏感性分析来评估MR结果的稳健性。

结果

妊娠持续时间与ASD、AN以及精神分裂症存在负向遗传关联(ORASD=0.58,95%CI:0.48~0.69;ORAN=0.77,95%CI:0.66~0.89;OR精神分裂症=0.85,95%CI:0.74~0.96)。突出、中央执行和默认模式网络等大脑网络可部分介导妊娠持续时间到精神障碍疾病的遗传关联,中介比例为19.09%~52.40%。

结论

妊娠持续时间增加会降低患精神障碍疾病的风险,大脑网络可介导上诉路径的遗传关联。

妊娠持续时间  /  大脑功能网络  /  胎儿精神障碍疾病  /  孟德尔随机化
Objective

To investigate the genetic association between gestational duration and fetal mental disorders using Mendelian randomization (MR), and to explore the mediating role of brain functional networks in this pathway through two-step Mendelian randomization (TSMR).

Methods

Using gestational duration as the exposure and six mental disorders (autism spectrum disorder[ASD], anorexia nervosa [AN], schizophrenia, etc.) as outcomes, with 191 resting-state functional MRI traits as potential mediators, we analyzed publicly available GWAS summary data. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, MR-Egger regression, and weighted median method were employed to estimate causal effects. TSMR was used to assess the mediating role of brain functional networks, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate robustness.

Results

Gestational duration showed negative genetic associations with ASD (OR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.48-0.69), AN (OR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.66-0.89), and schizophrenia (OR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.96). Brain networks, including the salience, central executive, and default mode networks, partially mediated the genetic association between gestational duration and mental disorders, with mediation proportions ranging from 19.09% to 52.40%.

Conclusion

Longer gestational duration reduces the risk of mental disorders, and brain functional networks mediate this genetic association.

Gestational duration  /  Brain functional networks  /  Fetal mental disorders  /  Mendelian randomization
张唯栋, 金馨, 张璐, 肖成汉, 刘振谧. 妊娠持续时间、大脑功能网络与胎儿精神障碍疾病的关联——一项中介孟德尔随机化研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (13) : 2361 -2368 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412444
Wei-dong ZHANG, Xin JIN, Lu ZHANG, Cheng-han XIAO, Zhen-mi LIU. Gestational duration, brain functional networks, and fetal mental disorders: a mediation Mendelian randomization study[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (13) : 2361 -2368 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412444
妊娠期对胎儿大脑发育至关重要。不良妊娠环境可能增加胎儿患神经发育障碍和精神疾病的风险。早产往往伴随着呼吸、心脏及脑部等方面的短期并发症,以及学习障碍、行为问题和心理健康障碍等长期并发症,对个体全生命周期的健康构成沉重负担[1]。精神障碍疾病主要表现为认知、情绪调节和行为模式的显著缺陷。由于其高发病率、患病率和死亡率,已成为全球疾病负担增加的关键因素[2]
精神疾病的早期病因尚不明确,但多数学者认为环境和遗传风险因素共同作用,增加了患精神障碍的风险[3]。一系列流行病学研究揭示了妊娠持续时间与胎儿精神障碍疾病之间的紧密关联。一项基于丹麦人群的病例对照研究发现早产是胎儿情感障碍和精神分裂症的危险因素[4]。一项基于大规模人群的队列研究结果显示早产可能会增加学龄前儿童出现注意力缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)症状的风险[5]。值得注意的是,早产是不良脑发育的高风险因素,但研究显示,足月分娩时胎龄缩短也会增加胎儿精神障碍风险。这些发现为深入理解精神疾病的发病机制及预防策略的制定提供了重要线索[6]。此外,先前的研究显示精神疾病与大脑结构异常有关,提示皮质结构功能障碍在其中可能起重要作用[7-8]。早产儿的大脑可能会出现神经发生和髓鞘形成受阻的情况,影响神经信号传递速度和效率[9-10]。大脑由多个网络构成,包括不同的皮层和皮层下区域,通过同步的神经活动相互连接[11]。早产可能改变大脑区域间功能连接。研究显示,早产儿功能网络可能异常,影响信息处理和认知[12]。因此,功能脑网络可能会在妊娠持续时间到精神障碍疾病路径中发挥潜在中介作用。
本研究引入了孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization,MR)分析方法。MR是一种基于遗传变异的因果推断方法,其核心在于借助自然界基因型的随机分配对表型产生的效应,以推导生物学因素对疾病的影响[13]。鉴于该方法能有效规避传统研究途径中的多种问题,为精确判定妊娠时长与胎儿精神障碍疾病间的因果联系,提供了更为坚实且科学的依据。
本研究基于妊娠持续时间、静息状态功能磁共振成像与常见的精神障碍疾病的全基因组关联分析研究(genome-wide association studies,GWAS)汇总数据,通过两步孟德尔随机化分析(two-step Mendelian randomization,TSMR)探索191种脑部静息状态功能磁共振成像在妊娠持续时间到胎儿精神障碍疾病的潜在遗传因果关联路径的潜在中介作用,以期为精神障碍疾病的生命早期病因提供新的思路。
本研究从早期生长遗传学(Early Growth Genetics Consortium,EGG)联盟和综合精神病学研究(Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research study,iPSYCH)获得妊娠持续时间的GWAS汇总数据,该研究包含84 689名欧洲血统个体的遗传变异信息[14]。妊娠持续时间根据婴儿性别进行回归,所得残差分位数被转化为标准正态分布形式,使用线性回归检验与胎儿单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)基因型的相关性。相关信息见表1
本研究的结局包括自闭症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)、ADHD、神经性厌食(anorexia nervosa,AN)、双相情感障碍(bipolar disorder,BD)、抑郁症以及精神分裂症六类精神障碍疾病。精神障碍疾病的诊断主要取决于结构化的临床访谈和标准化的诊断标准,如精神障碍诊断与统计手册-第5版(the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5,DSM-5)等。ASD的汇总数据来源于精神病学基因组学联盟(psychiatric genomics consortium,PGC)于2017年发表的对14项队列的meta分析,涵盖15 954名欧洲血统的参与者,其中病例7 387名[15]。ADHD的汇总数据来源于GWAS目录,样本量225 534,38 691例病例,186 843例对照,来自于欧洲人群[16]。AN的汇总数据来源于Watson HJ等[17]2019年发表的GWAS研究,该研究包含72 517名(16 992例病例,55 525例对照)欧洲血统个体。BD的汇总数据来源于Mullins N等[18]2021年发表的GWAS研究,该研究包含413 466名(41 917例病例,371 549例对照)欧洲血统个体的7 608 183个SNPs。抑郁症的汇总数据来源于Dönertaș HM等[19]2021年发表的GWAS研究,该研究包含484 598名(27 568例病例,457 030例对照)欧洲血统个体。精神分裂症的汇总数据来源于Trubetskoy V等[20]2022年发表的GWAS研究,该研究包含320 404名欧洲血统的个体,其中76 755例病例,243 649例对照。相关信息见表1
本研究选择191种脑部静息状态功能MRI表型作为妊娠持续时间到胎儿精神障碍疾病因果关联中的潜在中介因素。Zhao B等人[21]探讨了英国生物银行(UK Biobank,UKB)的34 691个样本的1 777种内在脑活动表型与9 026 427种常见变异之间的关联。
在进行MR分析时需要满足三个基本假设,即关联性假设、独立性假设和排他性假设,以确保MR分析准确性和可靠性。关联性假设要求所选择的工具变量必须与胎龄性状为强相关;独立性假设要求所选择的工具变量必须与混杂因素无多效性关联;排他性假设要求所选择的工具变量只能通过影响胎龄对精神疾病造成影响[22]。本研究为满足上述假设,设置暴露的工具变量筛选条件为:P<5×10-7R2<0.001,遗传距离范围为1 000kb。此外,为确保筛选所得的工具变量非弱工具变量,本研究对筛选得到的工具变量进行了F统计量的计算,其计算公式具体表述如下:
其中,R2代表暴露GWAS中由SNP解释的变异所占的比例,N代表暴露GWAS的样本量。若F<10,则该工具变量为弱工具变量[23]
本研究在TSMR中使用的模型包括:逆方差加权(IVW)[24]、加权中位数(WM)[25]、MR-Egger[25]方法,本研究将IVW方法的结果作为主要结果。此外,本研究还通过异质性检验来评估异质性,当P>0.05时,表明不存在异质性[26],当存在异质性时,采用随机效应模型评估关联效应;利用MR-Egger截距检验水平水平多效性,若Intercept P>0.05,则表明本研究采用的工具变量不存在水平多效性[27];本研究还采用留一法来评估单个工具变量是否对妊娠持续时间与胎儿精神障碍疾病之间的关联产生影响[28]。若IVW结果经过多重检验校正后,显示出统计学显著性(P≤0.008 3,即0.05/6),并且另外两种模型所得结果的关联方向保持一致,则判定妊娠持续时间与胎儿精神障碍疾病之间存在因果关联。若0.008 3<IVW P≤0.05,则认为妊娠持续时间与胎儿精神障碍疾病之间存在潜在因果关联。上述分析均在R语言(4.3.1版本)中的TwoSampleMR软件包进行。
基于TSMR结果,获得了妊娠持续时间对胎儿精神障碍疾病的总效应(β0)后,利用TSMR来探索每个潜在中介在妊娠持续时间到胎儿精神障碍疾病通路中的中介比例[29]。按照以下标准筛选中介:(1)在TSMR分析中,妊娠持续时间应对候选中介(β1)有因果影响;(2)基于多变量孟德尔随机化(MVMR)分析,中介应该独立于妊娠持续时间对胎儿精神障碍疾病有直接的因果效应。在MVMR中,在PLINK中应用了聚块函数(cluster kb = 500,cluster r2 =0.001)来保证所有工具变量的独立性;(3)总效应(β0)的方向应与中介效应(β1×β2)方向一致[30]。如果候选介质满足上述所有标准,将通过公式(β1×β2)/β0计算中介比例,并假设暴露与中介之间不存在相互作用[30]。上述分析均在R语言(4.3.1版本)中的“MVMR”(0.4)软件包进行,多重检验调整后的P<0.05/(N暴露+N介质)为强证据,0.05/(N暴露+N介质)<P<0.05为提示性证据。
表2所示,按照上述筛选原则,本研究得到6个与妊娠持续时间相关的独立IVs。计算得到的F统计量均大于10,表明本研究使用的IVs均为强IVs,不存在弱IVs偏倚。
图1所示,本研究发现妊娠持续时间与胎儿ASD和AN之间存在潜在的负向因果关联(ASD:IVW OR=0.58,P<0.001;AN:IVW OR=0.78,P<0.001),与胎儿精神分裂症之间存在潜在的负向因果关联(IVW OR=0.84,P=0.009)。
表3所示,5种表型在妊娠持续时间到胎儿ASD的负向遗传因果通路中发挥中介作用,主要影响注意、突出、中央执行和默认模式网络。pheno58、pheno716、pheno1161、pheno1183、pheno1184对应的中介效应分别为-0.29、-0.15、-0.15、-0.16、-0.13,占总效应的23.18%~52.40%。3种表型在妊娠持续时间到胎儿精神分裂症的负向遗传因果通路中发挥中介作用,主要影响默认模式、中央执行、注意和突出网络。pheno956、pheno1161、pheno1183对应的中介效应分别为-0.05、-0.07、-0.05,占总效应的27.72%~42.66%。2种表型在妊娠持续时间到胎儿AN的潜在负向遗传因果通路中发挥中介作用,主要影响默认模式、中央执行和突出网络。pheno956、pheno1184对应的中介效应分别为-0.09和-0.05,分别占总效应的34.79%和19.09%。
图1所示,采用其他两种方法所得结果的方向与上述IVW发现保持一致。如表4所示,异质性检验提示除BD外的其他精神障碍疾病均不存在异质性,故在妊娠持续时间到BD的TSMR分析采用随机效应IVW模型进行分析。MR-Egger回归分析结果显示均不存在水平多效性。留一法分析结果均未发现对因果关联影响较大的SNPs。见图2
在对妊娠持续时间与六种常见胎儿精神障碍疾病之间的遗传关联性分析中,研究观察到妊娠持续时间与精神分裂、AN、ASD之间的提示性遗传相关,并且TSMR结果揭示了6种脑部静息功能MRI表型可以部分介导妊娠持续时间与精神障碍疾病之间的遗传因果关联,为常见精神障碍疾病的潜在致病因素和致病机制提供了新的线索。
虽然目前暂无通过MR探索妊娠持续时间与精神障碍疾病之间的关联研究,但近期,Yao等人[31]的连锁不平衡回归研究对胎龄与成年期常见精神障碍风险之间的遗传相关性进行了深入分析,指出妊娠持续时间与胎儿ADHD之间存在提示性的遗传相关性(rg=-0.140 5,FDR P=0.040 6),但该研究仅提供遗传相关性,不能直接推断因果关系。本研究的结果亦得到了Xia等人[32]在2021年开展的队列研究的进一步支持,该研究揭示了在较长胎龄组中,主要精神障碍疾病的发病率显著降低。这一发现深化了妊娠时间与心理健康关系的理解,并提示妊娠早期风险因素可能对个体发展和整个生命周期的精神健康产生深远影响。此外,多项研究已明确证实,早产是成人精神疾病以及行为问题的重要风险因素[13]。这一发现进一步强调了优化孕期保健、减少早产发生率在维护个体精神健康方面的重要性。
本研究结果证明了妊娠持续时间通过部分大脑网络促进精神障碍疾病发生的联动机制。随着脑神经影像学技术的不断进步和成熟,一些研究者得以深入研究胎儿大脑早期发育的轨迹。基于对妊娠期与精神分裂症关系的深入研究,已确认关键脑区如颞叶和顶叶在认知过程中至关重要,特别是在工作记忆、语言理解和高级认知功能方面[33]。从妊娠初期至婴儿晚期,神经系统的发展经历了神经元迁移、神经胶质细胞增殖、突触形成、树突生长以及髓鞘化等复杂过程。因此,接触非法物质与神经发育之间呈负相关,意味着妊娠期短往往导致大脑成熟度降低和神经发育受阻。一项出生队列研究揭示了早产与皮质-纹状丘脑神经回路特定区域(如胼胝体)白质组织减少之间的紧密联系[34]。该神经回路在功能上与感觉处理、执行功能以及工作记忆等高级认知活动密切相关。这些区域的结构异常与发育不足,已被证实与长期神经精神疾病的发病风险增加有关,精神分裂症即为其典型代表[35]。本研究的TSMR结果表明默认模式网络、突出网络和中央执行网络等网络会部分介导妊娠持续时间到精神障碍疾病的遗传因果关联。这与既往研究结果一致,在ASD患者中,默认模式网络、突出网络和中央执行网络等网络的连接性都出现了紊乱[36]。人的大脑是一个复杂的系统,其中大脑网络之间的功能组织和交流是行为和认知的必要条件[37]。默认模式网络与人脑对情绪的加工、自我内省、情景记忆的提取等功能密切相关[38],中央执行网络负责任务和决策工作,而突出网络主要调节大脑默认模式网络和中央执行网络的内部和外部处理之间的切换[39]。ASD患者中央执行网络内部节点激活的降低和连接的变弱可能导致缺乏计划调节能力、工作记忆存在缺陷、不能抑制优势反应,难以灵活的转换规则,因此,ASD患者常常表现出重复刻板的行为[40]。在精神分裂症受损的认知控制背景下,突显网络以及默认模式网络发挥重要作用,前者以前岛叶和背侧前扣带皮质为基础,在情感和奖励处理区域有突出的皮质下节点,后者以内侧后扣带皮层、腹内侧前额叶皮层、内侧颞叶和角回为基础[41]。有研究发现具有高度精神分裂症的个体在任务控制网络和默认模式网络中表现出增加的结构连接概率;默认模式网络内以及听觉网络和皮层下网络之间功能连接的可变性增加和稳定性降低;减少的静态平均功能连接强度主要与感觉运动网络、默认模式网络和任务控制网络相关[42]
未足月出生的胎儿大脑可能发育不全,存在风险。随着年龄增长,可能面临精神健康问题。妊娠后期三个月大脑发育关键,早产可能导致大脑发育时间不足,此阶段脑容量增长显著。据Clouchoux等人[43]的研究显示,妊娠后期脑体积可增长至原来的四倍,同时伴随着脑表面积显著扩展,形成脑沟和脑回。足月婴儿的内囊前肢、前放射状冠和外囊等区域的白质成熟度高于早产儿。有研究显示,精神分裂症患者认知功能的改变可能与大脑网络组织原则的变动存在关联[44]。具体来说,精神分裂症患者在认知功能上存在异常,如注意力、记忆和执行功能障碍,这可能与大脑网络组织和连接模式改变有关,包括神经回路异常、信息传递效率降低和大脑区域间协调功能受损。
与传统观察性研究相比,MR方法在减少混杂因素和反向因果关系偏差方面可能更具优势,为妊娠持续时间与胎儿精神疾病之间存在因果关系提供了更强的证据。此外,本研究发现大脑功能网络可以介导妊娠持续时间到精神障碍疾病之间的因果关联,为精神障碍疾病提供了潜在的新的非侵入性治疗策略的科学依据。然而,本研究也存在一定的局限性。首先,本研究基于欧洲人群的GWAS数据,结果主要适用于欧洲血统人群。其次,有研究表明,由于性激素水平的变化不同,男性和女性在某些精神障碍上的遗传易感性存在差异,但由于缺乏性别分层的数据,本研究仅能对妊娠持续时间与胎儿精神障碍疾病之间的初步因果关系进行推断。最后,尽管本研究的MR分析已经确定了网络连接改变能部分介导妊娠持续时间和胎儿精神疾病之间的潜在因果关系,但这些结果大部分是基于统计推断,需通过临床纵向研究进一步验证。尽管存在这些局限,本研究可能是首个探讨脑部静息功能MRI性状作为妊娠持续时间与精神障碍疾病潜在中介的研究,揭示了脑功能网络在妊娠持续时间与精神疾病之间的联动机制。
综上所诉,本研究通过两样本MR发现妊娠持续时间是精神分裂、神经性厌食症、ASD的遗传风险因素。此外,本研究通过TSMR发现妊娠持续时间通过默认模式、中央执行、突出网络等大脑网络促进精神障碍疾病发生的联动机制。这一发现提示,母亲在怀孕期间的营养状况和饮食搭配对于胎儿的长期健康具有深远的影响,合理的营养摄入和科学的饮食结构不仅有助于胎儿的正常发育,还能在一定程度上降低孩子未来患上精神障碍的风险。未来需要更多的研究来探索这种关联的生物机制,以便更全面的理解这种关联,从而为预防和干预精神障碍提供更为科学的依据和方法。
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412444
  • 接收时间:2024-12-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-25
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    四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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