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Toxin-antitoxin system resists phage infection: a review
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Qingjian ZHU1, Songying OUYANG1, 2, Xurong WANG1, *
Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2025, 65(3) : 1007 - 1016
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Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2025, 65(3): 1007-1016
• Review •
Toxin-antitoxin system resists phage infection: a review
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Qingjian ZHU1, Songying OUYANG1, 2, Xurong WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
  • 2 FJNU Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
Published: 2025-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240631
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The toxin-antitoxin (TA) system is ubiquitous in bacteria and archaea. A typical TA system generally consists of a toxin that inhibits bacterial growth and an antitoxin that neutralizes toxin toxicity. At present, TA systems are classified into types I-VIII, of which type II system is the most extensively studied. In addition, researchers have found that there are atypical TA systems such as monocistronic TA systems and three-component TA systems. After the discovery of the first TA system (CcdB/CcdA) in the 1980s, TA systems have been shown to play a key role in the physiological processes of microorganisms. In this paper, we review the research results about the roles of TA systems in resisting bacteriophage infections in recent years and summarize the neutralization mechanisms. In particular, we brief how TA systems specifically sense the invading bacteriophages and the underlying molecular mechanisms, aiming to provide reference for the research on the roles and regulation mechanisms of unknown TA systems in the future.

toxin-antitoxin  /  neutralization mechanism  /  bacteriophage  /  pattern recognition receptor
Qingjian ZHU, Songying OUYANG, Xurong WANG. Toxin-antitoxin system resists phage infection: a review[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (3) : 1007 -1016 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240631
Funding
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  • National Natural Science Foundation of China(32300035)
  • Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2023J0123)
Appendix
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Year 2025 volume 65 Issue 3
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129
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Article Info
doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240631
  • Receive Date：2024-10-14
  • Online Date：2026-02-10
  • Published：2025-03-04
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2024-10-14
  • Accepted：2024-11-25
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32300035)
Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2023J0123)
Affiliations
    1 College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
    2 FJNU Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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