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Article(id=1241102816043913417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404427, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713888000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773831569920, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773831569920, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773831569920, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831569920, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241102813938380911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='16', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3072', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773831569418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831807198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241103811318706322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241103811318706323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2953, endPage=2959, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241102816387846357, articleId=1241102816043913417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of myopia and its related factors among middle school students in Heilongjiang, 2022, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the myopia of middle school students in Heilongjiang Province in 2022, and to provide scientific basis for the development of myopia prevention strategies and measures.

Methods

99 114 middle school students in Heilongjiang Province in 2022 were selected to carry out a special survey on health risk behaviors. Their visual acuity and diopter were examined by using a 5-meter standard logarithmic visual acuity chart and desktop optometer. Binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors affecting myopia of students.

Results

The total myopia rate of middle school students was 72.44%, including 70.50% junior high school students, 76.91% senior high school students and 64.47% vocational high school students. The myopia rate of students in urban area was higher than that in suburban county. The myopia rate of girls was higher than that of boys. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that: female students (OR=1.38, 95%CI: 1.35-1.43), frequently or always switching seats(OR=1.20, 95%CI: 1.15-1.25), spending more than 2 hours reading and writing after school every day(OR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.07-1.14), spending more than 2 hours a week attending cultural tutoring classes(OR=1.07, 95%CI: 1.03-1.11), parents often or always reminding them to pay attention to their reading and writing posture(OR=1.14, 95%CI: 1.10-1.19), and spending more time using the computer every day(h)≥ 2(OR =1.19, 95%CI: 1.24-1.45), using of mobile electronic devices in the past week(OR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.06-1.16), how often close range eye rest occurs(h)≥ 1(OR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.08-1.15), average daily indoor sitting time(h)≥ 8(OR=1.15, 95%CI: 1.12-1.19) are risk factors for myopia; Suburban counties(OR=0.95, 95%CI: 0.92-0.98), frequently adjusting the height of desks and chairs according to one’s own height(OR=0.94, 95%CI: 0.91-0.97), engaging in outdoor activities during breaks(OR=0.91, 95%CI: 0.89-0.94), having eyes more than 33 cm away from books while reading and writing(OR=0.84, 95%CI: 0.81-0.88), watching TV for≥2(OR=0.84, 95%CI: 0.80-0.88), and having outdoor activity time during the day(h)≥ 2(OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.90-0.97), average daily sleep time(h)≥ 8(OR =0.80, 95%CI: 0.78-0.83) are protective factors for myopia.

Conclusion

Myopia is related to various factors such as residential area, gender, lifestyle, and behavioral habits.

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目的

分析2022年黑龙江省中学生近视情况，为制定学生近视防治策略和措施提供科学依据。

方法

选取2022年黑龙江省中学生99 114人开展健康危险行为专项调查，使用5米标准对数视力表和台式电脑验光仪进行视力检查和屈光度检测。使用二分类logistic回归对学生近视的影响因素进行分析。

结果

中学生总体近视率为72.44%，其中初中生70.50%，高中生76.91%，职高64.47%。城区学生近视率高于郊县；女生近视率高于男生。二分类logistic回归分析显示：女生（OR=1.38，95%CI:1.35～1.43)、经常或总是调换座位（OR=1.20，95%CI:1.15～1.25）、每天放学后读书写字时长（h）≥2（OR=1.11，95%CI:1.07～1.14）、一周参加文化类补习班时长（h）≥2（OR=1.07，95%CI:1.03～1.11）、父母经常或总是提醒注意读写姿势（OR=1.14，95%CI:1.10～1.19）、每天用电脑时间（h）≥2（OR=1.19，95%CI:1.24～1.45）、过去一周使用移动电子设备（OR=1.11，95%CI:1.06～1.16）、近距离用眼多长时间休息一次眼睛（h）≥1（OR=1.11，95%CI:1.08～1.15）、平均每天室内静坐时间（h）≥8（OR=1.15，95%CI:1.12～1.19）是近视的危险性因素；郊县（OR=0.95，95%CI:0.92～0.98)、经常根据自身身高调整课桌椅高度（OR=0.94，95%CI:0.91～0.97）、课间在户外活动（OR=0.91，95%CI:0.89～0.94）、读写时眼睛距离书本超过33 cm（OR=0.84，95%CI:0.81～0.88）、每天看电视时长（h）≥2（OR=0.84，95%CI:0.80～0.88）、每天白天户外活动时间（h）≥2（OR=0.93，95%CI:0.90～0.97）、平均每天睡眠时间（h）≥8（OR=0.80，95%CI:0.78～0.83）为近视的保护性因素。

结论

近视与居住地区、性别、生活方式、行为习惯等多种因素有关。

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高飞，E-mail：
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=JIHNKCy9i5wunvi3OcU3cA==, magXml=TUDGDPs5PmVA01gdMje6Ow==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=YngVNbT/YaidCcLHEzwUdg==, pdfFileSize=677149, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=5q6LI7NfXwk+j6shig834Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李敬晶（1986—），女，本科，主管医师，研究方向：黑龙江省中小学近视现状与对策研究

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李敬晶（1986—），女，本科，主管医师，研究方向：黑龙江省中小学近视现状与对策研究

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李敬晶（1986—），女，本科，主管医师，研究方向：黑龙江省中小学近视现状与对策研究

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Disease Surveillance, 2022, 37(7): 977-982., articleTitle=Prevalence of myopia in primary and secondary school students in Baotou,2020, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241102824386384470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, awardId=20221212031191, language=CN, fundingSource=黑龙江省卫生健康委科研课题(20221212031191), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241102817075712225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102817084100834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, companyId=1241102817075712225, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Heilongjiang Center for Disease Control and prevention, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102817088295139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, companyId=1241102817075712225, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心，黑龙江 哈尔滨 150030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241102818434666728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102818443055336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, companyId=1241102818434666728, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.齐齐哈尔市疾病预防控制中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241102823300059633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Distribution of Myopia Rate among Middle School Students in Heilongjiang Province in 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别分类调查学生数近视人数近视率（%）
区县城区49 77436 43573.20
郊县49 34035 36071.67
年级初中59 94642 26270.50
高中34 42026 47276.91
职高4 7483 06164.47
性别男50 13434 48368.78
女48 98037 31276.18
合计99 11471 79572.44
), ArticleFig(id=1241102823383945723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2022年黑龙江省中学生近视率分布情况表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别分类调查学生数近视人数近视率（%）
区县城区49 77436 43573.20
郊县49 34035 36071.67
年级初中59 94642 26270.50
高中34 42026 47276.91
职高4 7483 06164.47
性别男50 13434 48368.78
女48 98037 31276.18
合计99 11471 79572.44
), ArticleFig(id=1241102823484609027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Myopia rate of middle school students of different genders inHeilongjiang Province in 2022 (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年级男生女生χ2值P值
调查人数近视人数调查人数近视人数
初中30 58220 419（66.77）29 36421 843（74.39）418.1220.000
高中16 60112 209（73.54）17 81914 263（80.04）204.4620.000
职高2 9511 855（62.86）1 7971 206（67.11）8.8140.003
合计50 13434 48348 98037 312678.8350.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241102823585272332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2022年黑龙江省不同性别中学生近视率（%）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年级男生女生χ2值P值
调查人数近视人数调查人数近视人数
初中30 58220 419（66.77）29 36421 843（74.39）418.1220.000
高中16 60112 209（73.54）17 81914 263（80.04）204.4620.000
职高2 9511 855（62.86）1 7971 206（67.11）8.8140.003
合计50 13434 48348 98037 312678.8350.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241102823669158421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Myopia rate of middle school students in urban and suburban areas ofHeilongjiang Province in 2022 (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年级城区郊县χ2值P值
调查人数近视人数调查人数近视人数
初中26 90619 380(72.03）33 04022 882(69.26)54.8340.000
高中18 12013 994(77.23)16 30012 478(76.55)2.2170.136
职高4 7483 061(64.47)00(0.00)0.0000.000
合计49 77436 43549 34035 36029.2360.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241102823794987551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2022年黑龙江省城区和郊区中学生近视率（%）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年级城区郊县χ2值P值
调查人数近视人数调查人数近视人数
初中26 90619 380(72.03）33 04022 882(69.26)54.8340.000
高中18 12013 994(77.23)16 30012 478(76.55)2.2170.136
职高4 7483 061(64.47)00(0.00)0.0000.000
合计49 77436 43549 34035 36029.2360.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241102823866290728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Logistic regression coding and assignment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码变量赋值
Y近视情况近视=1;非近视=0
X1地区城区=1;郊县=2
X2性别男=1;女=2
X3课桌椅高度调整次数从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
X4课间活动场地教学楼内=1;户外=2
X5每天放学后读书写字时长（h）<2=1;≥2=2
X6一周参加文化类补习班时长（h）<2=1;≥2=2
X7读写时眼睛距离书本超过33cm从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
X8父母是否提醒你注意读写姿势从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
X9每天用电脑的时间（h）<2=1;≥2=2
X10每天看电视时长（h）<2=1;≥2=2
X11过去一周是否使用移动电子设备否=1；是=2
X12近距离用眼时多长时间休息一次眼睛（h）<1=1;≥1=2
X13平均每天白天户外活动时间（h）<2=1;≥2=2
X14平均每天睡眠时间（h）<8=1;≥8=2
X15平均每天在室内静坐的时间（h）<8=1;≥8=2
X16每天眼保健操次数<2=1;≥2=2
X17参加课外补习班年龄（岁）<6=1;≥6或没有参加过=2
X18读写时胸口离桌子边沿超过一拳从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
X19老师是否提醒你注意读写姿势从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
X20阳光直射下看书或电子屏幕从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
X21躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
X22走路或乘车时看书或电子屏幕从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
), ArticleFig(id=1241102823962759725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Logistic回归编码及赋值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码变量赋值
Y近视情况近视=1;非近视=0
X1地区城区=1;郊县=2
X2性别男=1;女=2
X3课桌椅高度调整次数从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
X4课间活动场地教学楼内=1;户外=2
X5每天放学后读书写字时长（h）<2=1;≥2=2
X6一周参加文化类补习班时长（h）<2=1;≥2=2
X7读写时眼睛距离书本超过33cm从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
X8父母是否提醒你注意读写姿势从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
X9每天用电脑的时间（h）<2=1;≥2=2
X10每天看电视时长（h）<2=1;≥2=2
X11过去一周是否使用移动电子设备否=1；是=2
X12近距离用眼时多长时间休息一次眼睛（h）<1=1;≥1=2
X13平均每天白天户外活动时间（h）<2=1;≥2=2
X14平均每天睡眠时间（h）<8=1;≥8=2
X15平均每天在室内静坐的时间（h）<8=1;≥8=2
X16每天眼保健操次数<2=1;≥2=2
X17参加课外补习班年龄（岁）<6=1;≥6或没有参加过=2
X18读写时胸口离桌子边沿超过一拳从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
X19老师是否提醒你注意读写姿势从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
X20阳光直射下看书或电子屏幕从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
X21躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
X22走路或乘车时看书或电子屏幕从不或偶尔=1;经常或总是=2
), ArticleFig(id=1241102824105366075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of factors affecting myopia among middle school students inHeilongjiang Province in 2022 (n=99 114)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素β标准误差Wald自由度P值OR值（95%CI）
地区
城区------
郊县0.050.0213.2510.000.95（0.92～0.98）
性别
男------
女0.330.02496.3810.001.39（1.35～1.43）
座位调换次数
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是0.180.0275.4110.001.20（1.15～1.25）
课桌椅高度调整次数
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是0.070.0216.9810.000.94（0.91～0.97）
课间活动场地
教学楼内------
户外0.090.0234.2510.000.91（0.89～0.94）
每天放学后读书写字时长（h）
<2------
≥20.100.0241.5210.001.11（1.07～1.14）
一周参加文化类补习班时长（h）
<2------
≥20.070.0213.7810.001.07（1.03～1.11）
读写时眼睛距离书本超过33 cm
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是-0.170.0258.5010.000.84（0.81～0.88）
父母是否提醒注意读写姿势
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是0.130.0240.9210.001.14（1.10～1.19）
每天用电脑时间（h）
<2------
≥20.180.0271.8010.001.19（1.46～1.24）
每天看电视时长（h）
<2------
≥2-0.180.0258.8410.000.84（0.80～0.88）
过去一周是否使用移动电子设备
否------
是0.110.0221.6310.001.11（1.06～1.16）
近距离用眼多长时间休息一次眼睛（h）
<1------
≥10.110.0241.6310.001.11（1.08～1.15）
平均每天白天户外活动时间（h）
<2------
≥2-0.070.0214.0610.000.93（0.90～0.97）
平均每天睡眠时间（h）
<8------
≥8-0.220.02189.2510.000.80（0.78～0.83）
平均每天室内静坐时间（h）
<8------
≥80.140.0282.3210.001.15（1.12～1.19）
每天眼保健操次数
<2------
≥2-0.010.020.4310.510.99（0.96～1.02）
参加课外补习班年龄（岁）
<6------
≥6或没有参加过0.000.030.0110.921.00（0.95～1.06）
读写时胸口离桌子边沿超过一拳
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是0.010.020.3810.541.01（0.97～1.06）
老师是否提醒注意读写姿势
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是-0.030.022.5810.110.97（0.93～1.01）
阳光直射下看书或电子屏幕
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是0.000.040.0011.001.00（0.93～1.07）
躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是0.040.022.970.091.04（0.99～1.09）
走路或乘车看书或电子屏幕
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是-0.030.040.8310.360.97（0.90～1.04）
), ArticleFig(id=1241102824227000904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102816043913417, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2022年黑龙江省中学生近视影响因素的logistic回归分析(n=99 114)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素β标准误差Wald自由度P值OR值（95%CI）
地区
城区------
郊县0.050.0213.2510.000.95（0.92～0.98）
性别
男------
女0.330.02496.3810.001.39（1.35～1.43）
座位调换次数
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是0.180.0275.4110.001.20（1.15～1.25）
课桌椅高度调整次数
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是0.070.0216.9810.000.94（0.91～0.97）
课间活动场地
教学楼内------
户外0.090.0234.2510.000.91（0.89～0.94）
每天放学后读书写字时长（h）
<2------
≥20.100.0241.5210.001.11（1.07～1.14）
一周参加文化类补习班时长（h）
<2------
≥20.070.0213.7810.001.07（1.03～1.11）
读写时眼睛距离书本超过33 cm
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是-0.170.0258.5010.000.84（0.81～0.88）
父母是否提醒注意读写姿势
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是0.130.0240.9210.001.14（1.10～1.19）
每天用电脑时间（h）
<2------
≥20.180.0271.8010.001.19（1.46～1.24）
每天看电视时长（h）
<2------
≥2-0.180.0258.8410.000.84（0.80～0.88）
过去一周是否使用移动电子设备
否------
是0.110.0221.6310.001.11（1.06～1.16）
近距离用眼多长时间休息一次眼睛（h）
<1------
≥10.110.0241.6310.001.11（1.08～1.15）
平均每天白天户外活动时间（h）
<2------
≥2-0.070.0214.0610.000.93（0.90～0.97）
平均每天睡眠时间（h）
<8------
≥8-0.220.02189.2510.000.80（0.78～0.83）
平均每天室内静坐时间（h）
<8------
≥80.140.0282.3210.001.15（1.12～1.19）
每天眼保健操次数
<2------
≥2-0.010.020.4310.510.99（0.96～1.02）
参加课外补习班年龄（岁）
<6------
≥6或没有参加过0.000.030.0110.921.00（0.95～1.06）
读写时胸口离桌子边沿超过一拳
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是0.010.020.3810.541.01（0.97～1.06）
老师是否提醒注意读写姿势
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是-0.030.022.5810.110.97（0.93～1.01）
阳光直射下看书或电子屏幕
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是0.000.040.0011.001.00（0.93～1.07）
躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是0.040.022.970.091.04（0.99～1.09）
走路或乘车看书或电子屏幕
从不或偶尔------
经常或总是-0.030.040.8310.360.97（0.90～1.04）
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2022年黑龙江省中学生近视现状及相关影响因素分析
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李敬晶 1 , 高飞 1 , 张剑峰 1 , 田田 2 , 刘忠卫 1 , 王海娟 1 , 彭博 1 , 李亮亮 1
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024,51(16): 2953-2959
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024, 51(16): 2953-2959
2022年黑龙江省中学生近视现状及相关影响因素分析
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李敬晶1, 高飞1 , 张剑峰1, 田田2, 刘忠卫1, 王海娟1, 彭博1, 李亮亮1
作者信息
  • 1.黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心，黑龙江 哈尔滨 150030
  • 2.齐齐哈尔市疾病预防控制中心

    • 李敬晶（1986—），女，本科，主管医师，研究方向：黑龙江省中小学近视现状与对策研究

通讯作者:

高飞，E-mail：
Analysis of myopia and its related factors among middle school students in Heilongjiang, 2022
Jing-jing LI1, Fei GAO1 , Jian-feng ZHANG1, Tian TIAN2, Zhong-wei LIU1, Hai-juan WANG1, Bo PENG1, Liang-liang LI1
Affiliations
  • Heilongjiang Center for Disease Control and prevention, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150030, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404427
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摘要
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目的

分析2022年黑龙江省中学生近视情况，为制定学生近视防治策略和措施提供科学依据。

方法

选取2022年黑龙江省中学生99 114人开展健康危险行为专项调查，使用5米标准对数视力表和台式电脑验光仪进行视力检查和屈光度检测。使用二分类logistic回归对学生近视的影响因素进行分析。

结果

中学生总体近视率为72.44%，其中初中生70.50%，高中生76.91%，职高64.47%。城区学生近视率高于郊县；女生近视率高于男生。二分类logistic回归分析显示：女生（OR=1.38，95%CI:1.35～1.43)、经常或总是调换座位（OR=1.20，95%CI:1.15～1.25）、每天放学后读书写字时长（h）≥2（OR=1.11，95%CI:1.07～1.14）、一周参加文化类补习班时长（h）≥2（OR=1.07，95%CI:1.03～1.11）、父母经常或总是提醒注意读写姿势（OR=1.14，95%CI:1.10～1.19）、每天用电脑时间（h）≥2（OR=1.19，95%CI:1.24～1.45）、过去一周使用移动电子设备（OR=1.11，95%CI:1.06～1.16）、近距离用眼多长时间休息一次眼睛（h）≥1（OR=1.11，95%CI:1.08～1.15）、平均每天室内静坐时间（h）≥8（OR=1.15，95%CI:1.12～1.19）是近视的危险性因素；郊县（OR=0.95，95%CI:0.92～0.98)、经常根据自身身高调整课桌椅高度（OR=0.94，95%CI:0.91～0.97）、课间在户外活动（OR=0.91，95%CI:0.89～0.94）、读写时眼睛距离书本超过33 cm（OR=0.84，95%CI:0.81～0.88）、每天看电视时长（h）≥2（OR=0.84，95%CI:0.80～0.88）、每天白天户外活动时间（h）≥2（OR=0.93，95%CI:0.90～0.97）、平均每天睡眠时间（h）≥8（OR=0.80，95%CI:0.78～0.83）为近视的保护性因素。

结论

近视与居住地区、性别、生活方式、行为习惯等多种因素有关。

近视  /  中学生  /  影响因素  /  黑龙江
Objective

To analyze the myopia of middle school students in Heilongjiang Province in 2022, and to provide scientific basis for the development of myopia prevention strategies and measures.

Methods

99 114 middle school students in Heilongjiang Province in 2022 were selected to carry out a special survey on health risk behaviors. Their visual acuity and diopter were examined by using a 5-meter standard logarithmic visual acuity chart and desktop optometer. Binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors affecting myopia of students.

Results

The total myopia rate of middle school students was 72.44%, including 70.50% junior high school students, 76.91% senior high school students and 64.47% vocational high school students. The myopia rate of students in urban area was higher than that in suburban county. The myopia rate of girls was higher than that of boys. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that: female students (OR=1.38, 95%CI: 1.35-1.43), frequently or always switching seats(OR=1.20, 95%CI: 1.15-1.25), spending more than 2 hours reading and writing after school every day(OR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.07-1.14), spending more than 2 hours a week attending cultural tutoring classes(OR=1.07, 95%CI: 1.03-1.11), parents often or always reminding them to pay attention to their reading and writing posture(OR=1.14, 95%CI: 1.10-1.19), and spending more time using the computer every day(h)≥ 2(OR =1.19, 95%CI: 1.24-1.45), using of mobile electronic devices in the past week(OR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.06-1.16), how often close range eye rest occurs(h)≥ 1(OR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.08-1.15), average daily indoor sitting time(h)≥ 8(OR=1.15, 95%CI: 1.12-1.19) are risk factors for myopia; Suburban counties(OR=0.95, 95%CI: 0.92-0.98), frequently adjusting the height of desks and chairs according to one’s own height(OR=0.94, 95%CI: 0.91-0.97), engaging in outdoor activities during breaks(OR=0.91, 95%CI: 0.89-0.94), having eyes more than 33 cm away from books while reading and writing(OR=0.84, 95%CI: 0.81-0.88), watching TV for≥2(OR=0.84, 95%CI: 0.80-0.88), and having outdoor activity time during the day(h)≥ 2(OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.90-0.97), average daily sleep time(h)≥ 8(OR =0.80, 95%CI: 0.78-0.83) are protective factors for myopia.

Conclusion

Myopia is related to various factors such as residential area, gender, lifestyle, and behavioral habits.

Myopia  /  Middle school students  /  Influencing factors  /  Heilongjiang
李敬晶, 高飞, 张剑峰, 田田, 刘忠卫, 王海娟, 彭博, 李亮亮. 2022年黑龙江省中学生近视现状及相关影响因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (16) : 2953 -2959 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404427
Jing-jing LI, Fei GAO, Jian-feng ZHANG, Tian TIAN, Zhong-wei LIU, Hai-juan WANG, Bo PENG, Liang-liang LI. Analysis of myopia and its related factors among middle school students in Heilongjiang, 2022[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (16) : 2953 -2959 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404427
正文
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近视是全球范围内的一个严重的公共健康问题[1],有研究表明，东亚国家的近视率高于欧洲国家[2]。目前近视已经成为我国学生发病率最高的常见病之一[3]。国家卫生健康委员会数据显示，2020年我国儿童青少年总体近视率为52.7%；其中初中生为71.1%，高中生为80.5%[4]。越来越多的研究证据表明环境因素、行为因素对近视具有决定作用[5-7]。本研究旨在分析2022年黑龙江省中学生近视现状及其相关影响因素，为近视防控工作提供有针对性的干预方案。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　对象
整群随机抽取黑龙江省初中、高中、职高学生，参与问卷调查前需签署知情同意书；2022年7月黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心医学伦理委员会对中学生近视与对策研究相关内容开展伦理审查，审查批准号：黑CDC2022-03。
1.2　方法
1.2.1　抽样方法
采用分层随机整群抽样的方法，按照初中、高中、职高进行分层，全省13个地市，125个区县，每个地市城区随机抽取2所初中、2所高中、1所职高；每个县随机抽取2所初中和1所高中，共抽取417所学校。抽取初中、高中和职高各年级，每个年级随机抽取2个及以上班级，被抽取班级全体学生参加监测，确保每个年级至少80人，每所初中、高中和职高至少抽取240名学生匿名自填问卷调查。
1.2.2　调查方法
调查分为学生视力检查和问卷调查两部分。其中视力检查包括远视力检查和屈光度检查。远视力检查按照“儿童青少年近视筛查规范”统一使用5 m标准对数视力表，屈光度检查统一采用台式自动电脑验光仪，实行专人专项检查。问卷调查部分以电子系统问卷的形式对学生近视相关影响因素进行调查，问卷来源于全国学生常见病与影响因素监测项目中学生健康状况及影响因素调查表，调查内容包括视屏时间、近距离用眼习惯、课间休息习惯、读写及站立姿势、课外补习时长和内容、睡眠时间、户外活动时间等个人行为因素，以及座位调换、课桌椅调试、学校和家庭用眼环境、校内眼保健操频次等环境因素。教育部门负责将“学生近视相关影响因素调查表”填写教程视频发送至每位学生（或家长），组织学生（或家长）统一观看教程视频并填写“学生近视相关影响因素调查表”。
1.2.3　判定标准
近视率根据“儿童青少年近视筛查规范”，近视判定标准为裸眼视力<5.0且非睫状肌麻痹下电脑验光等效球镜度数<-0.50 D，凡单眼判定为近视者即计入近视人数；同时，确认为佩戴角膜塑形镜的受检者计入近视人数。近视率计算公式如下:近视率=(根据标准判定为近视的人数+角膜塑形镜佩戴者人数)/调查人数×100%。
1.2.4　统计分析
采用EpiDate 3.1软件进行数据录入工作，使用SPSS 23.0软件进行数据描述和统计分析,首先对数据进行描述性分析，其次使用二分类logistic回归分析判断不同变量类别差异性，检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　基本情况
本次研究共调查学生99 114人，近视率为72.44%。按调查城郊划分：城区学生49 774人，郊县学生49 340人，城区近视率高于郊县；按学段划分：初中生59 946人，高中生34 420人，职高生4 748人，随着年级的增加，近视率呈现逐渐增加的趋势，初中到高中学生近视率不断升高，职高近视率相对高中偏低；按性别划分：男生50 134人，女生48 980人，女生近视率高于男生，见表1。
2.2　不同学段男女近视检出情况
初中、高中、职高女学生近视率均高于男性（P<0.005)。见表2。
2.3　不同学段城乡近视检出情况
初中城区学生近视率均高于郊县（P<0.001)。高中城区与郊县学生近视率差异无统计学意义（P＝0.136）见表3。
2.4　近视的影响因素
分析以近视为因变量，将性别、城乡、睡眠时间、课后作业时间、课桌椅是否随身高调整等为自变量进行logistic回归分析，见表4。结果显示:女生、经常或总是调换座位、每天放学后读书写字时长（h）≥2、一周参加文化类补习班时长（h）≥2、父母经常或总是提醒注意读写姿势、每天用电脑时间（h）≥2、过去一周使用移动电子设备、近距离用眼时多长时间休息一次眼睛（h）≥1、平均每天室内静坐时间（h）≥8是近视的危险性因素；地区为郊县、经常根据自身身高调整课桌椅高度、课间在户外活动、读写时眼睛距离书本超过33 cm、每天看电视时长（h）≥2、平均每天白天户外活动时间（h）≥2、平均每天睡眠时间（h）≥8为近视的保护性因素。见表5。
3　讨论
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2022年黑龙江省中学生总体近视率72.44%，其中初中生70.50%，高中生76.91%，职高64.47%，略低于2020年全国初中生为71.1%，高中生为80.5%，低于陕西省、四川省、内蒙古自治区[8-10]，可能与黑龙江省经济水平、城市化水平较低有关。
女生近视率高于男生，提示性别为女生是中学生近视的危险因素。可能的原因为女生比男生学习用功，长时间用眼，眼肌得不到有效调节，更容易发生近视；也可能大多数的男生喜欢户外活动，户外活动是近视的保护性因素，户外活动时间越长近视的风险就越低[11-12]。
城区近视率高于郊县，可能原因是城区学生课业负担相对较重[13]；也可能与城区学生过早使用电子产品等有关[14]。随着年级的增加，高中城郊学生课业负担趋于一致，户外运动和体育锻炼都减少，所以近视率卡方检验后差异没有统计学意义。
课桌椅高度经常或总是调整、读写时眼睛距离书本超过33 cm、课间活动场地在户外、每天白天户外活动时间（h）≥2是近视的保护因素。大多数研究者认为，教学环境是一个影响近视的重要因素[15]。不良用眼距离和不良读写姿势，会导致眼肌持续紧张和眼压升高，从而诱发近视,与相关研究结果一致[16-18]。
每天睡眠时间（h）≥8是近视的保护因素。睡眠是消除疲劳的最佳方式，充足的睡眠能够让睫状肌休息并恢复弹性，从而预防近视发病或延缓近视进展[19]。有研究表明，平均每天睡眠（h）≥9对学生视力起到保护作用[20]；每天睡眠8～9 h、9～10 h的学生相较于睡眠时间<8 h的学生发生近视的风险低[21]，与本研究结果一致。每天看电视时长（h）≥2是近视的保护因素，可能看电视时间增加的同时减少学生使用电脑等电子设备的频率，是近视率较低的原因；也可能看电视并不是影响学生的视力主要因素，与黄志浩等[22]研究结果一致。
经常或总是调换座位是近视的危险因素，可能由于并不是近视程度真正的危险因素，也可能与总是调换座位不科学等有关，值得进一步探索和研究。父母经常或总是提醒注意读写姿势是危险因素，可能是因为父母对已经发生近视的学生更注意读写姿势的提醒有关。
每天放学后读书写字时长（h）≥2、一周参加文化类补习班时长（h）≥2、平均每天室内静坐时间（h）≥8、每天用电脑时间（h）≥2、近距离用眼时休息一次眼睛时间（h）≥1、过去一周使用移动电子设备是学生近视的危险因素。有研究表明，每日作业时间是近视患病的影响因素[23],电子设备使用率高以及不正确使用电子产品造成近视率增高[24],也与近距离用眼时间过长有关。
每天眼保健操次数、参加课外补习班年龄、读写时胸口离桌子边沿超过一拳、老师是否提醒你注意读写姿势、阳光直射下看书或电子屏幕、躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕、走路或乘车时看书或电子屏幕、等不是近视发生的危险因素（P>0.05），可能是由于调查的中生学业紧张，学习时间较长，近视的主要影响因素有所改变。本研究是一次横断面调查，不能反映近视的动态变化趋势，问卷填写过程中可能存在回忆不清等情况，因而导致回顾性偏倚的发生。
综上所述，减轻学生课业负担，加强户外活动和增加睡眠时间，既可以缓解视力疲劳又可以减少使用电子产品时间；改善教学环境，更换可调节学生座椅，养成良好的读写习惯等都是预防学生近视的有效措施。学生近视防控需要社会、学校、家庭和个人的综合干预，使调查问卷获得的技术结果转化为应用，以研究结果为导向，普及近视防控知识，切实有效的对近视进行干预，从源头控制近视的发生和发展。
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  • 黑龙江省卫生健康委科研课题(20221212031191)
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2024年第51卷第16期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404427
  • 接收时间：2024-04-24
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-04-24
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黑龙江省卫生健康委科研课题(20221212031191)
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    1.黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心，黑龙江 哈尔滨 150030
    2.齐齐哈尔市疾病预防控制中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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