The undersea gold deposit off northern Sanshandao is a newly discovered super-large gold deposit in the northern Jiaodong Peninsula, located at the northern end of the Sanshandao- Cangshang Fault Zone. A large amount of research work has been carried out on the shallow part of this deposit, but the research on the deep mineralization laws and resource potential is relatively weak. The systematic mineralogical study on pyrite of the deep part of this deposit (at an elevation of –1253 to –1 455 m) is conducted in this paper, to reveal its characteristics of geochemical compositions, explore the genesis of the deposit, evaluate the potential for deep mineral exploration, and provide a scientific basis for regional deep mineral exploration prediction. Based on the theories of genetic mineralogy, this paper conducts an in-depth study on the morphology and compositional characteristics of pyrites from three metallogenic stagesfrom drill coresin this deposit. We obeserved the morphological, particle size, and self-shaping degree characteristics of pyrite and analyzed in-situ trace element composition of pyrites at each stage, using electron probe technology, with a focus on determining the contents of elements such As Fe, S, As, Co, Ni, and Au, and calculating standard parameters such as Co/Ni value and Fe/(S+As) value. The results indicate that the pyrites in this deposit can be divided into three mineralization stages: pyrite sericilization stage (Py1), quartz-pyrite-arsenopyrite stage (Py2), and quartz-polymetallic sulfide stage (Py3). Among them, the pyrites of stage Py2 and Py3 have smaller particle size and poorer hedral degree which have better gold content. he Co/Ni ratio of pyrites in this deposit ranges from 1 to 4, with an average of 3. The pyrites are rich in As and Co, which further indicate that this deposit is of magmatic hydrothermal origin. Collectively, Fe/(S+As) ratios of pyrites, alongside the vertical zonation characteristics of trace element, indicate high prospectivity at depth in the undersea gold deposit off northern Sanshandao.

Bolivia is located at the junction of the Antarctic Plate and the American Plate, situated at the intersection of two major tectonic units, the Andes and the Amazonia craton. It has experienced a long and complex geological evolution process and has been significantly influenced by the Andean orogeny. The stratigraphy of Bolivia is well-developed from the Archean to the Cenozoic, with Cenozoic magmatic activity being closely related to the formation of metal mineral deposits in Bolivia. Bolivia is rich in mineral resources, with iron, lead, zinc, tungsten, tin, bismuth, antimony, silver, lithium, and other minerals being the dominant ones. It holds an important position globally and is a world-renowned mineral-rich country and traditional exporter of mineral products. Historically, it was known as the "Republic of Mining." Due to natural conditions, political situations, and mining policies, the overall geological work level in Bolivia is relatively low, with significant differences in work levels among different regions. The degree of mineral resource development is far behind that of neighboring countries such as Brazil, Peru, and Chile. Therefore, Bolivia is considered one of the most prospective countries for exploration in the world today. In recent years, the Bolivian government has issued new decrees, implemented tax reforms, and abolished the value-added tax on the import of capital goods, industrial plants, machinery, and equipment to attract foreign mining companies to invest and cooperate in Bolivia, thereby increasing the added value of Bolivian mineral exports. This paper introduces the geological and mineral resources overview of Bolivia, with a focus on interpreting the mining regulations and other documents issued since 2014. Four mining investment suggestions are proposed: First, it is necessary to study the geological background and mineralization laws of Bolivia to prepare for entering the Bolivian mining market. Second, systematic exploration preparations should be made to conduct regional or small-scale mineral rights resource exploration work together with Bolivia and to refine and correct existing data. Third, respect for the indigenous people and environmental organizations of Bolivia is essential. While exploiting resources, efforts should be made to promote the development of surrounding communities and gain public recognition. Fourth, professional legal teams should be hired to conduct due diligence and establish flexible exit mechanisms.

Peru is extremely rich in copper resources, with both its reserves and production ranking second globally. It is one of the world’s most significant regions for copper exploration and development and serves as a major source of copper imports for China. The porphyry copper deposits are the dominant deposit type in Peru and the primary target of exploration and development activities. Peru has discovered 12 large copper mines, and its copper reserves and resource increments are among the highest in the world. Copper exploration and development in Peru are predominantly led by European, American, and local Peruvian mining companies. Peru's copper production has steadily increased, and its production costs are globally competitive. China is the largest importer of Peruvian copper, with Chinese companies actively participating in the exploration and development of peru’s copper resources. This paper systematically sorts out the copper resource endowment, exploration and development status, and potential in Peru. It also analyzes the opportunities and risks associated with copper-related cooperation. There are significant risks and challenges, such as strikes and community issues, that are commonly encountered in the process of copper investment cooperation in Peru especially for Chinese companies. This paper concludes by offering policy and strategic recommendations for Chinese companies seeking to participate in copper resource exploration and development activities in Peru.

Arsenopyrite (Apy) and chlorite (Chl) are abundant sulfide or altered minerals in hydrothermal gold deposits, which been widely used in the inversion of the physical chemical conditions of gold mineralization. The Jinshan gold deposit in Gansu Province is located in the Xiahe-Xihe-Fengxian-Huangbaiyuan metallogenic sub-belt in the eastern section of the West Qinling metallogenic belt, with superior mineralization conditions, characterized by the development of multiple generations of arsenopyrite and chlorite. In this study, we take the various types of arsenopyrite and chlorite in ore samples from the Jinshan gold deposit as the research object. Based on the division of the three mineralization stages in Jinshan Gold deposit, using electron probes to determine the major elemental composition of Apy (Apy-Ⅱ～Apy-Ⅲ) and Chl (Chl-Ⅰ～Chl-Ⅲ) at each stage, dividing the chemical types of Chl-Ⅰ～Chl-Ⅲ, calculating the formation temperature, oxygen fugacity (lgfO₂), sulfur fugacity (lgfS₂), and pH value of Chl-Ⅰ～Chl-Ⅲ and Apy-Ⅱ～Apy-Ⅲ. Furthermore, analyzing the formation environment and physicochemical conditions of Apy and Chl at each stage, and exploring the gold mineralization mechanism of the Jinshan gold deposit. The results indicate that the diagenetic shallow metamorphic stage of Chl-I exhibits characteristics of low temperature, low lgfO₂, and low lgfS₂. During the hydrothermal mineralization stage, the temperature, lgfO₂, lgfS₂, and pH values of Chl-Ⅱ and Apy-Ⅱ significantly increased compared to stage I, indicating the loss of a large amounts of acidic components such as CO₂ in Stage II, it is speculated that there was strong fluid mixing and boiling during the hydrothermal mineralization stage. Subsequently, during the hydrothermal mineralization stages Ⅱ～Ⅲ, boiling causes a significant decrease in temperature, pressure, and S content in the fluid, promoting large-scale precipitation of Au in the form of natural gold, thereby promoting the large-scale precipitation of Au in the form of natural gold. Meanwhile, under low sulfur fugacity and neutral pH value conditions, a large amount of invisible gold was formed in arsenopyrite as Au-As like substances.

The Xinjiang (China) to Central Asia region is located north of the Karakum-Tarim Craton and belongs to the Paleo-Asian Ocean tectonic domain, one of the world's three major tectonic domains. Distinguished by its unique geographical setting, this region is rich in mineral resources such as lead, zinc, copper, gold, rare earth, and lithium, and has become an important area for China's international mining cooperation in recent years. Guided by the "multi-island arc-basin system" tectonic model, this paper systematically summarizes the trmporal-spatial distribution, metallogenic setting and deposit types of lead-zinc deposits in the Xinjiang (China) to Central Asia region on the basis of tectonic unit division and carries out the division of three-level metallogenic units. A total of 2 metallogenic provinces are distinguished: Altai(-Xing’an Mongolia) and Kazakhstan-Tianshan; 4 metallogenic belts are Altai, Taerbahatai-West Junggar, Moint-Balkhash-Middle Tianshan and TurgayTalas; and 6 metallogenic subbelts are South Altai, Saryzhal-Zharma, Karasor-Moint-Yili, Bayan Uul- Zheirtau-Middle Tianshan, Karatau and Bukantau-Kyrgyz Mountain. Building on previous research, this paper further analyzes the metallogenic characteristics and typical deposits of each subbelt and discusses regional lead-zinc mineralization in combination with the tectonic evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, aiming to provide a useful references for the comparative study and exploration of lead-zinc deposits in Xinjiang and adjacent overseas areas.

Early Paleozoic stratigraphic sequences are well exposed in the North Altyn ophiolitic mélange zone and its adjacent Central Altyn block, which documented the subduction and collision of the North Altyn Ocean. The Ordovician sequence within the North Altyn ophiolitic mélange zone is composed of clastic rocks, volcanic rocks and carbonates. Detrital zircon grains from the volcaniclastic sandstone samples determine a single age population at 420～440 Ma (peak at 470 Ma), with a maximum depositional age (YPP) of 456 Ma. Moreover, the detrital grains were predominantly derived from a juvenile crustal source (7.4＞ε_Hf(t)＞0). Coeval Ordovician Elantage Formation exposed in the northern margin of the Central Altyn block also displays a single age population, but at 510～450 Ma (peak at 470～465 Ma), with a YPP of 446 Ma. However, their Hf isotopes (−1.8～−8.4) indicate a source region dominated by crustal recycling. The zircon trace element signatures of both units argue for derivation from a granitic source. Field geology, detrital zircon age distribution patterns, along with zircon isotopic and geochemical compositions, suggest deposition in an active plate margin setting. This, together with regional geology and previous studies, favors the Elantage Formation as deposited in an Early Ordovician retro-continental arc basin related to the south directed subduction of the North Altyn Ocean, with detritus derived from the Cambrian-Ordovician continental margin arc type granitoids in the northern Central Altyn block. In contrast, the Ordovician sequence within the North Altyn ophiolitic mélange zone may have been deposited in a younger fore-arc basin, subsequent to retreat of oceanic subduction and the extension of the continental central Altyn block. The identified Ordovician continental arc margin basins argue for continuous subduction of the North Altyn Ocean from the Cambrian to the Ordovician period, which closed in late Ordovician.

With the advancement of large language models and knowledge graph technologies, the construction of geoscience knowledge systems based on semantic modeling and logical reasoning has gradually become an important technical approach for intelligent mineral exploration. To address the long-standing issue of single-level ontological semantics in geoscience knowledge representation, this paper proposes a dual-axis ontology design centered on the "concept axis-function axis." This design integrates key geological elements such as stratigraphy, lithology, structure, and magmatic rocks, combined with exploration indicators including ore-bearing lithology, ore-controlling structures, and geochemistry, to construct a concept-function dual-axis ontology structure. Leveraging large language models, entity recognition and relation extraction from geological texts are achieved, and the Neo4j platform is utilized for graph-structured storage and reasoning applications of mineral deposit knowledge. Taking the Qukulekedong Gold-Antimony Ore Concentration Area as a case study, the dual-axis ontology is embedded into prompt engineering to enable knowledge extraction in the study area using large language models. Through semantic association and structural analysis of the knowledge graph, logical reasoning and pattern induction for exploration models are conducted. The results indicate that the dual-axis ontology model, by collaboratively representing geoscience entities through the dual semantic dimensions of the concept axis and function axis, demonstrates significant advantages in semantic retrieval, relationship organization, and knowledge reasoning. This model overcomes the limitations of traditional geological knowledge, which primarily relies on static attribute descriptions, and expands from structural representation to functional semantics. It provides a solid theoretical foundation and methodological support for constructing geoscience knowledge systems with intelligent representation and logical reasoning capabilities.

As oilfield development enters the middle and late stages, formation energy deficit becomes increasingly severe and injection-production conflicts become more prominent. Conventional empirical injection allocation and numerical simulation methods often face challenges such as high computational cost, difficult history matching, and insufficient prediction accuracy when applied to complex reservoirs with strong heterogeneity and rapid dynamic changes. To address these problems, an injection-production optimization method integrating production dynamic data, physical constraints, and adaptive machine learning is proposed. In this method, LSTM and XGBoost are used to construct a parallel prediction framework, and the prediction model is selected through multi-index competition. Kalman filtering and nonlinear diffusion filtering are adopted to reconstruct injection-production response signals, and a physics-constrained ANN combined with gradient sensitivity analysis is used to invert inter-well connectivity coefficients. On this basis, a dual-objective injection allocation optimization model considering both oil production enhancement and water-cut control is established and solved using the differential evolution algorithm. A case study from B Oil Production Plant shows that the physics-constrained LSTM achieves an R² of 0.9521 and reduces the MSE to 0.6513, outperforming the standard LSTM and XGBoost in both prediction accuracy and physical consistency. The inter-well connectivity inversion results identify dominant high-water-cut flow channels and agree well with geological understanding. After optimization, block oil production increases from 175.00 m³/d to 176.10 m³/d, with an incremental oil production of 1.10 m³/d. The results indicate that coupling data-driven models with seepage-physics constraints can reduce reliance on repeated history matching, improve the evaluation efficiency of injection-production schemes, and provide technical support for refined injection allocation and stable oil production with water control in high-water-cut oilfields.

To enhance the erosion resistance of loess slopes, urease-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (EICP) technology was introduced to strengthen the loess slope in this study. Through permeability, disintegration, slope model erosion, and microscopic tests, the water stability and erosion resistance of EICP-treated loess under different treatment conditions were systematically studied, and its treatment mechanism was discussed. The results indicate that the permeability and anti-disintegration characteristics of loess can be significantly improved after two rounds of EICP treatment when the soybean urease concentration is 80 g/L, the cementation solution concentration is 1.0 mol/L, and the mixture ratio is 1∶1. Under simulated extreme rainfall conditions, no splash erosion pits or gullies developed on the solidified slope. The runoff rate remained stable, sediment concentration in the runoff was negligible, and the water content of the slope increased significantly less than that of an unsolidified slope. Additionally, the difference in elevation between the two types of slopes after erosion follows the normal distribution approximately. Microscopic analysis shows that the cementation solution concentration dominates the effect of EICP treatment by regulating the size and spatial continuity of calcium carbonate crystals. This technology forms a dense three-dimensional network structure within the loess, which effectively divides the pore structure of soils. Therefore, EICP technology has good engineering application potential in improving the impermeability and erosion resistance of loess slopes.

The water resources of the Ordovician oilfield in the Tarim Basin's Tahe Oilfield are characterized by a high concentration of potassium, lithium, and other trace elements with significant economic value. These resources represent an important strategic asset in the Tarim Basin, alongside oil and gas resources. In this paper, Ordovician oilfield water samples from the Tahe oilfield were collected and analyzed to study its geochemical characteristics and its associated resource distribution pattern. The results demonstrate that the primary cations present in the Ordovician oilfield water of the Tahe Oilfield are Na⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺, while the primary anions are Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HCO³⁻, and NO₃⁻. The mineralization of the oilfield water ranges from 140 to 260 g/L, with an average value of 216.56 g/L, indicating a medium level of mineralization. The oilfield water can be classified as a CaCl₂ type. The characteristic coefficients indicate that the oilfield water undergoes alternating cation adsorption and robust water-rock interactions. It is a solution-filtered oilfield water, exhibiting complete reduction, optimal reservoir confinement, and a notable degree of metamorphism. The ions present in the oilfield water are predominantly derived from rock salt, gypsum, and crumbly clay minerals. The useful components, including K⁺, Li⁺, Br⁻, and Sr²⁺, exist in oilfield water can meet the industrial indicators of comprehensive utilization: the K⁺ content ranging from 556 to 2740 mg/L with an average value of 1781.19 mg/L; the Li⁺ content varying from 2.9 to 18.5 mg/L with an average concentration of 11.16 mg/L; the concentration of Br⁻ ranging from 45 to 323 mg/L with an average concentration of 230.77 mg/L; The concentration of Sr²⁺ ranging from 341 to 605 mg/L with an average of 473.31 mg/L. Conducting research on oilfield water that coexists with oil and gas resources, and comprehensively developing and utilizing the associated resources, is of significant importance for enhancing the resource value of oil and gas fields.