Article(id=1240375105893748822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375105386238038, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311505, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701100800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773658070300, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773658070300, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773658070300, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658070300, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240375105386238038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='6', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773658070179, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658539618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240377074414833974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375105386238038, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240377074414833975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375105386238038, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1112, endPage=1117, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240375106145407064, articleId=1240375105893748822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analyses and suggestions based on the sampling inspection data of non-entry food published by the General Administration of Customs, 2019-2022, columnId=1228016571713520579, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Supervison, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To discuss the risk factors of imported food through the multi-dimensional comparative analysis of the food information published by the General Administration of Customs and to provide data reference for supervisors, and to improve the supervision of imported food.

Methods

This paper mainly collected and summarized the 48 periods of non-permitted entry food data released by the Import and Export Food Safety Bureau of the General Administration of Customs during 2019-2022 and made a comparative analysis of the sources of non-permitted entry food, food production enterprises, product types, non-permitted entry facts and other dimensions.

Results

From 2019-2022, there were a total of 9 506 batches of food that were not allowed to enter the country, and the food that was not allowed to enter the country came from 112 countries and regions, with the highest proportion of food batches from Japan. The food came from 3 941 production enterprises, where11 countries or regions holding non-permitted entry food production enterprises, accounting for more than 50% of the total number of enterprises. According to the HS code, there were six categories and 21 chapters of non-permitted entry products, and the main non-permitted entry foods were HS03, 21, 19 and 22 products, more than 60% of the total unqualified. According to the analysis of the causes of nonconformity, there were 15 kinds, and the top 6 nonconformity causes accounted for 86% of the total nonconformity batches. There was a total of 268 types of unqualified items related to quality and safety, totaling 3 469 items.

Conclusion

The overall number of batches of unauthorized imported food during the period of 2019-2022 is a rising and then falling trend, and the unauthorized imported food is more concentrated in the countries of origin, manufacturers, categories of unauthorized food, reasons for failure, and quality-related unqualified items. The multi-dimensional comparative analysis provides data reference for regulators and consumers and helps the government to improve the regulation of imported food.

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目的

通过对海关总署公布的未准入境的食品信息进行多维度对比分析,探讨进口食品的风险因素,为监管人员提升进口食品监管提供数据参考。

方法

本文主要对海关总署进出口食品安全局在2019—2022年期间公布的48期未准入境食品数据进行收集、汇总,从未准入境食品的来源地区、食品生产企业、产品种类、未准入境事实等多维度进行对比分析。

结果

2019—2022年总共有未准入境食品9 506批次,未准入境食品来源于112个国家和地区,来自日本的未准入境食品批次占比最高。共来自3 941家生产企业,未准入境食品生产企业数超过100家的国家或地区有11个,占总企业数的50%以上。按照HS编码,未准入境产品共有六类21章,主要是HS03、21、19和22产品,超过总不合格的60%。按照不合格原因分析,共有15种,排在前6的不合格原因占总不合格批次比重达到86%。涉及品质安全相关的不合格项目共268种,3 469项次。

结论

2019—2022年期间未准入境食品批次数整体是先上升再下降的趋势,未准入境食品的来源国家、生产企业、未准食品类别、不合格原因和品质相关的不合格项目较集中。多维度对比分析,为监管人员和消费者提供数据参考,为政府提升进口食品监管提供帮助。

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巨玉佳,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9buA0Kcp7AmKatRTW0bPdg==, magXml=XgrjUXkAdM/TmpXAOYxyGA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=uv9fSv8ZunMpx6s6AxvsQg==, pdfFileSize=741891, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=6NC/CqIlRm14GNhpYnMLdQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=cjLBkZL/+v4SGkEDXIDyGQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

林燕奎(1973—),男,本科,主任技师,研究方向:食品安全检测与实验室管理研究

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林燕奎(1973—),男,本科,主任技师,研究方向:食品安全检测与实验室管理研究

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林燕奎(1973—),男,本科,主任技师,研究方向:食品安全检测与实验室管理研究

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Chinese Journal of Veterinary Drug, 2022, 56(5): 69-79., articleTitle=A review of the development of residue detection for ractopamine in animal products, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240746309699817734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, awardId=2019YFC160540502, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC160540502), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240746304696013704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240746304712790922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, companyId=1240746304696013704, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Food Inspection and Quarantine Technical Center, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240746304716985227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, companyId=1240746304696013704, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.深圳海关食品检验检疫技术中心,广东 深圳 518054)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240746304834425743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240746304847008658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, companyId=1240746304834425743, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国计量科学研究院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240746308353446067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Import of non-entry food from 2019 to 2022, figureFileSmall=HozTZ7XpxJkVNTlb4da51g==, figureFileBig=tobzuMFT7BFC2FLvnXQfrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240746308437332155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2019—2022年未准入境食品批次, figureFileSmall=HozTZ7XpxJkVNTlb4da51g==, figureFileBig=tobzuMFT7BFC2FLvnXQfrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240746308550578372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Situation of non-entry food production enterprises from 2019 to 2022, figureFileSmall=SmjXUXQljJh02R0m5ptMLQ==, figureFileBig=e92uJriqhIuU52YphiMYsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240746308642853066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2019—2022年未准入境食品生产企业情况, figureFileSmall=SmjXUXQljJh02R0m5ptMLQ==, figureFileBig=e92uJriqhIuU52YphiMYsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240746308739322064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Countries and regions of origin of non-entry food from 2019 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产地2019年2020年2021年2022年合计(未准入境)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
日本27115.1221010.6136412.5831911.231 16412.24
越南1437.9823111.672087.1937713.2795910.09
中国台湾1448.041055.302408.302649.297537.92
美国1206.70954.801705.881876.585726.02
印度452.511045.252187.54722.534394.62
厄瓜多尔311.731527.681093.77742.603663.85
印度尼西亚321.79412.07842.901997.003563.75
澳大利亚713.96703.541053.631093.843553.73
泰国311.73793.991224.22973.413293.46
马来西亚432.40623.131053.63993.483093.25
其他(102个国家和地区)86148.0583141.971 16840.371 04436.753 90441.07
合计1 792100.001 980100.002 893100.002 841100.009 506100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240746308839985368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2019—2022年未准入境食品来源国家和地区

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产地2019年2020年2021年2022年合计(未准入境)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
日本27115.1221010.6136412.5831911.231 16412.24
越南1437.9823111.672087.1937713.2795910.09
中国台湾1448.041055.302408.302649.297537.92
美国1206.70954.801705.881876.585726.02
印度452.511045.252187.54722.534394.62
厄瓜多尔311.731527.681093.77742.603663.85
印度尼西亚321.79412.07842.901997.003563.75
澳大利亚713.96703.541053.631093.843553.73
泰国311.73793.991224.22973.413293.46
马来西亚432.40623.131053.63993.483093.25
其他(102个国家和地区)86148.0583141.971 16840.371 04436.753 90441.07
合计1 792100.001 980100.002 893100.002 841100.009 506100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240746308949037277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Situation of non-entry food category from 2019 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HS编码(章)2019年2020年2021年2022年合计
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
03 鱼、甲壳动物、软体动物和其他水生无脊椎动物21211.8340920.6662521.6072525.521 97120.74
21 杂项食品26614.8426413.3351317.7347916.861 52216.01
19 谷物,粮食粉,淀粉或乳的制品;糕饼点心25514.231678.4347016.2528510.031 17712.38
22 饮料、酒及醋19210.7121110.662518.6839914.041 05311.08
02 肉及食用杂碎1568.7128014.142217.642398.418969.43
20 蔬菜,水果,坚果或植物其他部分的制品1568.71663.331535.291123.944875.12
09 咖啡、茶、马黛茶及调味香料1317.311226.161023.53190.673743.93
16 肉、鱼、甲壳动物、软体动物及其他水生无脊椎动物的制品452.51351.77602.072257.923653.84
17 糖及糖食844.69442.221174.04722.533173.33
04 乳品,蛋品,天然蜂蜜;其他食用动物产品814.52582.93953.28612.152953.10
08 食用水果及坚果;柑桔属水果和甜瓜的果皮472.62653.28672.32752.642542.67
18 可可及可可制品211.17623.13592.04722.532142.25
15 动、植物油、脂及其分解制品;精致的食用油脂;动、植物蜡331.84633.18451.56260.921671.76
12 含油籽仁及果实;杂项籽仁及果实181.00542.73612.11130.461461.54
07 食用蔬菜、根及块茎613.40472.37100.3580.281261.32
10 谷物80.45110.56190.66130.46510.54
11 制粉工业产品;麦芽、淀粉;菊粉;面筋130.7320.10100.3550.18300.32
05 其他动物产品30.1750.2590.31120.42290.31
25 盐60.33140.7120.0710.04230.24
13 虫胶;树胶、树脂及其他植物液、汁40.2210.0550.05
28 无机化学品40.1440.04
总计1 792100.001 980100.002 893100.002 841100.009 506100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240746309045506275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2019—2022年未准入境食品类别情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HS编码(章)2019年2020年2021年2022年合计
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
批次占比
(%)
03 鱼、甲壳动物、软体动物和其他水生无脊椎动物21211.8340920.6662521.6072525.521 97120.74
21 杂项食品26614.8426413.3351317.7347916.861 52216.01
19 谷物,粮食粉,淀粉或乳的制品;糕饼点心25514.231678.4347016.2528510.031 17712.38
22 饮料、酒及醋19210.7121110.662518.6839914.041 05311.08
02 肉及食用杂碎1568.7128014.142217.642398.418969.43
20 蔬菜,水果,坚果或植物其他部分的制品1568.71663.331535.291123.944875.12
09 咖啡、茶、马黛茶及调味香料1317.311226.161023.53190.673743.93
16 肉、鱼、甲壳动物、软体动物及其他水生无脊椎动物的制品452.51351.77602.072257.923653.84
17 糖及糖食844.69442.221174.04722.533173.33
04 乳品,蛋品,天然蜂蜜;其他食用动物产品814.52582.93953.28612.152953.10
08 食用水果及坚果;柑桔属水果和甜瓜的果皮472.62653.28672.32752.642542.67
18 可可及可可制品211.17623.13592.04722.532142.25
15 动、植物油、脂及其分解制品;精致的食用油脂;动、植物蜡331.84633.18451.56260.921671.76
12 含油籽仁及果实;杂项籽仁及果实181.00542.73612.11130.461461.54
07 食用蔬菜、根及块茎613.40472.37100.3580.281261.32
10 谷物80.45110.56190.66130.46510.54
11 制粉工业产品;麦芽、淀粉;菊粉;面筋130.7320.10100.3550.18300.32
05 其他动物产品30.1750.2590.31120.42290.31
25 盐60.33140.7120.0710.04230.24
13 虫胶;树胶、树脂及其他植物液、汁40.2210.0550.05
28 无机化学品40.1440.04
总计1 792100.001 980100.002 893100.002 841100.009 506100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240746309146169576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis on the types of non-entry food and the causes of disqualification from 2019 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HS编(章)证书检疫原因标签其他①食品添加剂微生物品质营养素
03386875272122682798
2140918130910313717710071
191122012541101781876588
222081045113714593954
0238410479302916
201412658283919444
094089383751
1622542171549111
1767157864584132
0448383576165224
0818131517882145
184216844712426
15451217136143
12842153842
07660453
1051527
119836121
0511215
251139
134
284
总计2 168(22.45)1 749(18.11)1 533(15.80)1 233(12.77)1 006(10.42)698(7.23)420(4.35)259(2.68)
HS编(章)重金属有毒有害颗粒农药转基因成分兽药非食用添加物生物毒素总计
03721281 994
21163231411 544
192421101 232
2212511 071
0236903
2041111502
0937127374
1651366
171320
0473299
08363256
1811215
153477167
127228146
0775126
1049951
1130
0515429
2523
1315
284
总计149(1.54)141(1.46)132(1.37)71(0.74)42(0.43)34(0.35)22(0.22)9 657(100.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1240746309259415790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2019—2022年未准入境食品种类及不合格原因分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HS编(章)证书检疫原因标签其他①食品添加剂微生物品质营养素
03386875272122682798
2140918130910313717710071
191122012541101781876588
222081045113714593954
0238410479302916
201412658283919444
094089383751
1622542171549111
1767157864584132
0448383576165224
0818131517882145
184216844712426
15451217136143
12842153842
07660453
1051527
119836121
0511215
251139
134
284
总计2 168(22.45)1 749(18.11)1 533(15.80)1 233(12.77)1 006(10.42)698(7.23)420(4.35)259(2.68)
HS编(章)重金属有毒有害颗粒农药转基因成分兽药非食用添加物生物毒素总计
03721281 994
21163231411 544
192421101 232
2212511 071
0236903
2041111502
0937127374
1651366
171320
0473299
08363256
1811215
153477167
127228146
0775126
1049951
1130
0515429
2523
1315
284
总计149(1.54)141(1.46)132(1.37)71(0.74)42(0.43)34(0.35)22(0.22)9 657(100.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1240746309334913272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Detection of unqualified items of non-entry food

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目类别项目种类项次主要不合格项目(项次)主要不合格HS编码类别产品(批次)
食品添加剂1271 087磷酸及磷酸盐(261)03类(226);16类(34)
二氧化硫(165)08类(87);03类(38);22类(26)
苯甲酸(62)19类(45)
柠檬黄(51)19类(32)
微生物8932菌落总数(357)21类(122);20类(84);19类(84)
霉菌(264)20类(121);19类(61);21类(60)
大肠菌群(164)19类(61);21类(43);03类(26)
品质60510挥发性盐基氮(88)03类(71);02类(16)
过氧化值(42)03类(23)
酸价(41)08类(28)
营养素56337维生素(108)19类(36);17类(28);21类(26)
钙(31)19类(21)
重金属10150镉(65)03类(60)
有毒有害颗粒1141霉变(141)09类(37);08(36);12(22)
农药8127氯氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯(93)09类(78)
丙溴磷(35)09类(35)
兽药842呋喃唑酮(23)03类(20)
莱克多巴胺(9)02类(5);05类(4)
), ArticleFig(id=1240746309490102526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375105893748822, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

未准入境食品不合格项目检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目类别项目种类项次主要不合格项目(项次)主要不合格HS编码类别产品(批次)
食品添加剂1271 087磷酸及磷酸盐(261)03类(226);16类(34)
二氧化硫(165)08类(87);03类(38);22类(26)
苯甲酸(62)19类(45)
柠檬黄(51)19类(32)
微生物8932菌落总数(357)21类(122);20类(84);19类(84)
霉菌(264)20类(121);19类(61);21类(60)
大肠菌群(164)19类(61);21类(43);03类(26)
品质60510挥发性盐基氮(88)03类(71);02类(16)
过氧化值(42)03类(23)
酸价(41)08类(28)
营养素56337维生素(108)19类(36);17类(28);21类(26)
钙(31)19类(21)
重金属10150镉(65)03类(60)
有毒有害颗粒1141霉变(141)09类(37);08(36);12(22)
农药8127氯氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯(93)09类(78)
丙溴磷(35)09类(35)
兽药842呋喃唑酮(23)03类(20)
莱克多巴胺(9)02类(5);05类(4)
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基于2019—2022年海关总署公布未准入境食品抽检数据分析及建议
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林燕奎 1 , 熊贝贝 1 , 貌达 2 , 韩瑞阳 1 , 卞学海 1 , 侯乐锡 1 , 巨玉佳 1
现代预防医学 | 卫生监督 2024,51(6): 1112-1117
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现代预防医学 | 卫生监督 2024, 51(6): 1112-1117
基于2019—2022年海关总署公布未准入境食品抽检数据分析及建议
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林燕奎1, 熊贝贝1, 貌达2, 韩瑞阳1, 卞学海1, 侯乐锡1, 巨玉佳1
作者信息
  • 1.深圳海关食品检验检疫技术中心,广东 深圳 518054
  • 2.中国计量科学研究院
  • 林燕奎(1973—),男,本科,主任技师,研究方向:食品安全检测与实验室管理研究

通讯作者:

巨玉佳,E-mail:
Analyses and suggestions based on the sampling inspection data of non-entry food published by the General Administration of Customs, 2019-2022
Yan-kui LIN1, Bei-bei XIONG1, Da MAO2, Rui-yang HAN1, Xue-hai BIAN1, Le-xi HOU1, Yu-jia JU1
Affiliations
  • Food Inspection and Quarantine Technical Center, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518054, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311505
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目的

通过对海关总署公布的未准入境的食品信息进行多维度对比分析,探讨进口食品的风险因素,为监管人员提升进口食品监管提供数据参考。

方法

本文主要对海关总署进出口食品安全局在2019—2022年期间公布的48期未准入境食品数据进行收集、汇总,从未准入境食品的来源地区、食品生产企业、产品种类、未准入境事实等多维度进行对比分析。

结果

2019—2022年总共有未准入境食品9 506批次,未准入境食品来源于112个国家和地区,来自日本的未准入境食品批次占比最高。共来自3 941家生产企业,未准入境食品生产企业数超过100家的国家或地区有11个,占总企业数的50%以上。按照HS编码,未准入境产品共有六类21章,主要是HS03、21、19和22产品,超过总不合格的60%。按照不合格原因分析,共有15种,排在前6的不合格原因占总不合格批次比重达到86%。涉及品质安全相关的不合格项目共268种,3 469项次。

结论

2019—2022年期间未准入境食品批次数整体是先上升再下降的趋势,未准入境食品的来源国家、生产企业、未准食品类别、不合格原因和品质相关的不合格项目较集中。多维度对比分析,为监管人员和消费者提供数据参考,为政府提升进口食品监管提供帮助。

未准入境食品信息  /  食品安全  /  风险  /  建议
Objective

To discuss the risk factors of imported food through the multi-dimensional comparative analysis of the food information published by the General Administration of Customs and to provide data reference for supervisors, and to improve the supervision of imported food.

Methods

This paper mainly collected and summarized the 48 periods of non-permitted entry food data released by the Import and Export Food Safety Bureau of the General Administration of Customs during 2019-2022 and made a comparative analysis of the sources of non-permitted entry food, food production enterprises, product types, non-permitted entry facts and other dimensions.

Results

From 2019-2022, there were a total of 9 506 batches of food that were not allowed to enter the country, and the food that was not allowed to enter the country came from 112 countries and regions, with the highest proportion of food batches from Japan. The food came from 3 941 production enterprises, where11 countries or regions holding non-permitted entry food production enterprises, accounting for more than 50% of the total number of enterprises. According to the HS code, there were six categories and 21 chapters of non-permitted entry products, and the main non-permitted entry foods were HS03, 21, 19 and 22 products, more than 60% of the total unqualified. According to the analysis of the causes of nonconformity, there were 15 kinds, and the top 6 nonconformity causes accounted for 86% of the total nonconformity batches. There was a total of 268 types of unqualified items related to quality and safety, totaling 3 469 items.

Conclusion

The overall number of batches of unauthorized imported food during the period of 2019-2022 is a rising and then falling trend, and the unauthorized imported food is more concentrated in the countries of origin, manufacturers, categories of unauthorized food, reasons for failure, and quality-related unqualified items. The multi-dimensional comparative analysis provides data reference for regulators and consumers and helps the government to improve the regulation of imported food.

Information on unauthorized food  /  Food safety  /  Risks  /  Recommendations
林燕奎, 熊贝贝, 貌达, 韩瑞阳, 卞学海, 侯乐锡, 巨玉佳. 基于2019—2022年海关总署公布未准入境食品抽检数据分析及建议. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (6) : 1112 -1117 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311505
Yan-kui LIN, Bei-bei XIONG, Da MAO, Rui-yang HAN, Xue-hai BIAN, Le-xi HOU, Yu-jia JU. Analyses and suggestions based on the sampling inspection data of non-entry food published by the General Administration of Customs, 2019-2022[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (6) : 1112 -1117 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311505
随着全球跨境贸易的不断发展,近年来进口食品规模及种类不断扩大,总量和贸易额也逐年攀升,进口食品安全问题也是越来越受到消费者关注[1-2]。按照《中华人民共和国进出口食品安全管理办法》[3]要求,进口食品的包装和标签、标识及说明书应当符合中国法律法规和食品安全国家标准。我国对进口食品的监管包括境外生产企业注册、进口商备案、单证材料要求、检疫审批及准入以及按照我国食品安全标准进行检验。若进口食品经海关合格评定不合格、且无法技术处理的将依法进行销毁或退运处理[4-5]
对未准入境食品信息数据分析,不仅是对进口产品抽检工作的总结,更是为今后的抽检计划制定和风险预警交流提供数据支撑。本文主要对中华人民共和国海关总署进出口食品安全局在2019—2022年期间公布的48期未准入境食品的数据进行收集、汇总,从未准入境食品的来源地区、食品生产企业、产品种类、不合格原因等多维度进行对比分析,以期分析进口食品的风险因素,为监管人员和消费者提供数据参考,为政府提升进口食品监管提供帮助,更好的保障我国进口食品安全,提高人们生活水平[6-7]
本文数据资料来源于中华人民共和国海关总署进出口食品安全局通报的进口食品未准入境的信息,发布时间为2019年1月至2022年12月。
根据海关总署进口食品抽检计划项目类型及世界海关《商品名称及编码协调制度的国际公约》(HS编码)编码分类对海关总署公布的未准入境的食品进行分析归纳,用Excel 2016软件进行汇总、整理,并形成相应的图表。
2019—2022年期间,海关总署进出口食品安全局共通报48期未准入境的食品信息,共计9 506批次。其中,2019—2021年未准入境食品批次数呈上升的趋势,2021年未准入境食品2 893批次,比2019年增长了61.44%,2022年未准入境食品批次数较2021年减少52批次(详见图1)。
2019—2022年中国未准入境食品来自112个国家或地区,其中,56个国家和地区4年期间均被通报检出未准入境食品[8]。来自日本的未准入境食品批次占比最高,2019—2022年累计1 164批次,占总未准入境食品12.24%(1 164/9 506)。四年间,每一年度的未准入境食品总量占比排名前10 的国家或地区详见表1
2019—2022年未准入境食品来自3 941家生产企业,其中有13家生产企业连续4年均有检出未准入境食品,占0.33%(13/3 941);52家生产企业3年检出未准入境食品,占比1.32%(52/3 941);293家生产企业两年检出未准入境食品,占比7.43%(293/3 941);3 583家生产企业为首次检出未准入境食品,占比90.92%(3 583/3 941)。未准入境食品涉及的生产企业数超过100家的国家或地区有11个,包括日本、中国台湾、越南、美国、印度、泰国、澳大利亚、俄罗斯、韩国、印度尼西亚和法国,占总企业数的50%以上。其中日本的生产企业最多,共461家,占11.70%(461/3 941)(详见图2)。
HS编码即世界海关《商品名称及编码协调制度的国际公约》编码分类[9],把所有的国家贸易商品分为22类,98章,章再分为目和子目。对海关总署进出口食品安全局通报的未准入境的食品信息表中的HS编码列进行处理,对未准入境产品的种类进行分析。
2019—2022年未准入境食品按照HS编码分类共涉及六类21章,其中有19章产品连续4年检出安全卫生等项目不符合我国标准或法规。主要的未准入境食品是海关编码中HS03、21、19和22产品,超过总不合格的60%。其中,HS03产品在2020—2022年中均是未准入境食品中占比最高的产品,超过当年的20%。2019年不合格较多的是HS19、21产品(详见表2)。
对2019—2022年期间的未准入境食品不合格原因分析,可分类概括为15种,包括证书原因、检疫原因、标签、其他①、食品添加剂、微生物、品质、营养素、重金属、有毒有害颗粒、农药、转基因成分、兽药、非食用添加物和生物毒素。2019—2022年未准入境食品9 506批次,部分未准入境食品的不合格原因涉及多种,按照不合格原因统计,共计9 657批次。存在1种不合格原因的批次占比96.54%(9 367/9 657),存在2种不合格原因的批次占比1.34%(254/9 657),存在3种不合格原因的批次占比0.13%(36/9 657)。
从2019—2022年进口不合格食品种类不合格原因分析(详见表4),排在前6的不合格原因占总不合格批次比重达到86%,分别是证书原因(占22.45%)、检疫原因(占18.11%)、标签(占15.87%)、其他①(占12.77%)、食品添加剂(占10.42%)和微生物(占7.23%)。
证书不合格是进口食品不合格的主要原因,共2 168批次不合格,包括货证不符、未按要求提供证书和证明材料等;覆盖了HS编码中的19章产品,主要是HS21、02和03产品。
检疫原因不合格1 749批次,包括含有未获检疫的成分、检出病毒、携带有害生物、检出动物疫病和检疫不合格等;共覆盖HS编码中的18章产品,主要是HS03、19和21产品。
标签原因不合格1 533批次,共覆盖HS编码中的20章产品,主要是HS22、21和19产品。
其他①原因不合格1 233批次,共覆盖HS编码中的19章产品,主要是HS02、03和22产品。
食品添加剂不合格1 006批次,包括超范围使用食品添加剂和超限量使用食品添加剂。共覆盖HS编码中的14章产品,主要是HS03、19和22产品。
微生物不合格698批次,共覆盖HS编码中的13章产品,主要是HS20、19和21产品。
其余不合格项目类别及产品见表3
2019—2022年未准入境食品共9 506批次,因部分未准入境食品含有多个不合格项目,总计10 154项次。除去证书、检疫原因、标签和其他等原因,涉及品质安全相关的不合格项目共268种,3 469项次。详见表4
食品添加剂不合格项目共127种、1 087项次,最突出的问题是磷酸及磷酸盐[10],占食品添加剂总不合格项次的24.01%(261/1 087),主要不合格产品包括HS03的冷冻鱼、冷冻虾和HS16的金枪鱼罐头。其次是:(1)二氧化硫不合格占食品添加剂总不合格项次的15.18%(165/1 087),主要不合格产品包括HS08的杏干、龙眼干和芒果干等[11];HS03的冻虾,HS22的果醋和蜜酒。(2)苯甲酸不合格占食品添加剂总不合格项次的5.70%(62/1 087),主要不合格产品包括HS19的饼干和糕点。(3)柠檬黄不合格占食品添加剂总不合格项次的4.69%(51/1 087),主要不合格产品包括19类的饼干和糕点。
微生物不合格项目共8种、932项次,比较突出的问题是菌落总数、霉菌和大肠菌群。3种不合格项目的不合格产品都包括HS21的固体饮料、冰激淋和果冻等,HS20的果汁、海苔和果蔬干等,HS19的饼干、糕点和方便面等,大肠菌群不合格还包括HS03的冰鲜三文鱼和冰鲜大西洋鲑鱼。
品质不合格项目共60种、510项次,不合格中最突出的是挥发性盐基氮,占品质总不合格项次的17.25%(88/510),主要不合格产品是HS03的冻鱼、冻虾[12];其次是过氧化值占8.24%(42/510),主要不合格产品是HS03的鱼干;酸价占8.04%(41/510),不合格产品是HS08的腰果仁。
营养素不合格项目共56种、337项次,主要是超范围/超限量使用营养强化剂,不合格中最突出的是维生素,占总营养素不合格项次32.05%(108/337),主要不合格产品是HS19的饼干,HS17的糖果和HS21的固体饮料。
重金属不合格项目共10种、150项次,不合格中最突出的是镉,占重金属总不合格项次的43.33%(65/150),主要不合格产品是HS03的鱼干、冻鱼/虾/蟹、冻章鱼等[13]
有毒有害颗粒不合格项目1种、141项次,主要是产品霉变,主要不合格产品是HS09的辣椒干、豆蔻、香叶和咖啡豆,HS08的生干开心果、巴旦木、碧根果、腰果仁和龙眼干,HS12的花生、芝麻和亚麻籽。
农药不合格项目共8种,127项次,比较突出的问题是氯氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯和丙溴磷,分别占农药不合格总项次的61.42%(78/127)和19.69%(25/127),主要不合格产品均是HS09的枯茗子和孜然(粉)。
兽药不合格项目8种、42项次,不合格中最突出的是呋喃唑酮,占兽药总不合格项次的47.62%(20/42),主要不合格产品HS09的冻生虾;其次是莱克多巴胺[14]占21.43%(9/42),主要不合格产品HS02的冷冻牛心管和冷冻猪舌,HS05的冷冻牛百叶。
随着国际贸易水平不断提高,进口食品法定检测机构需加强检测技术水平建设、强化进口食品检测的前瞻性,从长远的角度谋划进口食品检测,开展国内外食品安全热点跟踪,持续强化进口食品检测机构食品安全风险监控能力。在大数据背景下,监管机构应强化企业进出口信用管理制度,对进口食品的生产商和经销商进行不良记录企业管理和溯源管理,促使进口企业落实主体责任。食品类别方面,建议对于多次发现的不合格的产品要纳入进口高风险品种,包括同一生产企业多品种或者多批次产品不符合我国标准的情形,第一时间把控风险。从分析数据可看出,2019—2022年未准入境产品主要是HS03、19和21产品,需重点加强关注。对于多年抽检未发现不合格产品,可以在抽检批次做统筹管理动态调整降低抽检频次。食品安全检测项目方面,对于高风险项目要持续加强检测,将低风险且多年未检出不合格的项目及时调整出抽检计划。比如,2019—2022年发现的食品添加剂项目磷酸及磷酸盐、二氧化硫,微生物项目的菌落总数和霉菌等项目需持续加强。从事进口食品企业应加强国内法律法规学习,提高证书、标签、包装、企业注册等非检测技术方面的合规性,共同提高我国进口食品安全管理水平。
未来,全球文化经济互相渗透,进口食品安全问题也必然随着全球跨境贸易的发展出现动态变化。强化对海关多年积累抽检数据进行多维度的统计分析,为风险管控和靶向抽检提供支持,促进监管效能的提升。加强食品专家风险评估研讨,降低口岸监管成本,实现食品安全监管创新发展。同时,监管部门对进口食品的监管不容放松,及时发现问题、防控风险,共同保障国民食品安全。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC160540502)
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2024年第51卷第6期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311505
  • 接收时间:2023-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-28
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC160540502)
作者信息
    1.深圳海关食品检验检疫技术中心,广东 深圳 518054
    2.中国计量科学研究院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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