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Incomplete soil arching effect and responses of existing tunnels induced by undercrossing super-large-diameter shield tunneling in soft strata
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Yuyang Caoa, b, Xiongyao Xiea, b, *, Kun Zenga, b, Yangbin Zhanga, b, Haiyang Tianc, Jian Yaod, Junliang Zongc
Underground Space | 2026, 27 : 386 - 405
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Underground Space | 2026, 27: 386-405
• Research Paper •
Incomplete soil arching effect and responses of existing tunnels induced by undercrossing super-large-diameter shield tunneling in soft strata
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Yuyang Caoa, b, Xiongyao Xiea, b, *, Kun Zenga, b, Yangbin Zhanga, b, Haiyang Tianc, Jian Yaod, Junliang Zongc
Affiliations
  • aDepartment of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • bKey Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • cShanghai Huangpu Infrastructure Investment Construction and Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200080, China
  • dShanghai Urban Construction Design and Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200125, China
Published: 2026-04-10 doi: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.04.013
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Super-large-diameter shield tunneling inevitably induces deformations in the surrounding soil and nearby existing tunnels due to ground-tunnel interactions. This study developed and validated a numerical model to simulate these interactions in typical soft soil strata in Shanghai, with a focus on stress and displacement responses during the undercrossing of an existing tunnel by a new super-large-diameter shield tunnel. The study identified an incomplete soil arching (ISA) effect and proposed methods to delineate the ISA, loosened, and compaction zones, categorizing the influenced areas into reinforced, stable, and safe zones. Parametric analyses examined the influence of tunnel spacing (S) and volume loss ratio (V) on ground deformation, loosened zone height, and existing tunnel deformation. Results indicate that greater volume loss ratios and smaller tunnel spacings amplify ground settlement, while the loosened zone height is affected by both the volume loss ratio and the stratigraphic boundary. Among the considered scenarios, a volume loss ratio of 0.2% minimizes the loosened zone height across various spacings. Changes in the convergence of the existing tunnel occur in two phases, characterized by rapid changes (S/D of 0.1-0.3, where D is the diameter of the newly constructed tunnel) and gradual changes (S/D of 0.3-0.7). To mitigate adverse effects on the ground and the existing tunnel, it is recommended to maintain the volume loss ratio below 0.2% and the tunnel spacing over 0.3D. Additionally, reinforcing the loosened zone is advised to enhance the stability of the existing tunnel.

Super-large-diameter shield  /  Undercrossing  /  Numerical simulation  /  Ground responses  /  Existing tunnel deformation  /  Incomplete soil arching (ISA)
Yuyang Cao, Xiongyao Xie, Kun Zeng, Yangbin Zhang, Haiyang Tian, Jian Yao, Junliang Zong. Incomplete soil arching effect and responses of existing tunnels induced by undercrossing super-large-diameter shield tunneling in soft strata[J]. Underground Space, 2026 , 27 : 386 -405 . DOI: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.04.013
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Funding
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  • National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFC3806705)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China(52038008; 52378408)
  • Science and Technology Innovation Plan of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(22dz1203004)
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Year 2026 volume 27 Issue 0
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Article Info
doi: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.04.013
  • Receive Date：2024-09-05
  • Online Date：2026-06-17
  • Published：2026-04-10
Article Data
Affiliations
History
  • Received：2024-09-05
  • Revised：2025-04-10
  • Accepted：2025-04-22
Funding
National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFC3806705)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52038008; 52378408)
Science and Technology Innovation Plan of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(22dz1203004)
Affiliations
    aDepartment of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
    bKey Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
    cShanghai Huangpu Infrastructure Investment Construction and Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200080, China
    dShanghai Urban Construction Design and Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200125, China

Corresponding:

* Department of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China. E-mail address: (X. Xie).
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/undsp/EN/10.1016/j.undsp.2025.04.013
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
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Percentage of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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