Article(id=1241102828559725035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306164, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686240000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773831572903, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773831572903, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773831572903, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831572903, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241102813938380911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='16', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3072', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773831569418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831807198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241103811318706322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241103811318706323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3062, endPage=3067, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241102828886880772, articleId=1241102828559725035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of loneliness and influencing factors of elderly under different chronic diseases,Harbin, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To show that the current situation and influencing factors of loneliness in the elderly under different chronic diseases, and propose targeted solutions.

Methods

This survey adopted the convenience sampling method, selecting elderly people from five communities in Harbin for physical examinations and distributing questionnaires to conduct statistical analysis of the survey data.

Results

The loneliness scores of the elderly without chronic diseases, single chronic diseases and multiple chronic diseases were (42.83±9.08), (44.46±9.14) and (46.21±8.66), respectively. Age, education level, marital status, per capita monthly income of households, residence status, social support, and death anxiety were the common factors affecting loneliness in the three types of elderly (P<0.05). In terms of elderly people with multiple chronic diseases, those who worked as civil servants (95%CI:-11.515--3.602), employees of enterprises/institutions (95%CI: -6.117--2.443), and farmers(95%CI: -7.485--0.909) before retirement had lower levels of loneliness(P<0.05).

Conclusion

Elderly people with chronic diseases have a higher sense of loneliness and need to pay more attention to their mental health. It is necessary to reduce the level of loneliness by improving the level of social support, reducing death anxiety, improving social welfare and medical policies, reducing the financial burden, and improving family relations.

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目的

分析哈尔滨市不同慢性病患病情况下老年人孤独感现状及影响因素,并针对性提出解决措施。

方法

采用方便抽样法,选取哈尔滨市五个社区进行体检的老年人进行问卷调查。

结果

未患慢性病、患单一慢性病及患多重慢性病老年人的孤独感平均得分分别是(42.83±9.08)分、(44.46±9.14)分、(46.21±8.66)分。年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、家庭人均月收入、居住状况、社会支持、死亡焦虑是影响三类老年人孤独感的共同因素(P<0.05)。患多重慢性病的老年人方面,离退休前职业为公务员(95%CI:-11.515~-3.602)、企/事业单位员工(95%CI:-6.117~-2.443)及农民(95%CI:-7.485~-0.909)的老年人孤独感更低(P<0.05)。

结论

患慢性病老年人孤独感较高,需要加强对其心理健康的重视。应通过提高社会支持水平、降低死亡焦虑、健全社会福利与就医政策,减轻经济负担,改善家庭关系来降低其孤独感水平。

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温红娟,E-mail:
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章雨婷(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:中医心理学理论及临床应用研究

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章雨婷(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:中医心理学理论及临床应用研究

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A comparative study on the mental health of the retired and the unemployed inXi’an[D]. Yan’an University, 2020., articleTitle=A comparative study on the mental health of the retired and the unemployed inXi’an, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241102836734423993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102828559725035, awardId=zyzc-zy-2021-016, language=CN, fundingSource=吉林省中医药管理局项目(zyzc-zy-2021-016), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241102836818310078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102828559725035, awardId=2021KC20, language=CN, fundingSource=长春中医药大学研究生培养创新示范项目(2021KC20), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241102830220669583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102828559725035, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102830237446802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102828559725035, companyId=1241102830220669583, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102830245835411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102828559725035, companyId=1241102830220669583, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.长春中医药大学中医学院,吉林 长春 130117)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241102830350693024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102828559725035, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102830359081632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102828559725035, companyId=1241102830350693024, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.健康管理学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241102834658243464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102828559725035, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Loneliness scores of elderly people under different characteristics and chronic disease conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量未患慢性病(n=322)患单一慢性病(n=189)患多重慢性病(n=225)
例数(%) t/F例数(%) t/F例数(%) t/F
性别0.410.39-0.01
97(30.1)43.14±8.3580(42.3)44.76±9.3886(38.2)46.21±9.22
225(69.9)42.69±9.39109(57.7)44.24±8.90139(61.8)46.22±8.33
年龄(岁)16.92b9.83b5.89a
60~69204(63.3)40.82±9.0699(52.4)41.96±8.43111(49.3)44.42±8.53
70~7985(26.4)45.31±8.3657(30.2)46.07±9.4778(34.7)47.19±8.73
≥8033(10.3)48.85±6.5933(17.4)49.18±8.3536(16.0)49.61±8.66
受教育程度11.36b4.63a4.27a
小学及以下86(26.7)46.22±8.4663(33.3)47.48±9.01103(45.8)47.64±8.21
初中107(33.2)43.16±8.7666((35.0)44.06±9.6553(23.6)46.75±8.27
高中/中专82(25.5)42.10±8.5339(20.6)42.51±6.9852(23.1)44.75±8.63
大专及以上47(14.6)37.15±9.0721(11.1)40.29±9.1417(75.5)40.35±10.15
婚姻状况8.53b8.22b10.63b
在婚246(76.4)41.50±9.16126(66.6)42.35±8.96143(63.6)43.99±7.54
离异18(5.6)46.33±5.9413(6.9)48.85±8.0120(8.9)49.50±7.36
丧偶47(14.6)46.70±8.5737(19.6)47.57±7.6952(23.1)49.54±9.81
未婚11(3.4)50.27±6.0013(6.9)51.69±8.8610(4.4)54.10±8.56
离退休前职业1.710.293.69a
公务员30(9.3)39.00±10.8211(5.8)41.82±9.1023(10.2)42.78±9.42
企/事业单位员工95(29.5)43.54±8.8277(40.7)44.96±8.7087(38.7)45.08±8.54
农民94(29.2)43.20±8.5750(26.5)44.50±7.8966(29.3)46.58±8.23
自由职业65(20.2)42.38±9.0636(19.0)44.19±9.3724(10.7)47.38±6.62
无业/失业38(11.8)43.92±9.1815(8.0)44.33±14.4325(11.1)51.24±9.37
家庭人均月收入/元23.76b28.05b4.24a
<1 00055(17.1)47.82±7.4721(11.1)52.33±10.8754(24.0)49.22±8.20
1 000~2 999112(34.8)44.70±7.8670(37.1)48.06±7.5968(30.2)46.28±8.95
3 000~4 999112(34.8)41.69±8.4449(25.9)43.29±6.3369(30.7)45.45±8.44
≥5 00043(13.3)34.56±9.7349(25.9)37.12±7.2934(15.1)42.85±8.01
居住状况2.97a4.43b4.64b
独居23(7.1)48.17±9.8730(15.9)50.83±8.3845(20.0)50.04±8.49
非独居299(92.9)42.42±8.90159(84.1)42.61±9.50180(80.0)43.70±8.14
社会支持水平39.96b13.50b8.57b
低支持水平11(3.4)48.64±8.8812(6.3)51.50±9.6424(10.7)51.13±9.56
中支持水平261(81.1)44.36±7.78158(83.6)44.94±8.57178(79.1)46.22±8.38
高支持水平50(15.5)33.54±9.7419(10.1)36.00±8.0223(10.2)41.00±6.97
死亡焦虑水平57.21b30.99b44.57b
低水平死亡焦虑42(13.0)33.71±11.8939(20.6)37.72±10.4149(21.8)39.53±8.42
高水平死亡焦虑280(87.0)44.20±7.72150(79.4)46.21±7.93176(78.2)46.21±7.78
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834767295374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102828559725035, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征下不同慢性病患病情况老年人孤独感得分情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量未患慢性病(n=322)患单一慢性病(n=189)患多重慢性病(n=225)
例数(%) t/F例数(%) t/F例数(%) t/F
性别0.410.39-0.01
97(30.1)43.14±8.3580(42.3)44.76±9.3886(38.2)46.21±9.22
225(69.9)42.69±9.39109(57.7)44.24±8.90139(61.8)46.22±8.33
年龄(岁)16.92b9.83b5.89a
60~69204(63.3)40.82±9.0699(52.4)41.96±8.43111(49.3)44.42±8.53
70~7985(26.4)45.31±8.3657(30.2)46.07±9.4778(34.7)47.19±8.73
≥8033(10.3)48.85±6.5933(17.4)49.18±8.3536(16.0)49.61±8.66
受教育程度11.36b4.63a4.27a
小学及以下86(26.7)46.22±8.4663(33.3)47.48±9.01103(45.8)47.64±8.21
初中107(33.2)43.16±8.7666((35.0)44.06±9.6553(23.6)46.75±8.27
高中/中专82(25.5)42.10±8.5339(20.6)42.51±6.9852(23.1)44.75±8.63
大专及以上47(14.6)37.15±9.0721(11.1)40.29±9.1417(75.5)40.35±10.15
婚姻状况8.53b8.22b10.63b
在婚246(76.4)41.50±9.16126(66.6)42.35±8.96143(63.6)43.99±7.54
离异18(5.6)46.33±5.9413(6.9)48.85±8.0120(8.9)49.50±7.36
丧偶47(14.6)46.70±8.5737(19.6)47.57±7.6952(23.1)49.54±9.81
未婚11(3.4)50.27±6.0013(6.9)51.69±8.8610(4.4)54.10±8.56
离退休前职业1.710.293.69a
公务员30(9.3)39.00±10.8211(5.8)41.82±9.1023(10.2)42.78±9.42
企/事业单位员工95(29.5)43.54±8.8277(40.7)44.96±8.7087(38.7)45.08±8.54
农民94(29.2)43.20±8.5750(26.5)44.50±7.8966(29.3)46.58±8.23
自由职业65(20.2)42.38±9.0636(19.0)44.19±9.3724(10.7)47.38±6.62
无业/失业38(11.8)43.92±9.1815(8.0)44.33±14.4325(11.1)51.24±9.37
家庭人均月收入/元23.76b28.05b4.24a
<1 00055(17.1)47.82±7.4721(11.1)52.33±10.8754(24.0)49.22±8.20
1 000~2 999112(34.8)44.70±7.8670(37.1)48.06±7.5968(30.2)46.28±8.95
3 000~4 999112(34.8)41.69±8.4449(25.9)43.29±6.3369(30.7)45.45±8.44
≥5 00043(13.3)34.56±9.7349(25.9)37.12±7.2934(15.1)42.85±8.01
居住状况2.97a4.43b4.64b
独居23(7.1)48.17±9.8730(15.9)50.83±8.3845(20.0)50.04±8.49
非独居299(92.9)42.42±8.90159(84.1)42.61±9.50180(80.0)43.70±8.14
社会支持水平39.96b13.50b8.57b
低支持水平11(3.4)48.64±8.8812(6.3)51.50±9.6424(10.7)51.13±9.56
中支持水平261(81.1)44.36±7.78158(83.6)44.94±8.57178(79.1)46.22±8.38
高支持水平50(15.5)33.54±9.7419(10.1)36.00±8.0223(10.2)41.00±6.97
死亡焦虑水平57.21b30.99b44.57b
低水平死亡焦虑42(13.0)33.71±11.8939(20.6)37.72±10.4149(21.8)39.53±8.42
高水平死亡焦虑280(87.0)44.20±7.72150(79.4)46.21±7.93176(78.2)46.21±7.78
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834863764373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102828559725035, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Assignment of independent variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量赋值
年龄(岁)1=60~69;2=70~79;3=≥80
受教育程度1=小学及以下;2=初中;3=高中/中专;4=大专及以上
婚姻状况1=在婚;2=离异;3=丧偶;4=未婚
离退休前职业1=公务员;2=企/事业单位员工;3=农民;4=自由职业;5=无业/失业
家庭人均月收入/元1=<1 000;2=1 000~2 999;3=3 000~4 999;4=≥5 000
居住状况1=独居;2=非独居
社会支持1=低支持水平;2=中支持水平;3=高支持水平
死亡焦虑1=低水平死亡焦虑;2=高水平死亡焦虑
), ArticleFig(id=1241102836398879647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102828559725035, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

自变量赋值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量赋值
年龄(岁)1=60~69;2=70~79;3=≥80
受教育程度1=小学及以下;2=初中;3=高中/中专;4=大专及以上
婚姻状况1=在婚;2=离异;3=丧偶;4=未婚
离退休前职业1=公务员;2=企/事业单位员工;3=农民;4=自由职业;5=无业/失业
家庭人均月收入/元1=<1 000;2=1 000~2 999;3=3 000~4 999;4=≥5 000
居住状况1=独居;2=非独居
社会支持1=低支持水平;2=中支持水平;3=高支持水平
死亡焦虑1=低水平死亡焦虑;2=高水平死亡焦虑
), ArticleFig(id=1241102836503737255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102828559725035, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of influencing factors on loneliness among elderly people under different chronic disease conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量未患慢性病(n=322)患单一慢性病(n=189)患多重慢性病(n=225)
β95%CIPβ95%CIPβ95%CIP
年龄(岁)(参照:60~69)
70~790.1541.368~5.1530.0010.1280.313~5.0860.0250.1190.076~4.0640.042
≥800.1661.707~7.2510.0020.3091.124~5.851<0.0010.1270.157~5.8410.039
受教育程度(参照:小学及以下)
初中-0.165-3.344~0.7780.023-0.198-2.335~-0.9770.033-0.045-2.524~2.3310.638
高中/中专-0.228-2.836~1.7350.002-0.236-4.473~-2.7130.005-0.158-3.469~-0.3870.038
大专及以上-0.357-7.340~-1.874<0.001-0.248-7.451~-3.2480.002-0.256-8.377~-0.9370.008
婚姻状况(参照:在婚)
离异0.1220.841~6.1310.0420.1591.453~6.0420.0210.1830.306~7.7270.005
丧偶0.1670.234~5.0770.0420.2281.857~4.8470.0060.2731.125~6.271<0.001
未婚0.1760.097~8.9180.0470.2672.028~10.6080.0030.2102.426~11.964<0.001
离退休前职业(参照:无业/失业)
公务员-0.020-3.226~3.4260.821-0.013-6.235~4.9960.851-0.263-11.515~-3.602<0.001
企/事业单位员工-0.019-3.221~2.5080.8250.173-0.537~7.3540.085-0.242-6.117~-2.4430.024
农民-0.036-1.414~3.8220.679-0.014-4.491~3.8380.822-0.219-7.485~-0.9090.015
自由职业-0.068-0.832~0.5790.406-0.023-4.856~3.9030.798-0.125-7.684~0.4120.092
家庭人均月收入/元(参照:<1 000)
1 000~2 999-0.129-4.187~-0.5900.042-0.217-3.976~-0.2700.026-0.058-3.872~1.9500.443
3 000~4 999-0.157-5.505~-0.5960.017-0.231-9.169~-1.3030.010-0.180-4.977~-1.7350.015
≥5 000-0.259-10.093~-3.845<0.001-0.344-12.007~-3.380<0.001-0.233-8.455~-1.541<0.001
居住状况(参照:独居)
非独居-0.164-5.781~-1.1830.003-0.144-7.496~-1.0840.012-0.190-9.118~-3.4790.001
社会支持水平(参照:低支持水平)
中支持水平-0.139-7.718~-1.1120.148-0.189-9.263~-0.7640.021-0.185-7.033~-1.0520.010
高支持水平-0.347-13.595~-3.638<0.001-0.274-14.469~-3.4030.002-0.194-10.173~-1.4500.014
死亡焦虑水平(参照:高水平死亡焦虑)
低水平死亡焦虑-0.176-7.539~-2.094<0.001-0.328-10.812~-5.220<0.001-0.408-7.870~-2.528<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241102836587623340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102828559725035, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同慢性病患病情况下老年人孤独感影响因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量未患慢性病(n=322)患单一慢性病(n=189)患多重慢性病(n=225)
β95%CIPβ95%CIPβ95%CIP
年龄(岁)(参照:60~69)
70~790.1541.368~5.1530.0010.1280.313~5.0860.0250.1190.076~4.0640.042
≥800.1661.707~7.2510.0020.3091.124~5.851<0.0010.1270.157~5.8410.039
受教育程度(参照:小学及以下)
初中-0.165-3.344~0.7780.023-0.198-2.335~-0.9770.033-0.045-2.524~2.3310.638
高中/中专-0.228-2.836~1.7350.002-0.236-4.473~-2.7130.005-0.158-3.469~-0.3870.038
大专及以上-0.357-7.340~-1.874<0.001-0.248-7.451~-3.2480.002-0.256-8.377~-0.9370.008
婚姻状况(参照:在婚)
离异0.1220.841~6.1310.0420.1591.453~6.0420.0210.1830.306~7.7270.005
丧偶0.1670.234~5.0770.0420.2281.857~4.8470.0060.2731.125~6.271<0.001
未婚0.1760.097~8.9180.0470.2672.028~10.6080.0030.2102.426~11.964<0.001
离退休前职业(参照:无业/失业)
公务员-0.020-3.226~3.4260.821-0.013-6.235~4.9960.851-0.263-11.515~-3.602<0.001
企/事业单位员工-0.019-3.221~2.5080.8250.173-0.537~7.3540.085-0.242-6.117~-2.4430.024
农民-0.036-1.414~3.8220.679-0.014-4.491~3.8380.822-0.219-7.485~-0.9090.015
自由职业-0.068-0.832~0.5790.406-0.023-4.856~3.9030.798-0.125-7.684~0.4120.092
家庭人均月收入/元(参照:<1 000)
1 000~2 999-0.129-4.187~-0.5900.042-0.217-3.976~-0.2700.026-0.058-3.872~1.9500.443
3 000~4 999-0.157-5.505~-0.5960.017-0.231-9.169~-1.3030.010-0.180-4.977~-1.7350.015
≥5 000-0.259-10.093~-3.845<0.001-0.344-12.007~-3.380<0.001-0.233-8.455~-1.541<0.001
居住状况(参照:独居)
非独居-0.164-5.781~-1.1830.003-0.144-7.496~-1.0840.012-0.190-9.118~-3.4790.001
社会支持水平(参照:低支持水平)
中支持水平-0.139-7.718~-1.1120.148-0.189-9.263~-0.7640.021-0.185-7.033~-1.0520.010
高支持水平-0.347-13.595~-3.638<0.001-0.274-14.469~-3.4030.002-0.194-10.173~-1.4500.014
死亡焦虑水平(参照:高水平死亡焦虑)
低水平死亡焦虑-0.176-7.539~-2.094<0.001-0.328-10.812~-5.220<0.001-0.408-7.870~-2.528<0.001
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哈尔滨市不同慢性病患病情况下老年人孤独感及影响因素分析
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章雨婷 1 , 温红娟 2 , 温扩 1 , 贺沙沙 1 , 巩阳 1
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2024,51(16): 3062-3067
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现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2024, 51(16): 3062-3067
哈尔滨市不同慢性病患病情况下老年人孤独感及影响因素分析
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章雨婷1, 温红娟2 , 温扩1, 贺沙沙1, 巩阳1
作者信息
  • 1.长春中医药大学中医学院,吉林 长春 130117
  • 2.健康管理学院
  • 章雨婷(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:中医心理学理论及临床应用研究

通讯作者:

温红娟,E-mail:
Analysis of loneliness and influencing factors of elderly under different chronic diseases,Harbin
Yu-ting ZHANG1, Hong-juan WEN2 , Kuo WEN1, Sha-sha HE1, Yang GONG1
Affiliations
  • College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306164
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目的

分析哈尔滨市不同慢性病患病情况下老年人孤独感现状及影响因素,并针对性提出解决措施。

方法

采用方便抽样法,选取哈尔滨市五个社区进行体检的老年人进行问卷调查。

结果

未患慢性病、患单一慢性病及患多重慢性病老年人的孤独感平均得分分别是(42.83±9.08)分、(44.46±9.14)分、(46.21±8.66)分。年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、家庭人均月收入、居住状况、社会支持、死亡焦虑是影响三类老年人孤独感的共同因素(P<0.05)。患多重慢性病的老年人方面,离退休前职业为公务员(95%CI:-11.515~-3.602)、企/事业单位员工(95%CI:-6.117~-2.443)及农民(95%CI:-7.485~-0.909)的老年人孤独感更低(P<0.05)。

结论

患慢性病老年人孤独感较高,需要加强对其心理健康的重视。应通过提高社会支持水平、降低死亡焦虑、健全社会福利与就医政策,减轻经济负担,改善家庭关系来降低其孤独感水平。

老年人  /  慢性病  /  孤独感  /  社会支持  /  死亡焦虑
Objective

To show that the current situation and influencing factors of loneliness in the elderly under different chronic diseases, and propose targeted solutions.

Methods

This survey adopted the convenience sampling method, selecting elderly people from five communities in Harbin for physical examinations and distributing questionnaires to conduct statistical analysis of the survey data.

Results

The loneliness scores of the elderly without chronic diseases, single chronic diseases and multiple chronic diseases were (42.83±9.08), (44.46±9.14) and (46.21±8.66), respectively. Age, education level, marital status, per capita monthly income of households, residence status, social support, and death anxiety were the common factors affecting loneliness in the three types of elderly (P<0.05). In terms of elderly people with multiple chronic diseases, those who worked as civil servants (95%CI:-11.515--3.602), employees of enterprises/institutions (95%CI: -6.117--2.443), and farmers(95%CI: -7.485--0.909) before retirement had lower levels of loneliness(P<0.05).

Conclusion

Elderly people with chronic diseases have a higher sense of loneliness and need to pay more attention to their mental health. It is necessary to reduce the level of loneliness by improving the level of social support, reducing death anxiety, improving social welfare and medical policies, reducing the financial burden, and improving family relations.

Elderly people  /  Chronic diseases  /  Loneliness  /  Social support  /  Death anxiety
章雨婷, 温红娟, 温扩, 贺沙沙, 巩阳. 哈尔滨市不同慢性病患病情况下老年人孤独感及影响因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (16) : 3062 -3067 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306164
Yu-ting ZHANG, Hong-juan WEN, Kuo WEN, Sha-sha HE, Yang GONG. Analysis of loneliness and influencing factors of elderly under different chronic diseases,Harbin[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (16) : 3062 -3067 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306164
人口老龄化及现代医学模式转变促使社会更加重视老年人的心理健康问题[1-2]。孤独感是个体主观实际情况达不到对社会关系预期产生的落差感,表现为消极情绪[3-4]。研究表明,随着年龄增大,老年人亲密人际关系缺失,对孤独感这一负性情绪体验更为明显[5-6]。老年人由于生理机能退化,免疫功能下降,更易罹患慢性病。据国家卫健委最新数据显示,我国60岁及以上老年慢性病患者超1.8亿,其中3/4的老年人患≥1种慢性病[7]。已有研究证实,老年人孤独感与慢性病、社会支持、死亡焦虑等多种因素相关[8-10]。降低老年人孤独感水平对维护其身心健康、提升生命质量具有重要意义。
目前对老年人慢性病与孤独感相关性的研究多集中在整个慢性病患病群体或某一高发慢性病人群。既往研究证实患慢性病数量是孤独感的影响因素[11]。杨欢欢通过对老年高血压患者进行调查,发现患慢性病两种及以上的老年人孤独感水平高于患一种慢性病的老年人[12]。现有研究中关于不同慢病患病情况(未患、患单一、患多重慢性病)下老年人孤独感影响因素的差异性分析较少,本文基于以往研究,将老年人分为未患慢性病(慢性病种数=0)、患单一慢性病(慢性病种数=1)、患多重慢病(慢性病种数≥2)3类人群,探讨不同慢性病患病情况下老年人孤独感现状,找出影响不同慢性病患病情况下老年人孤独感的因素,为有针对性改善老年人孤独感提供参考依据。
近年来哈尔滨市老年人口比重持续上升,并表现出高龄化和空巢化的特征,是我国具有代表性的老龄化城市之一[13]。本研究于2022年7—9月采用方便抽样法选取哈尔滨市5个社区老年人作为调查对象,问卷由老年人自主填写或调查员询问填写。本研究获得长春中医药大学附属医院伦理委员会批准(审查批准号:CCZYFYLL-SQ-2022),调查前取得参与调查者的知情同意。纳入标准:①年龄≥60岁,在本地居住半年及以上者;②有独立思考及语言表达能力,精神状况良好,意识清楚,能配合填写或回答问卷。③遵循知情同意原则,自愿参加本研究者。排除标准:①聋哑、听力严重障碍或有其他可能妨碍调查的身体残疾;②意识不清、有严重精神疾病或精神障碍史。共发放问卷800份,回收有效问卷736份,有效回收率为92.0%。
自编问卷收集老年人的年龄、性别、受教育程度、婚姻状况、离退休前职业、家庭人均月收入、居住状况及慢性病患病情况等基本信息,慢性病患病情况由被试者自主报告并经由医生确诊。
采用肖水源(1994)编制量表(Social Support Rate Scale,SSRS)[14],共12个条目。量表包含客观支持(第2、6、7、8、9题)、主观支持(第1、3、4、5题)、对支持的利用度(第10、11、12题)共三个维度。单选每个条目有四级评分,每项从“无”到“全力支持”分别记1-4分。多选题有几个来源记几分,若回答“无任何来源”则记0分。量表总分12~66分,得分越高,说明社会支持水平越高。分数≥45分为高社会支持,23~44为中社会支持,≤22分为低社会支持[15]。本研究量表Cronbach α系数为0.841。
采用Russell等人(1996)编制量表(Univesity of California at Los Angels,UCLA)[16],共20个条目。包括11个正向计分条目与9个反向计分条目。正向计分条目从“从不”到“一直”分别记1~4分,反向计分条目从“从不”到“一直”分别记4-1分。量表总分为20~80分,总分越高表示个体孤独程度越高。本研究量表Cronbach α系数为0.829。
采用杨红等学者(2013)结合中国本土文化编制的中文版死亡焦虑测量量表(Chinese Templer-Death Anxiety Scale,CT-DAS)[17]。量表采用5点计分,共15个条目,其中9个条目正向计分,从“非常不同意”到“非常同意”分别记1-5分;6个条目(第2、3、5、6、7、15题)反向计分,从“非常不同意”到“非常同意”分别记5-1分。量表总分为15~75分,得分越高表示死亡焦虑程度越高,其中≥35分为高死亡焦虑。本研究量表Cronbach α系数为0.834。
使用Excel 2021进行数据录入,采用SPSS 26.0进行统计分析。对孤独感得分用均数±标准差进行描述性统计,采用t检验或方差分析进行不同慢性病患病情况下不同人口学特征老年人的孤独感得分差异比较。利用多元线性回归模型分析未患慢性病、患单一慢性病及患多种慢病状况下老年人孤独感的相关因素。检验水准α=0.05。
分析显示,未患慢性病老年人、患单一慢性病老年人及患多重慢性病老年人的孤独感平均得分分别为:42.83±9.08、44.46±9.14、46.21±8.66,两两之间差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3种不同慢性病患病情况下,老年人孤独感得分在性别方面差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),在年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、家庭人均月收入、居住状况、社会支持及死亡焦虑方面,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);患多重慢性病老年人孤独感得分在离退休前职业方面,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1
以孤独感得分为因变量,以单因素分析结果中差异具有统计学意义的变量为自变量,分类变量设置哑变量,对未患慢性病、患单一慢性病和患多重慢性病的老年人分别进行多重线性回归分析。自变量赋值见表2
未患慢性病老年人孤独感的影响因素有:年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、家庭人均月收入、居住状况、社会支持、死亡焦虑。与参照组相比,70~79岁、80岁及以上、离异、丧偶及未婚的老年人孤独感更高(P<0.05);初中、高中/中专、大专及以上、家庭人均月收入在1 000~2 999元、3 000~4 999元、5 000元及以上、非独居、高水平社会支持、低水平死亡焦虑的老年人孤独感更低(P<0.05)。
患单一慢性病老年人孤独感的影响因素与未患慢性病老年人相同。与参照组相比,70~79岁、80岁及以上、离异、丧偶、未婚老年人孤独感更高(P<0.05);初中、高中/中专、大专及以上、家庭人均月收入在1 000~2 999元、3 000~4 999元、5 000元及以上、非独居老年人、中水平社会支持、高水平社会支持、低水平死亡焦虑的老年人孤独感更低(P<0.05)。
患多重慢病老年人孤独感的影响因素包括年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、离退休前职业、家庭人均月收入、居住状况、社会支持、死亡焦虑。70~79岁及80岁及以上、离异、丧偶、未婚者孤独感更高(P<0.05);与参照组相比,高中/中专、大专及以上、家庭人均月收入在3 000~4 999元、5 000元及以上、公务员、企/事业单位员工及农民、非独居者、中水平社会支持、高水平社会支持、低水平死亡焦虑的老年人孤独感更低(P<0.05)。见表3
本研究发现,哈尔滨市不同慢性病患病情况下老年人孤独感得分高于2021年山西省一项老年人孤独感相关因素的研究结果[8]。这可能与哈尔滨市长期低生育率、劳动人口流失等因素有关。本研究中,未患慢性病的老年人孤独感得分显著低于患单一和患多重慢性病的老年人,证实慢性病是影响老年人孤独感的重要因素,同既往研究结果一致[18]。由于慢性病难以治愈且病情反复、致残率高,患慢性病的老年人长期受病痛折磨,陷入否定自我的困境,生活质量受到不同程度影响,从而对生活失去热情,对未来失去信心,降低社交活动频率可能性增加,造成心理异常,因而孤独风险增加[19]
本研究发现,3种不同慢性病患病情况下,老年人孤独感均受年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、家庭人均月收入、居住状况等人口学特征影响。随着年龄的增长,无论老年人是否患病,孤独感都有所升高。年龄上升一方面导致老年人身体机能退化,出现免疫力及认知功能下降等情况;另一方面会引起人际关系进一步缺失,使得老年人缺乏相应照料与心灵慰藉,因而对心理健康产生影响[20]。受教育程度越低,老年人的孤独感水平越高,与既往研究结果一致[21]。学历更高的老年人,能够以更积极乐观视角看待生活中负性事件,对慢性病发展过程及死亡结局理解更科学全面,能够进行有效自我健康管理,积极参与治疗过程。本研究发现在婚老年人孤独感得分更低,与焦娜娜[22]研究结果类似。说明家庭关系单薄的老年人缺乏安全感及家庭归属感,不易获取情感关怀与经济支持,更易产生孤独等负性情绪。经济特征方面,家庭人均月收入越高的老年人孤独感越低,原因可能在于经济条件越好的老年人通常日常娱乐活动越丰富,社会参与度越高,导致孤独感发生可能性降低[23]。3种不同慢性病患病情况下,非独居的老年人发生孤独感风险更小。家人承担着照料患病老年人生活的主要工作,对其健康恢复具有积极作用,并通过提供情感需求,提高老年人对抗疾病的信心,消除不良情绪,在一定程度上缓解孤独感[24]
社会支持与死亡焦虑是不同慢性病患病情况下老年人孤独感的共同影响因素。本研究显示,社会支持水平越高,老年人孤独感水平越低,与既往研究一致[25]。根据社会支持的主效应模型和缓冲模型[26],一方面,社会支持对个体具有普遍增益效果,能够保护老年人心理健康;另一方面,社会支持可以缓冲压力事件对老年人身心状态产生的负向影响,抑制孤独感水平。另外,本研究显示死亡焦虑水平高的老年人,孤独感水平更高,与既往研究相匹配[27]。老年人经历死亡事件几率增加,对死亡的恐惧使他们产生更多孤独等负性情绪。因此需要帮助老年人正确认识死亡,保持积极向上的人生态度,缓解死亡焦虑。
离退休前职业对哈尔滨市患多重慢性病老年人孤独感具有显著影响。本研究中,相较于无业或失业老年人,曾从事公务员、企/事业单位员工及农民的老年人孤独感得分更低,与贺家研究结果相似[28]。对于此类老年人而言,离退休后通常仍能保持一定的社交网络,用以满足自身兴趣爱好,充实精神生活,且经济条件相对较好,能够享受到更多资源和服务,更能应对多重慢性病导致的多方面消耗,对疾病治疗有更优越的应对策略。
综上所述,本研究丰富了不同慢性病患病情况下老年人孤独感及影响因素研究。减轻老年人孤独感、实现健康老龄化,需要维护老年人社会福利,健全就医政策,减轻经济负担;转变老年人对死亡的错误认知,降低死亡焦虑;鼓励老年人保持乐观开放的心态,以积极向上的态度配合慢性病治疗;提高家庭、社会对老年人的关注度,持续推进社区服务,帮助老年人建立更广泛的人际关系。
  • 吉林省中医药管理局项目(zyzc-zy-2021-016)
  • 长春中医药大学研究生培养创新示范项目(2021KC20)
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2024年第51卷第16期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306164
  • 接收时间:2023-06-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-09
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吉林省中医药管理局项目(zyzc-zy-2021-016)
长春中医药大学研究生培养创新示范项目(2021KC20)
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    1.长春中医药大学中医学院,吉林 长春 130117
    2.健康管理学院

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温红娟,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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