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Joint Robust Beamforming Design for IRS-assisted Physical Layer Key Generation Under Hardware Impairments
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Yi WANG1, 2, 3, Shaochuan YANG1, 2, 3, *, Fei ZHAO1, 2, 3, Baofeng JI4, Zheng CHU5, Chunguo LI6
Radio Communications Technology | 2025, 51(5) : 911 - 918
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Radio Communications Technology | 2025, 51(5): 911-918
• Special Topic: 6G and IoT Technologies •
Joint Robust Beamforming Design for IRS-assisted Physical Layer Key Generation Under Hardware Impairments
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Yi WANG1, 2, 3, Shaochuan YANG1, 2, 3, *, Fei ZHAO1, 2, 3, Baofeng JI4, Zheng CHU5, Chunguo LI6
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Electronics and Information, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • 2.Henan Key Laboratory of General Aviation Technology, Zhengzhou 450046 China
  • 3.Collaborative Innovation Center of Aeronautics and Astronautics Electronic Information Technology Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • 4.College of Information Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 5.Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
  • 6.School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Published: 2025-09-18 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.004
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This paper investigates an Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS)-assisted Physical-layer Key Generation (PKG) system under residual Transceiver Hardware Impairments(THI). A closed-form expression for the Key Generation Rate(KGR) is derived, and a KGR maximization problem is formulated under the base station transmit power constraint and the unit-modulus constraint on the IRS phase shifts. To solve this problem, a robust optimization algorithm is proposed, which integrates Alternating Optimization(AO), Successive Convex Approximation (SCA), Semi-Definite Relaxation(SDR), and penalty methods to iteratively optimize the transmit beamforming and IRS phase shifts. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed robust algorithm can effectively mitigate the impact of hardware impairments and improve the KGR.

hardware impairments  /  key generation  /  IRS  /  AO
Yi WANG, Shaochuan YANG, Fei ZHAO, Baofeng JI, Zheng CHU, Chunguo LI. Joint Robust Beamforming Design for IRS-assisted Physical Layer Key Generation Under Hardware Impairments[J]. Radio Communications Technology, 2025 , 51 (5) : 911 -918 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.004
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.004
  • Receive Date：2025-04-27
  • Online Date：2026-04-17
  • Published：2025-09-18
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History
  • Received：2025-04-27
Affiliations
    1.School of Electronics and Information, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China
    2.Henan Key Laboratory of General Aviation Technology, Zhengzhou 450046 China
    3.Collaborative Innovation Center of Aeronautics and Astronautics Electronic Information Technology Zhengzhou 450046, China
    4.College of Information Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
    5.Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
    6.School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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