Article(id=1241522924277003211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522919977841545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310267, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697299200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931731528, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1710000000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931731528, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931731528, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931731528, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522919977841545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='5', pageStart='769', pageEnd='960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931730503, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931880386, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523548695622547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522919977841545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523548695622548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522919977841545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=817, endPage=821, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522924620936165, articleId=1241522924277003211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Effects of social support, imbalance of effort and reward, and sleep quality on self-rated health of male oil drilling crew workers in Southwest China, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the current situation and potential influence paths of social support, imbalance of effort and reward, and sleep quality on self-rated health of male oil drilling crew workers in southwest China.

Methods

By using the method of cluster sampling, 1 951 male oil drilling crew workers were investigated, and a structural equation model was established to analyze the effects and pathways of social support, imbalance of effort and reward, and sleep quality on self-rated health.

Results

The average score of social support of the sample population was 38.13 ± 9.02, 53.0% was with low reward, the average score of sleep quality was 6.39 ± 3.72, and 47.8% of the workers rated their health as average/relatively poor/poor. The results of structural equation model showed that social support (β = 0.123, 95%CI: 0.080-0.166) and sleep disorder (β =-0.407,95%CI: -0.447 to -0.364) respectively had a direct effect on self-rated health. The mediating effect of sleep disorder and its chain intermediary effect on effort and reward imbalance were 0.008 (95%CI: 0.006-0.010) and 0.005 (95%CI: 0.004-0.006),respectively.

Conclusion

The social support, effort and reward, sleep quality, and self-rated health status of male oil drilling crew workers in southwest China are poor. Social support and sleep disorder have a direct effect on self-rated health, and the imbalance of effort and reward and sleep disorder play an intermediary role in the effect of social support on self-rated health.

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目的

分析西南地区男性石油钻井队工人的社会支持、付出回报失衡、睡眠质量、自评健康的现状及其潜在影响路径。

方法

运用整群抽样方法抽取1 951名男性石油钻井队工人进行调查,通过构建结构方程模型分析社会支持、付出回报失衡、睡眠质量对自评健康的影响及作用路径。

结果

样本人群的社会支持平均得分为(38.13±9.02)分,53.0%为高付出-低回报,睡眠质量的平均得分为(6.39±3.72)分,47.8%的工人自评健康一般/较差/差。结构方程模型结果显示,社会支持(β=0.123, 95%CI:0.080~0.166)和睡眠障碍(β=-0.407, 95%CI:-0.447~-0.364)对自评健康有直接作用,睡眠障碍的中介效应及其与付出回报失衡的链式中介效应分别为0.008(95%CI:0.006~0.010)和0.005(95%CI:0.004~0.006)。

结论

西南地区男性石油钻井队工人的社会支持、付出回报、睡眠质量和自评健康状况较差。社会支持和睡眠障碍对自评健康有直接作用,付出回报失衡和睡眠障碍在社会支持对自评健康的影响中起中介作用。

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刘丹萍,E-mail:
孙敏,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=x6IoRUmXG2KqnUNlcJgDPg==, magXml=piUJfFuNSQomAl4i1ZpMjg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=pkOWhXfEIxpnMsFHTe3+Lg==, pdfFileSize=834230, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=xm0RSbk6Zt+Pincytmvo1w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=r8UjNC318zy1mvw6agdcYw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

邓开怡(1999-),女,硕士在读,研究方向:社会医学

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邓开怡(1999-),女,硕士在读,研究方向:社会医学

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London: Sage Publications,2006., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241678288565891414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241678288574280023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, companyId=1241678288565891414, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Health Behavior and Social Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University/West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241678288582668633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, companyId=1241678288565891414, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院健康行为与社会医学系,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241678288934990185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241678288951767403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, companyId=1241678288934990185, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国石化集团有限公司安全监管部)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241678289257951604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241678289278923128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, companyId=1241678289257951604, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院健康管理中心,四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241678321562481310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Structural equation model of the impact of SSRS, ERR,PSQI on the self-rated health of the male oil drilling crew workers, figureFileSmall=H2afeFBR+H2Co1tlzhb4sA==, figureFileBig=kn12E+tOtMeQFcEiDUJL8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241678321981911720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, language=CN, label=图1, caption=社会支持、付出回报失衡、睡眠障碍对男性石油钻井队工人自评健康影响的结构方程模型, figureFileSmall=H2afeFBR+H2Co1tlzhb4sA==, figureFileBig=kn12E+tOtMeQFcEiDUJL8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241678322451673778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Demographic characteristics of male oil drilling crew workers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别人数(%)
总数1 951(100)
年龄(岁)
≤30464(23.8)
31~40808(41.4)
41~50565(29.0)
≥51114(5.8)
婚姻状况
未婚338(17.3)
已婚1 503(77.0)
离婚/丧偶110(5.6)
受教育程度
初中及以下114(5.8)
高中/中专1 096(56.2)
大专550(28.2)
大学本科及以上191(9.8)
个人月均收入(元)
≤2 99917(0.9)
3 000~5 999923(47.3)
6 000~8 999712(36.5)
≥9 000299(15.3)
工作年限(年)
≤5476(24.4)
6~10201(10.3)
11~20997(51.1)
21~30220(11.3)
≥3157(2.9)
职称
无职称684(35.1)
初级484(24.8)
中级293(15.0)
高级490(25.1)
), ArticleFig(id=1241678323026293432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

调查男性石油钻井队工人的社会人口学特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别人数(%)
总数1 951(100)
年龄(岁)
≤30464(23.8)
31~40808(41.4)
41~50565(29.0)
≥51114(5.8)
婚姻状况
未婚338(17.3)
已婚1 503(77.0)
离婚/丧偶110(5.6)
受教育程度
初中及以下114(5.8)
高中/中专1 096(56.2)
大专550(28.2)
大学本科及以上191(9.8)
个人月均收入(元)
≤2 99917(0.9)
3 000~5 999923(47.3)
6 000~8 999712(36.5)
≥9 000299(15.3)
工作年限(年)
≤5476(24.4)
6~10201(10.3)
11~20997(51.1)
21~30220(11.3)
≥3157(2.9)
职称
无职称684(35.1)
初级484(24.8)
中级293(15.0)
高级490(25.1)
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Scores of SSRS, ERR, PSQI and self-rated health

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量均值标准差最小值最大值
社会支持38.139.0214.0063.00
付出回报失衡1.030.360.254.00
睡眠质量6.393.720.0019.00
自评健康3.640.871.005.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241678323827405510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

社会支持、付出回报失衡、睡眠质量与自评健康的得分情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量均值标准差最小值最大值
社会支持38.139.0214.0063.00
付出回报失衡1.030.360.254.00
睡眠质量6.393.720.0019.00
自评健康3.640.871.005.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241678324427190991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Correlation coefficients matrix (r) of SSRS, ERR, PSQI and self-rated health

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变量社会支持付出回报失衡睡眠障碍自评健康
社会支持1
付出回报失衡-0.284**1
睡眠障碍-0.321**0.473**1
自评健康0.252**-0.308**-0.443**1
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社会支持、付出回报失衡、睡眠障碍与自评健康间的相关系数矩阵(r)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量社会支持付出回报失衡睡眠障碍自评健康
社会支持1
付出回报失衡-0.284**1
睡眠障碍-0.321**0.473**1
自评健康0.252**-0.308**-0.443**1
), ArticleFig(id=1241678324875981534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Path analysis of the impact of SSRS, ERR, PSQI on the self-rated health of the male oil drilling crew workers

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路径标准化路径系数95%CI
总效应
社会支持→付出回报失衡-0.286-0.330~-0.242
社会支持→睡眠障碍-0.321-0.362~-0.277
社会支持→自评健康0.2540.210~0.299
付出回报失衡→睡眠障碍0.4190.369~0.460
付出回报失衡→自评健康-0.171-0.199~-0.145
睡眠障碍→自评健康-0.407-0.447~-0.364
直接效应
社会支持→付出回报失衡-0.286-0.330~-0.242
社会支持→睡眠障碍-0.202-0.241~-0.161
社会支持→自评健康0.1230.080~0.166
付出回报失衡→睡眠障碍0.4190.369~0.460
睡眠障碍→自评健康-0.407-0.447~-0.364
间接效应
社会支持→睡眠障碍-0.120-0.142~-0.100
社会支持→自评健康0.1310.109~0.153
付出回报失衡→自评健康-0.171-0.199~-0.145
中介效应
社会支持→付出回报失衡→睡眠障碍→自评健康0.0050.004~0.006
社会支持→睡眠障碍→自评健康0.0080.006~0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1241678325337354981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522924277003211, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

社会支持、付出回报失衡和睡眠障碍对男性石油钻井队工人自评健康的作用路径分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径标准化路径系数95%CI
总效应
社会支持→付出回报失衡-0.286-0.330~-0.242
社会支持→睡眠障碍-0.321-0.362~-0.277
社会支持→自评健康0.2540.210~0.299
付出回报失衡→睡眠障碍0.4190.369~0.460
付出回报失衡→自评健康-0.171-0.199~-0.145
睡眠障碍→自评健康-0.407-0.447~-0.364
直接效应
社会支持→付出回报失衡-0.286-0.330~-0.242
社会支持→睡眠障碍-0.202-0.241~-0.161
社会支持→自评健康0.1230.080~0.166
付出回报失衡→睡眠障碍0.4190.369~0.460
睡眠障碍→自评健康-0.407-0.447~-0.364
间接效应
社会支持→睡眠障碍-0.120-0.142~-0.100
社会支持→自评健康0.1310.109~0.153
付出回报失衡→自评健康-0.171-0.199~-0.145
中介效应
社会支持→付出回报失衡→睡眠障碍→自评健康0.0050.004~0.006
社会支持→睡眠障碍→自评健康0.0080.006~0.010
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社会支持、付出回报失衡与睡眠质量对西南地区男性石油钻井队工人自评健康的影响研究
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邓开怡 1 , 董永昭 2 , 张祎莹 1 , 张显燕 3 , 孙敏 3 , 刘丹萍 1
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024,51(5): 817-821
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024, 51(5): 817-821
社会支持、付出回报失衡与睡眠质量对西南地区男性石油钻井队工人自评健康的影响研究
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邓开怡1, 董永昭2, 张祎莹1, 张显燕3, 孙敏3 , 刘丹萍1
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院健康行为与社会医学系,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.中国石化集团有限公司安全监管部
  • 3.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院健康管理中心,四川 成都 610041
  • 邓开怡(1999-),女,硕士在读,研究方向:社会医学

通讯作者:

刘丹萍,E-mail:
孙敏,E-mail:
Effects of social support, imbalance of effort and reward, and sleep quality on self-rated health of male oil drilling crew workers in Southwest China
Kai-yi DENG1, Yong-zhao DONG2, Yi-ying ZHANG1, Xian-yan ZHANG3, Min SUN3 , Dan-ping LIU1
Affiliations
  • Department of Health Behavior and Social Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University/West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2024-03-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310267
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目的

分析西南地区男性石油钻井队工人的社会支持、付出回报失衡、睡眠质量、自评健康的现状及其潜在影响路径。

方法

运用整群抽样方法抽取1 951名男性石油钻井队工人进行调查,通过构建结构方程模型分析社会支持、付出回报失衡、睡眠质量对自评健康的影响及作用路径。

结果

样本人群的社会支持平均得分为(38.13±9.02)分,53.0%为高付出-低回报,睡眠质量的平均得分为(6.39±3.72)分,47.8%的工人自评健康一般/较差/差。结构方程模型结果显示,社会支持(β=0.123, 95%CI:0.080~0.166)和睡眠障碍(β=-0.407, 95%CI:-0.447~-0.364)对自评健康有直接作用,睡眠障碍的中介效应及其与付出回报失衡的链式中介效应分别为0.008(95%CI:0.006~0.010)和0.005(95%CI:0.004~0.006)。

结论

西南地区男性石油钻井队工人的社会支持、付出回报、睡眠质量和自评健康状况较差。社会支持和睡眠障碍对自评健康有直接作用,付出回报失衡和睡眠障碍在社会支持对自评健康的影响中起中介作用。

石油钻井队工人  /  社会支持  /  付出回报失衡  /  睡眠质量  /  自评健康
Objective

To analyze the current situation and potential influence paths of social support, imbalance of effort and reward, and sleep quality on self-rated health of male oil drilling crew workers in southwest China.

Methods

By using the method of cluster sampling, 1 951 male oil drilling crew workers were investigated, and a structural equation model was established to analyze the effects and pathways of social support, imbalance of effort and reward, and sleep quality on self-rated health.

Results

The average score of social support of the sample population was 38.13 ± 9.02, 53.0% was with low reward, the average score of sleep quality was 6.39 ± 3.72, and 47.8% of the workers rated their health as average/relatively poor/poor. The results of structural equation model showed that social support (β = 0.123, 95%CI: 0.080-0.166) and sleep disorder (β =-0.407,95%CI: -0.447 to -0.364) respectively had a direct effect on self-rated health. The mediating effect of sleep disorder and its chain intermediary effect on effort and reward imbalance were 0.008 (95%CI: 0.006-0.010) and 0.005 (95%CI: 0.004-0.006),respectively.

Conclusion

The social support, effort and reward, sleep quality, and self-rated health status of male oil drilling crew workers in southwest China are poor. Social support and sleep disorder have a direct effect on self-rated health, and the imbalance of effort and reward and sleep disorder play an intermediary role in the effect of social support on self-rated health.

Oil drilling team workers  /  Social support  /  Imbalance of effort and reward  /  Sleep quality  /  Self-rated health
邓开怡, 董永昭, 张祎莹, 张显燕, 孙敏, 刘丹萍. 社会支持、付出回报失衡与睡眠质量对西南地区男性石油钻井队工人自评健康的影响研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (5) : 817 -821 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310267
Kai-yi DENG, Yong-zhao DONG, Yi-ying ZHANG, Xian-yan ZHANG, Min SUN, Dan-ping LIU. Effects of social support, imbalance of effort and reward, and sleep quality on self-rated health of male oil drilling crew workers in Southwest China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (5) : 817 -821 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310267
石油基地远离市区,环境恶劣。有研究表明,在基地工作的石油钻井队工人会与家人分离较长时间,获得的社会支持低[1]。同时,石油钻井工人重复性地进行高强度工作,可能接触有毒有害物质[2],工作中的付出多,但收到的心理上的回报如领导的表扬、社会的认同感,以及物质上的回报如工资等与付出不成正比[3]。且由于轮班工作、基地的噪音以及工作的压力等,石油钻井队工人存在睡眠障碍[4]。此外,石油钻井队工人主要是男性,一项研究发现,长期从事高强度工作的男性更容易患高血压[5]。已有研究显示,石油工人的低社会支持、睡眠障碍和付出回报失衡的职业紧张会导致抑郁、焦虑等心理障碍[6],以及心血管系统疾病[7]、肌肉骨骼损伤等生理疾病[8]。社会支持可影响职业紧张[9]、改善睡眠质量[10];职业紧张也是睡眠质量的影响因素[3]
自评健康是个人对健康的主观感知,其与生理疾病有显著关系,同时是理解心理社会因素对健康影响的关键[11],能有效衡量生理和心理健康[12],国外已将其广泛运用于青、中年人群[13-14]。通过文献梳理,发现石油工人获得的社会支持低,存在付出回报失衡感、睡眠障碍以及各种身心健康问题。但以往的研究大多分别关注社会支持、付出回报失衡、睡眠质量对石油工人心理或者生理健康状况的影响,将四者结合起来探讨因素间潜在影响关系的研究尚未见报道。本研究通过构建结构方程模型,探讨社会支持、付出回报失衡、睡眠质量对西南地区男性石油钻井队工人自评健康的影响和作用路径,以期为提高石油钻井队工人健康状况提供参考依据。
本研究采取整群抽样方法,于2022年7—9月抽取42个中石化西南石油局钻井队,由西南石油局的健康管理部门向所抽中的42个钻井队的所有工人发放线上问卷,并进行质量控制。共发放2 444份,回收有效问卷1 970份,有效回收率为80.6%,纳入男性有效样本1 951人。本研究得到参与者的知情同意与四川大学华西第四医院医学伦理委员会的批准(批准号:HXSY-EC-2022022)。
包括年龄、婚姻状况、受教育程度、个人月均收入、工作年限和职称情况。
采用肖水源[15]编制的社会支持评价量表(social support rating scale, SSRS),该量表共10个条目,从主观支持、客观支持及对支持的利用度3个维度进行评价。量表总分范围为12~66分,得分越高表明社会支持越高,总分12~22分为低社会支持,总分23~44分为中等社会支持,总分45~66分为高社会支持[16]。本研究中量表的Cronbach α为0.822。
采用Siegrist的付出-回报失衡问卷(effort-reward imbalance questionnaire, ERI)[17]中的努力维度(6项)和回报维度(11项)评估男性石油钻井队工人的付出回报失衡程度,用ERI比值(ERR)表示,计算公式为E/(R×C),其中E为努力维度总分,R为回报维度总分,C=6/11=0.545 4。如果ERR值>1.0,则为高付出-低回报[18]。在本研究中,努力维度和回报维度的Cronbach α分别为0.867和0.727。
采用Buysse等[19]编制的匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(pittsburgh sleep quality index, PSQI)的中文版问卷测定睡眠质量。该问卷有18个条目,7个维度,包括主观睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍、催眠药物、日间功能障碍。每个维度的得分范围为0~3,总分为0~21,总分大于7为存在睡眠障碍[20]。本研究中量表的Cronbach α为0.817。
通过条目“您认为自己的健康状况如何?”评估自评健康,回答差、较差、一般、较好、好分别赋值1、2、3、4和5分。得分越高,表明自评健康越好。
采用Excel进行数据清理,校对无误后采用SPSS 22.0进行描述性分析,计量资料以()表示,计数资料以[n(%)]描述,相关性分析采用Pearson相关,应用AMOS 24.0软件建立结构方程模型并进行拟合修正,检验水准α=0.05。
调查的男性石油钻井队工人年龄在19~59岁之间,平均年龄(37.01±8.35)岁,其中31~40岁年龄段的占比最大,为41.4%。77.0%的男性石油钻井队工人为已婚;受教育程度为高中或中专,占56.2%;个人月均收入在3 000~5 999元,占47.3%;工作年限在11~20年,占51.1%;无职称的男性石油钻井队工人居多,占35.1%。见表1
表2为社会支持、付出回报失衡、睡眠质量和自评健康的得分情况。结果显示男性石油钻井队工人的社会支持平均得分为(38.13±9.02)分,中等社会支持者1 360人(69.7%),低社会支持者80人(4.1%)。付出回报失衡的平均得分为(1.03±0.36)分,高付出-低回报的工人有1 014人,占53.0%。睡眠质量的平均得分为(6.39±3.72)分,36.2%(707人)的工人存在睡眠障碍。自评健康的平均得分为(3.64±0.87)分,结果为一般的最多,有819人(42.0%),较差有91人(4.7%),差有21人(1.1%)。
Pearson相关性分析显示,自评健康与付出回报失衡(r=-0.308)、睡眠障碍(r=-0.443)呈负相关,与社会支持呈正相关(r=0.252);社会支持与付出回报失衡(r=-0.284)和睡眠障碍(r=-0.321)呈负相关;付出回报失衡与睡眠障碍呈正相关(r=0.473)。见表3
最终构建的结构方程模型见图1。模型拟合指标:χ2/v=21.848>5.0, GFI=0.994,AGFI=0.944, NFI=0.957, IFI=0.959, CFI=0.958均>0.9,RMR=0.009<0.08。χ2/v虽大于5,但本研究样本量较大,可以接受[21],其余拟合指标也均符合要求。
结果显示,社会支持(β=0.123, 95%CI:0.080~0.166)和睡眠障碍(β=-0.407, 95%CI:-0.447~-0.364)对自评健康有直接作用,且社会支持可通过睡眠障碍间接作用于自评健康,中介效应为0.008(95%CI:0.006~0.010),占总效应的32.3%,也可通过付出回报失衡和睡眠障碍的链式中介间接作用于自评健康,中介效应为0.005(95%CI:0.004~0.006),占总效应的19.2%。见表4
本研究中的西南地区男性石油钻井队工人的社会支持平均得分为(38.13±9.02)分,高付出-低回报的工人占53.0%,存在睡眠障碍的工人比例达到36.2%,与在新疆克拉玛依油田工人中的研究结果相比,分别低于宁丽等[6]调查的社会支持平均得分(42.24±8.34),高于安恒庆等[7]调查的高付出-低回报比例(47.4%),高于易孝婷等[4]的睡眠障碍比例(34.76%)。这可能主要归因于钻井队负责的钻井工程的特性,这是一个多工序、多工种和连续作业的高风险工程[22]。第一,石油钻井队工人在油田基地停留的时间较长,对不同工作组之间的轮换和调动需求更大。因此,他们与家人分离时间更长,不易与周围的同事建立更紧密的联系,社会支持得分低。且有研究显示,工作任务的频繁变化会增加工人感知到的压力[23],这可能也是高付出-低回报比例高的原因之一。第二,石油钻井队工人的体力劳动和轮班需求更大,噪音污染严重,降低睡眠质量,同时大部分工人受教育程度低,工作晋升机会很少,很少得到尊重和声望[24],造成付出回报失衡。
本研究中自评健康状况“好”和“较好”的男性石油钻井队工人占比为52.2%,低于老年男性(68.04%)[25]的自评健康水平,提示需要关注石油钻井队工人的健康问题。
本研究发现,社会支持对自评健康有直接正向作用,社会支持程度越高,男性石油钻井队工人的自评健康越好。既往研究也显示,社会支持与心理应激症状存在较强的负性关系[26],且社会支持水平越高,自评健康状况越好[27]。原因可用社会支持的主效应模型来解释,该模型强调社会支持具有普遍增益作用,因此当人们接收的社会支持水平增高时,身心健康水平会随之提高[28]
本研究也发现,睡眠障碍对自评健康有直接负向作用,睡眠障碍问题越严重,男性石油钻井队工人的自评健康越差。相关研究也显示睡眠质量差是身体损伤的危险因素[29],良好的睡眠质量对自评健康有重要意义[30-31]。主要原因可能是睡眠不足、睡眠周期的中断等睡眠障碍会导致内分泌系统紊乱和免疫力下降,增加心脑血管等疾病的患病率以及死亡风险[32],从而对人们的自评健康状况产生负面影响。
本研究发现,社会支持还可以通过两条路径间接保护自评健康,一是经降低高付出-低回报的失衡感,进而降低睡眠障碍的发生,间接保护自评健康;二是经降低睡眠障碍的发生,间接保护自评健康,此条中介路径的效应更大。睡眠质量是其中的关键中介变量,付出回报失衡对男性石油钻井队工人的自评健康无直接作用,结果佐证了睡眠健康的社会生态学模型。该模型强调睡眠在来自社会环境和职业背景的上游影响和对健康的下游影响的交叉点上发挥着关键的中介作用[33];付出回报失衡是石油钻井队工人面临的职业应激源之一,其可以通过降低睡眠质量,影响对自我健康状态的感知。
社会支持的缓冲效应模型可以解释本研究发现。该模型认为,社会支持可以通过优化个体面对困境和挑战时的心理反应,间接改善个体的身心健康[34]。社会支持可以缓冲石油钻井队工人面临的压力事件对个体身心健康的负面影响,例如工人的高付出-低回报带来的压力,社会支持可以给予精神或物质上的帮助,减轻付出大于回报的失衡感,使石油钻井队工人保持良好的情绪体验,从而获得较好的睡眠,最终影响其健康水平。此外,Fiksenbaum等人[35]认为,较高的社会支持与较少的日常纠纷有关,社会支持可以通过增强积极应对(如寻求帮助)来减少纠纷,在较高的社会支持作用下,石油钻井队工人的睡眠不易被日常纠纷与矛盾干扰,也意味着睡眠障碍的降低,进而间接影响健康。
综上,充足的社会支持、付出回报的平衡和获得良好睡眠质量对促进男性石油钻井队工人的自评健康有重要意义。因此,在石油钻井队工人的健康管理中应重视以下几点。第一,管理部门可通过丰富基地石油工人的文体活动来加强单位内部的社会支持和情感联系,同时要给员工时间与家人交流。第二,管理者应肯定石油工人的付出和成果,及时赞扬他们并根据实际情况给予物质上的奖励。在员工遇到困难时,管理者也要尽可能地给予关心与帮助。第三,管理者可以通过多种途径降低睡眠障碍的发生,包括分发防护用品,控制生活区的噪声干扰,降低换班频率等。通过以上措施提高石油钻井队工人获得的社会支持水平,降低高付出-低回报的失衡感,减少睡眠障碍的发生,进而提高石油钻井队工人的健康水平。
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310267
  • 接收时间:2023-10-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-15
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    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院健康行为与社会医学系,四川 成都 610041
    2.中国石化集团有限公司安全监管部
    3.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院健康管理中心,四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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