Article(id=1241522767233864434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306528, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687881600000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931694086, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1704816000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931694086, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931694086, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931694086, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522764012647140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931693318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931808852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=76, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522767594574585, articleId=1241522767233864434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Path analysis of depression and its influencing factors among de facto orphan caregivers in Sichuan, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the depression status of de facto orphan caregivers in Sichuan and analyze its influencing factors.

Methods

By using the social support rating scale and the simplified version of depression scale, a questionnaire survey was conducted on the social support and depression status of 374 de facto orphan caregivers in a city of Sichuan Province. A structural equation model was used to explore the factors influencing depression and their function routes.

Results

The depression score of orphan caregivers was (13.76 ±5.24) points, and 286 (76.5%) had depressive symptoms. The prevalence of chronic diseases in caregivers (β=0.316, P<0.001), gender (β=0.098, P=0.038), education (β=-0.154, P=0.002), current residence (β=-0.150, P=0.001), care time (β=0.117, P=0.011), and relationship with de facto orphans (β=-0.141, P=0.013) had direct effects on depression. Caregivers who suffered from chronic diseases, female, poorly educated, residence in rural areas, long-term care, and being the orphan’s grandparents had high depression scores. Caregivers’ marital status(β=-0.027, P=0.030), personal monthly income (β=-0.042, P=0.001), and care style (β=-0.037, P=0.004) had indirect effects on depression through social support (β=-0.190, P < 0.001). Caregivers in marriage, with higher monthly income, and assistance from others had higher scores of social supports. The better the status of social support, the lower the score of depression.

Conclusion

The prevalence rate of depressive symptoms of de facto orphan caregivers in Sichuan is high, and the situation of depression is severe, which calls for the attention of the whole society and early intervention.

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目的

了解四川事实孤儿照顾者的抑郁现状,分析其影响因素。

方法

采用社会支持评定量表、简版流调中心抑郁量表,对四川省某市374名事实孤儿照顾者的社会支持、抑郁状况进行问卷调查。采用结构方程模型分析事实孤儿照顾者抑郁的影响因素及其作用路径。

结果

事实孤儿照顾者的抑郁得分为(13.76±5.24)分,286人(76.5%)有抑郁症状。照顾者的慢性病患病情况(β=0.316,P<0.001)、性别(β=0.098,P=0.038)、文化程度(β=-0.154,P=0.002)、现居住地(β=-0.150,P=0.001)、照顾时间(β=0.117,P=0.011)、与事实孤儿的关系(β=-0.141,P=0.003)对抑郁有直接作用,患有慢性病、女性、文化程度低、居住在城镇、照顾时间长、为事实孤儿(外)祖父母的照顾者抑郁得分高;照顾者的婚姻状况(β=-0.027,P=0.030)、个人月收入(β=-0.042,P=0.001)、照顾方式(β=-0.037,P=0.004)通过社会支持(β=-0.190,P<0.001)对抑郁产生间接作用,在婚、个人月收入高、有他人协助的照顾者社会支持得分高,社会支持状况越好,抑郁得分越低。

结论

四川事实孤儿照顾者的抑郁症状患病率高,抑郁形势严峻,需要全社会共同关注和及早干预。

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熊雅鑫,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Dfse3c2Yv4Qh2tIg+YjLHQ==, magXml=L9d9i3kjqN0HonMQnfLuGQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=JbDolawOiv4innZngC38EA==, pdfFileSize=700070, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=05QJ7IPa94Ug9PS93mBfiQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=A94DsEeeJQ2HJzDfr8sldQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

高晓凤(1974—),博士,教授,研究方向:多元统计方法在医学中的应用

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高晓凤(1974—),博士,教授,研究方向:多元统计方法在医学中的应用

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高晓凤(1974—),博士,教授,研究方向:多元统计方法在医学中的应用

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European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 2021,50: 101882., articleTitle=Anxiety in family caregivers of patients with cancer, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241677630181798087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767233864434, awardId=202210634043, language=CN, fundingSource=2022年度国家级大学生创新创业项目(202210634043), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241677622086792181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767233864434, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677622095180792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767233864434, companyId=1241677622086792181, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637007, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677622103569400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767233864434, companyId=1241677622086792181, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.川北医学院公共卫生学院,四川 南充 637007)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241677622233591813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767233864434, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677622241980422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767233864434, companyId=1241677622233591813, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.川北医学院医学影像学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241677627661021349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767233864434, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Path diagram of influencing factors of depression in caregivers of de facto orphans, figureFileSmall=k5JwW8QVovTQ9E00d3X3mg==, figureFileBig=CKz9QsKbGbVfKrD3fOd9Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241677627761684647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767233864434, language=CN, label=图1, caption=事实孤儿照顾者抑郁影响因素的路径图

注:图示系数为标准化路径系数;*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=k5JwW8QVovTQ9E00d3X3mg==, figureFileBig=CKz9QsKbGbVfKrD3fOd9Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241677627874930861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767233864434, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics of 374 caregivers of de facto orphans

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征人数(%)特征人数(%)
性别慢性病
199(53.2)95(25.4)
175(46.8)279(74.6)
民族日常生活有无障碍
汉族366(97.9)有障碍41(11.0)
少数民族8(2.1)无障碍333(89.0)
年龄(岁)文化程度
<6078(20.9)文盲或半文盲130(34.8)
60~69147(39.3)小学189(50.5)
≥70149(39.8)初中及以上55(14.7)
现居住地照顾方式
城镇56(15.0)独自照顾97(25.9)
农村318(85.0)有他人协助277(74.1)
个人月收入(元)照顾时间(年)
<500185(49.5)<658(15.5)
500~999108(28.9)6~12223(59.6)
≥1 00081(21.7)>1293(24.9)
婚姻状况与事实孤儿的关系
在婚272(72.7)(外)祖父母320(85.6)
非在婚102(27.3)其他54(14.4)
医疗保险照顾的事实孤儿人数
未参保28(7.5)1人258(69.0)
参保346(92.5)>1人116(31.0)
职业与事实孤儿共处时间(h/d)
未就业152(40.6)<852(13.9)
务农182(48.7)8~16264(70.6)
其他40(10.7)>1658(15.5)
生活中最大困难事实孤儿年龄(岁)
经济困难251(67.1)<610(2.7)
担心事实孤儿成长85(22.7)6~12205(54.8)
疾病困扰36(9.6)>12159(42.5)
其他2(0.5)
), ArticleFig(id=1241677627967205554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767233864434, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

374名事实孤儿照顾者的基本情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征人数(%)特征人数(%)
性别慢性病
199(53.2)95(25.4)
175(46.8)279(74.6)
民族日常生活有无障碍
汉族366(97.9)有障碍41(11.0)
少数民族8(2.1)无障碍333(89.0)
年龄(岁)文化程度
<6078(20.9)文盲或半文盲130(34.8)
60~69147(39.3)小学189(50.5)
≥70149(39.8)初中及以上55(14.7)
现居住地照顾方式
城镇56(15.0)独自照顾97(25.9)
农村318(85.0)有他人协助277(74.1)
个人月收入(元)照顾时间(年)
<500185(49.5)<658(15.5)
500~999108(28.9)6~12223(59.6)
≥1 00081(21.7)>1293(24.9)
婚姻状况与事实孤儿的关系
在婚272(72.7)(外)祖父母320(85.6)
非在婚102(27.3)其他54(14.4)
医疗保险照顾的事实孤儿人数
未参保28(7.5)1人258(69.0)
参保346(92.5)>1人116(31.0)
职业与事实孤儿共处时间(h/d)
未就业152(40.6)<852(13.9)
务农182(48.7)8~16264(70.6)
其他40(10.7)>1658(15.5)
生活中最大困难事实孤儿年龄(岁)
经济困难251(67.1)<610(2.7)
担心事实孤儿成长85(22.7)6~12205(54.8)
疾病困扰36(9.6)>12159(42.5)
其他2(0.5)
), ArticleFig(id=1241677628067868852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767233864434, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of univariate analysis of influencing factors of depression in caregivers of de facto orphans

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素抑郁社会支持
得分(分,F/tP得分(分,F/tP
性别
12.79±5.093.893<0.00126.99±5.030.2080.835
14.87±5.2026.88±5.18
民族
汉族13.71±5.261.2890.19826.91±5.080.7360.462
少数民族16.13±3.8728.25±6.02
年龄(岁)
<6012.42±5.347.4120.00126.06±5.831.7830.170
60~6913.26±5.3227.41±5.02
≥7014.97±4.8826.93±4.72
现居住地
城镇15.21±5.452.2580.02526.29±4.991.0410.299
农村13.51±5.1727.05±5.11
个人月收入(元)
<50014.96±5.0310.420<0.00125.65±4.9313.376<0.001
500~99912.91±5.3527.80±4.87
≥1 00012.19±4.9728.74±5.02
婚姻状况
在婚13.46±5.121.8680.06327.76±4.895.283<0.001
非在婚14.59±5.4724.75±4.98
医疗保险
未参保12.89±5.590.9150.36125.86±5.061.1690.243
参保13.84±5.2127.03±5.09
职业
未就业14.88±5.127.0710.00126.45±4.831.8400.160
务农13.24±5.1127.46±5.12
其他11.92±5.4726.45±5.78
慢性病
10.37±4.147.895<0.00127.11±5.320.3690.712
14.92±5.0726.88±5.02
日常生活有无障碍
有障碍15.05±6.501.6670.09626.88±5.160.0800.936
无障碍13.61±5.0526.95±5.09
文化程度
文盲/半文盲15.30±4.7211.380<0.00127.06±4.540.3400.712
小学13.33±5.3627.01±5.17
初中及以上11.64±5.0426.42±6.03
照顾方式
独自照顾15.55±5.163.969<0.00124.33±4.996.145<0.001
有他人协助13.14±5.1327.85±4.81
照顾时间(年)
<612.57±5.643.7780.02426.95±5.262.5700.078
6~1213.61±5.1427.35±5.15
>1214.88±5.0525.94±4.75
与事实孤儿的关系
(外)祖父母14.27±5.225.304<0.00126.97±4.960.2500.802
其他10.80±4.3026.78±5.86
与事实孤儿共处时间(h/d)
<815.21±5.192.6100.07526.40±5.120.8170.443
8~1613.43±5.2126.89±5.28
>1614.00±5.2527.62±4.10
照顾的事实孤儿人数
1人13.53±5.191.3090.19127.06±5.080.6990.485
>1人14.29±5.3326.66±5.12
事实孤儿年龄(岁)
<610.70±4.522.0970.12427.60±4.012.3150.100
6~1213.65±5.1027.41±5.49
>1214.10±5.4126.28±4.54
合计13.76±5.2426.94±5.09
), ArticleFig(id=1241677628197892280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767233864434, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

事实孤儿照顾者抑郁影响因素的单因素分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素抑郁社会支持
得分(分,F/tP得分(分,F/tP
性别
12.79±5.093.893<0.00126.99±5.030.2080.835
14.87±5.2026.88±5.18
民族
汉族13.71±5.261.2890.19826.91±5.080.7360.462
少数民族16.13±3.8728.25±6.02
年龄(岁)
<6012.42±5.347.4120.00126.06±5.831.7830.170
60~6913.26±5.3227.41±5.02
≥7014.97±4.8826.93±4.72
现居住地
城镇15.21±5.452.2580.02526.29±4.991.0410.299
农村13.51±5.1727.05±5.11
个人月收入(元)
<50014.96±5.0310.420<0.00125.65±4.9313.376<0.001
500~99912.91±5.3527.80±4.87
≥1 00012.19±4.9728.74±5.02
婚姻状况
在婚13.46±5.121.8680.06327.76±4.895.283<0.001
非在婚14.59±5.4724.75±4.98
医疗保险
未参保12.89±5.590.9150.36125.86±5.061.1690.243
参保13.84±5.2127.03±5.09
职业
未就业14.88±5.127.0710.00126.45±4.831.8400.160
务农13.24±5.1127.46±5.12
其他11.92±5.4726.45±5.78
慢性病
10.37±4.147.895<0.00127.11±5.320.3690.712
14.92±5.0726.88±5.02
日常生活有无障碍
有障碍15.05±6.501.6670.09626.88±5.160.0800.936
无障碍13.61±5.0526.95±5.09
文化程度
文盲/半文盲15.30±4.7211.380<0.00127.06±4.540.3400.712
小学13.33±5.3627.01±5.17
初中及以上11.64±5.0426.42±6.03
照顾方式
独自照顾15.55±5.163.969<0.00124.33±4.996.145<0.001
有他人协助13.14±5.1327.85±4.81
照顾时间(年)
<612.57±5.643.7780.02426.95±5.262.5700.078
6~1213.61±5.1427.35±5.15
>1214.88±5.0525.94±4.75
与事实孤儿的关系
(外)祖父母14.27±5.225.304<0.00126.97±4.960.2500.802
其他10.80±4.3026.78±5.86
与事实孤儿共处时间(h/d)
<815.21±5.192.6100.07526.40±5.120.8170.443
8~1613.43±5.2126.89±5.28
>1614.00±5.2527.62±4.10
照顾的事实孤儿人数
1人13.53±5.191.3090.19127.06±5.080.6990.485
>1人14.29±5.3326.66±5.12
事实孤儿年龄(岁)
<610.70±4.522.0970.12427.60±4.012.3150.100
6~1213.65±5.1027.41±5.49
>1214.10±5.4126.28±4.54
合计13.76±5.2426.94±5.09
), ArticleFig(id=1241677628340498622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767233864434, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect values of the influencing factors of depression in caregivers of de facto orphans

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素直接效应(95%CI间接效应(95%CI总效应(95%CI
婚姻状况-0.027(-0.061~-0.005)*-0.027(-0.061~-0.005)*
照顾方式-0.037(-0.076~-0.010)**-0.037(-0.076~-0.010)**
个人月收入-0.042(-0.076~-0.016)**-0.042(-0.076~-0.016)**
照顾时间0.117(0.019~0.221)*0.117(0.019~0.221)*
与事实孤儿的关系-0.141(-0.218~-0.064)**-0.141(-0.218~-0.064)**
慢性病0.316(0.236~0.406)***0.316(0.236~0.406)***
性别0.098(0.007~0.196)*0.098(0.007~0.196)*
文化程度-0.154(-0.239~-0.077)**-0.154(-0.239~-0.077)**
现居住地-0.150(-0.237~-0.054)**-0.150(-0.237~-0.054)**
社会支持-0.190(-0.280~-0.103)***-0.190(-0.280~-0.103)***
), ArticleFig(id=1241677629842059458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767233864434, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

事实孤儿照顾者抑郁影响因素的效应值

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因素直接效应(95%CI间接效应(95%CI总效应(95%CI
婚姻状况-0.027(-0.061~-0.005)*-0.027(-0.061~-0.005)*
照顾方式-0.037(-0.076~-0.010)**-0.037(-0.076~-0.010)**
个人月收入-0.042(-0.076~-0.016)**-0.042(-0.076~-0.016)**
照顾时间0.117(0.019~0.221)*0.117(0.019~0.221)*
与事实孤儿的关系-0.141(-0.218~-0.064)**-0.141(-0.218~-0.064)**
慢性病0.316(0.236~0.406)***0.316(0.236~0.406)***
性别0.098(0.007~0.196)*0.098(0.007~0.196)*
文化程度-0.154(-0.239~-0.077)**-0.154(-0.239~-0.077)**
现居住地-0.150(-0.237~-0.054)**-0.150(-0.237~-0.054)**
社会支持-0.190(-0.280~-0.103)***-0.190(-0.280~-0.103)***
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四川某地事实孤儿照顾者抑郁现况及其影响因素的路径分析
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高晓凤 1 , 王苓宇 1 , 段云 2 , 熊雅鑫 1 , 余典 1
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024,51(1): 76-81
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024, 51(1): 76-81
四川某地事实孤儿照顾者抑郁现况及其影响因素的路径分析
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高晓凤1, 王苓宇1, 段云2, 熊雅鑫1 , 余典1
作者信息
  • 1.川北医学院公共卫生学院,四川 南充 637007
  • 2.川北医学院医学影像学院
  • 高晓凤(1974—),博士,教授,研究方向:多元统计方法在医学中的应用

通讯作者:

熊雅鑫,E-mail:
Path analysis of depression and its influencing factors among de facto orphan caregivers in Sichuan
Xiao-feng GAO1, Ling-yu WANG1, Yun DUAN2, Ya-xin XIONG1 , Dian YU1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637007, China
出版时间: 2024-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306528
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目的

了解四川事实孤儿照顾者的抑郁现状,分析其影响因素。

方法

采用社会支持评定量表、简版流调中心抑郁量表,对四川省某市374名事实孤儿照顾者的社会支持、抑郁状况进行问卷调查。采用结构方程模型分析事实孤儿照顾者抑郁的影响因素及其作用路径。

结果

事实孤儿照顾者的抑郁得分为(13.76±5.24)分,286人(76.5%)有抑郁症状。照顾者的慢性病患病情况(β=0.316,P<0.001)、性别(β=0.098,P=0.038)、文化程度(β=-0.154,P=0.002)、现居住地(β=-0.150,P=0.001)、照顾时间(β=0.117,P=0.011)、与事实孤儿的关系(β=-0.141,P=0.003)对抑郁有直接作用,患有慢性病、女性、文化程度低、居住在城镇、照顾时间长、为事实孤儿(外)祖父母的照顾者抑郁得分高;照顾者的婚姻状况(β=-0.027,P=0.030)、个人月收入(β=-0.042,P=0.001)、照顾方式(β=-0.037,P=0.004)通过社会支持(β=-0.190,P<0.001)对抑郁产生间接作用,在婚、个人月收入高、有他人协助的照顾者社会支持得分高,社会支持状况越好,抑郁得分越低。

结论

四川事实孤儿照顾者的抑郁症状患病率高,抑郁形势严峻,需要全社会共同关注和及早干预。

事实孤儿  /  照顾者  /  抑郁  /  影响因素  /  路径分析
Objective

To investigate the depression status of de facto orphan caregivers in Sichuan and analyze its influencing factors.

Methods

By using the social support rating scale and the simplified version of depression scale, a questionnaire survey was conducted on the social support and depression status of 374 de facto orphan caregivers in a city of Sichuan Province. A structural equation model was used to explore the factors influencing depression and their function routes.

Results

The depression score of orphan caregivers was (13.76 ±5.24) points, and 286 (76.5%) had depressive symptoms. The prevalence of chronic diseases in caregivers (β=0.316, P<0.001), gender (β=0.098, P=0.038), education (β=-0.154, P=0.002), current residence (β=-0.150, P=0.001), care time (β=0.117, P=0.011), and relationship with de facto orphans (β=-0.141, P=0.013) had direct effects on depression. Caregivers who suffered from chronic diseases, female, poorly educated, residence in rural areas, long-term care, and being the orphan’s grandparents had high depression scores. Caregivers’ marital status(β=-0.027, P=0.030), personal monthly income (β=-0.042, P=0.001), and care style (β=-0.037, P=0.004) had indirect effects on depression through social support (β=-0.190, P < 0.001). Caregivers in marriage, with higher monthly income, and assistance from others had higher scores of social supports. The better the status of social support, the lower the score of depression.

Conclusion

The prevalence rate of depressive symptoms of de facto orphan caregivers in Sichuan is high, and the situation of depression is severe, which calls for the attention of the whole society and early intervention.

De facto orphans  /  Caregivers  /  Depression  /  Influencing factors  /  Path analysis
高晓凤, 王苓宇, 段云, 熊雅鑫, 余典. 四川某地事实孤儿照顾者抑郁现况及其影响因素的路径分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (1) : 76 -81 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306528
Xiao-feng GAO, Ling-yu WANG, Yun DUAN, Ya-xin XIONG, Dian YU. Path analysis of depression and its influencing factors among de facto orphan caregivers in Sichuan[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (1) : 76 -81 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306528
据不完全统计,我国现有约60万名事实孤儿,且数量在不断增加[1]。事实孤儿即“事实无人抚养儿童”,是指父母双方均符合重残、重病、服刑在押、强制隔离戒毒、被执行其他限制人身自由的措施、失联、被撤销监护资格、被遣送(驱逐)出境情形之一的儿童;或者父母一方死亡或失踪,另一方符合重残、重病、服刑在押、强制隔离戒毒、被执行其他限制人身自由的措施、失联、被撤销监护资格、被遣送(驱逐)出境情形之一的儿童[2]。从制度层面看,事实孤儿并不是标准意义上的孤儿,标准意义上的孤儿是指父母双亡且未满18周岁的未成年人,而事实孤儿的父母并未双亡,但却因为种种原因无法履行抚养和监护责任,导致他们缺乏父母关爱,成为社会的边缘人群。事实孤儿基本上是由其近亲属替代抚养,其中绝大部分由祖父母、外祖父母抚养[3],一项纳入6篇国外文献的系统评价表明,照顾孙辈的祖父母相比未照顾孙辈的祖父母心理健康状态更差[4]。在病患群体的照顾者出现的心理健康问题中,抑郁最为常见[5]。由于长期照料事实孤儿的衣食住行和承担养育等责任,事实孤儿照顾者承受着沉重的经济、身体和心理负担,出现心理问题的风险很高,但目前少有文献报道我国事实孤儿照顾者的心理健康状况,故本研究以四川省某地事实孤儿照顾者为样本,调查他们抑郁现况并分析其影响因素,为政府有针对性采取措施促进事实孤儿照顾者身心健康提供参考。
以2022年四川某市登记在册的事实孤儿的照顾者为研究对象。照顾者的纳入标准如下:(1)受照顾者为某市民政部门认定的事实孤儿;(2)承担事实孤儿日常生活起居、教育等多种照顾;(3)已连续照顾事实孤儿>3个月;(4)意识清楚,沟通无障碍。符合纳入标准的照顾者共有416人。本次调查为电话调查,于2022年8—10月进行,其中因电话号码改变联系不上和拒接电话有42人,接受电话调查374人。本研究经川北医学院伦理委员会审批同意(编号:2023008),所有参加者均对本研究知情,并同意参加。
包括照顾者的一般情况、社会支持及抑郁状况。一般情况包括社会人口学特征(性别、年龄、民族、现居住地、文化程度、婚姻状况、医疗保险、个人月收入、职业、与事实孤儿的关系)、健康状况(慢性病患病情况、日常生活有无障碍)、照顾负担(照顾方式、事实孤儿年龄、照顾的事实孤儿人数、照顾时间、每天与事实孤儿的共处时间)。如一个事实孤儿照顾者照顾了多个事实孤儿,事实孤儿年龄为多个事实孤儿中的最小年龄。社会支持状况采用社会支持评定量表[6]进行测量,该量表总分范围为12~66分,得分越高表明社会支持越好,该量表在本研究中的Cronbach α系数为0.789。抑郁状况采用10项简版流调中心抑郁量表[7]进行测量,该量表总分范围为0~30分,得分越高表示抑郁症状越严重,将CESD-10评分≥10定义为有抑郁症状[8],该量表在本研究中的Cronbach α系数为0.816。
采用SPSS 20.0软件分析数据。对连续性变量采用()或[MP25P75)]进行描述,对分类变量采用构成比(%)进行描述;采用Pearson相关分析探讨事实孤儿照顾者社会支持与抑郁得分的相关性。
结构方程模型的构建:已有研究表明,患有精神疾病的儿童和青少年的照顾者的社会人口学特征、照顾负担、社会支持水平与其抑郁有关[5],健康状况与中老年人抑郁有关[9];社会人口学特征、健康状况与社会支持亦有关[10];而社会支持又可对青少年抑郁、孕期抑郁产生直接作用和中介作用[11-12],故本研究假设事实孤儿照顾者的社会人口学特征、健康状况、照顾负担可直接影响抑郁,又可通过社会支持对抑郁产生间接作用,从而构建出事实孤儿照顾者抑郁的结构方程基线模型。为减少修剪路径的次数和计算量,本研究在构建基线模型之前采用t检验或F检验对事实孤儿照顾者抑郁及社会支持的影响因素进行了初步筛选,再进一步应用Amos 24.0软件进行路径修剪和修正;检验水准α=0.05。
对374名事实孤儿照顾者进行电话调查,所得问卷均为有效问卷。照顾者年龄在30~83岁,平均为(65.9±8.4)岁;279人(74.6%)患有慢性病,128人(34.2%)患2种及以上慢性病;个人月收入平均为500(167,833)元;320人(85.6%)为事实孤儿的(外)祖父母;平均照顾时间为9(6,12)年,平均每天与孤儿共处时间为13(8,15)h;事实孤儿年龄在1~17岁,平均为(11.7±3.2)岁;251人认为生活中最大困难是经济困难,占67.1%。见表1
事实孤儿照顾者抑郁得分平均为(13.76±5.24)分,抑郁得分≥10分有286人(76.5%);社会支持平均得分为(26.94±5.09)分,按百分制折算仅为(40.82±7.71)分;社会支持得分与抑郁得分呈负相关(r=-0.214,P<0.001)。照顾者的性别、年龄、现居住地、个人月收入、职业、慢性病、文化程度、照顾方式、照顾时间、与事实孤儿的关系与其抑郁得分有关(均P<0.05);个人月收入、婚姻状况、照顾方式与其社会支持得分有关(均P<0.05)。见表2
根据前面假设,将单因素分析中对事孤儿照顾者抑郁、社会支持有统计学意义的因素纳入,构建出结构方程基线模型,并进一步对该模型进行路径修剪和修正,得到最终模型,见图1。该模型的适配度(拟合评价)指标:χ2/v=1.844<3、RMSEA=0.048<0.05、GFI=0.964>0.9、AGFI=0.941>0.9,模型拟合程度较好。图1中各项路径系数均有统计学意义,显示事实孤儿照顾者的性别(β=0.098,P=0.038)、文化程度(β=-0.154,P=0.002)、现居住地(β=-0.150,P=0.001)、与事实孤儿的关系(β=-0.141,P=0.003)、慢性病(β=0.316,P<0.001)及照顾时间(β=0.117,P=0.011)对抑郁有直接作用,患有慢性病、女性、文化程度低、居住在城镇、照顾时间长、为事实孤儿祖父母的照顾者抑郁得分高;婚姻状况(β=-0.027,P=0.030)、个人月收入(β=-0.042,P=0.001)、照顾方式(β=-0.037,P=0.004)则是通过社会支持(β=-0.190,P<0.001)对抑郁产生间接作用,社会支持为中介变量,在婚、个人月收入高、有他人协助的照顾者社会支持得分高,社会支持得分越高,抑郁得分越低。这些影响因素对抑郁的总效应为-0.210,其中总直接效应为-0.104,占45.52%,总间接效应为-0.106,占54.48%;这些影响因素中,慢性病患病情况对抑郁的效应值最大。见表3
本次调查发现,事实孤儿照顾者抑郁得分为13.76分,高于隔代照顾者抑郁得分(农村、城镇隔代照顾者得分分别为9.52分、6.83分)[13];且76.5%的事实孤儿照顾者有抑郁症状(CESD-10评分≥10分),高于我国老年人群抑郁症状患病率(34.0%)[14],这说明该地事实孤儿照顾者面临严峻的抑郁问题,急需政府相关部门和社会各界高度关注,并采取有针对性的干预措施。
本研究发现,女性、文化程度低的事实孤儿照顾者抑郁风险高,这与刘梦琪[14]对我国老年人抑郁的研究结果一致。而居住在城镇的事实孤儿照顾者抑郁得分高于居住在农村的照顾者,这可能与我国城乡居民人际关系差异有关,农村相对于城市人际关系更为简单、亲密、融洽和稳定[15],当日常生活中遇到困难时,居住在农村的照顾者更能及时得到周围邻居及亲朋好友提供的帮助,这有助于照顾者克服无助感和失落感等负面情绪。有研究发现,邻里行为能提高低收入接受者的情绪调节能力[16],接受邻里行为越多,接受者的主观幸福感越高[17],邻里行为对接受者的心理健康有积极正向的情绪调节能力。相对于其他关系的照顾者,身为事实孤儿祖父母的照顾者抑郁得分更高,这是因为祖父母年龄偏大,无论是从生理、心理还是社会交往等角度来看,他们都属弱势群体,除了要照料事实孤儿的衣食住行和承担养育责任外,他们还需解决自身照料问题,承受的生活压力和精神压力会更大,出现抑郁绪绪的风险更高。由于事实孤儿照顾者中(外)祖父母占绝大多数(本研究中占85.6%),因此,应重点关注和帮扶这一群体。已有研究发现有配偶、家庭收入高的中老人抑郁风险更小[9],社会支持与患病群体的照顾者的抑郁症状呈负相关[5,18],本研究通过结构方程模型发现,婚姻状况、个人月收入是通过社会支持这一中介变量对事实孤儿照顾者抑郁产生间接影响,已婚、收入高的事实孤儿照顾者的社会支持水平更高,抑郁风险降低。已婚照顾者的社会支持水平高,这不难理解;而收入高的照顾者社会支持水平高,这是因为从社会交互理论上看,人们在交往中存在着一种“分配上的公平”原则,经济收入高者会认为自己能够回馈他人提供给自己的支持和帮助,而收入低者则可能认为自己没有交往价值,进而感受不到更多的社会支持[19],主观支持得分较低。对于社会支持能有效缓解心理不健康状况,已经有较一致看法,因此,配偶对事实孤儿照顾者的陪伴和扶持、家庭成员和社会给予的足够经济支持,对防止事实孤儿照顾者抑郁有积极作用。
在健康状况方面,患有慢性病的事实孤儿照顾者的抑郁得分更高,这与吴念韦[9]对老年人抑郁的研究结果类似,这是因为慢性病病程迁延不愈,对照顾者的身体、心理健康及生活质量都会造成很大影响。在照顾负担方面,没有他人协助照顾事实孤儿、照顾时间长的事实孤儿照顾者抑郁得分高,照顾负担加重会增加事实孤儿照顾者的抑郁风险,这不难理解。一项针对土耳其癌症患者的家庭照顾者的研究亦显示,照顾时间与抑郁息息相关,随着照顾患者时间的增加,照顾者的抑郁水平也会增加[20]
需说明的是,本研究调查对象来源于四川某地,一定程度上可能会影响研究结论的外推性,将来可进一步扩大调查对象的来源范围,以增加样本代表性。不过,基于目前针对我国事实孤儿照顾者的心理健康相关研究极度缺乏的现实,本研究仍能为政府部门采取有针对性的干预措施提供参考,有其重要的现实意义。
综上,女性、文化程度低、患有慢性病、无配偶、经济收入低、(外)祖父母身份、独自照顾事实孤儿、居住在城镇、照顾时间长和社会支持水平低的事实孤儿照顾者,容易出现抑郁症状,应重点关注。
  • 2022年度国家级大学生创新创业项目(202210634043)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306528
  • 接收时间:2023-06-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-28
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2022年度国家级大学生创新创业项目(202210634043)
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    1.川北医学院公共卫生学院,四川 南充 637007
    2.川北医学院医学影像学院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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